基于森林资源一类清查数据的中国森林碳贮量估算

为了解我国森林资源状况,以建国以来森林资源一类清查数据为基础,分析了建国以来我国森林面积、森林蓄积量和森林碳贮量的变化,并估算2020年时的森林状况。结果显示:1)自建国以来,我国森林面积共增加8821万hm2,森林蓄积量共增加66.21亿m3。但各区域增量不均衡,西南地区森林面积和蓄积量增量最大,东北地区森林面积增量最小,华东地区森林蓄积量增量最小。我国未来森林面积增长潜力在北方地区。2)建国以来,我国森林共吸收碳225.32×108 t,其中人工林碳贮量比例由调查初期的5.3%增加到了16.7%,有较大的碳汇潜力。3)2020年时我国森林面积、蓄积量和碳贮量分别可达20 667万hm2、188.37亿m3和344.766 0亿t,采取科学合理的经营措施可增加我国森林碳贮量。     

甘肃省森林资源现状及动态变化分析

文章以甘肃省森林资源连续清查和统计数据为数据基础,采用统计分析的方法,对 40 年来 甘肃省森林资源动态变化进行了分析研究,结果表明：从 1975 年到 2016 年,全省林地面积由 630.87 万 hm2 增加到 1 046.35 万 hm2 ,增长 65.9%;有林地面积由 186.83 万 hm2 增加到 263.89 万 hm2 ,增长 41.2%;森林面积（含国家特别规定灌木林）由 2006 年的 470.67 万 hm2 增加到 2016 年的 509.73 万 hm2, 增长 8.3%;森林活立木蓄积量由 1.96 亿 m3 增长到 2.84 亿 m3 ,增长 45.1%。森林面积蓄积“双增”幅 度较大。全省乔木林每公顷蓄积量由 1975 年的 99.31m3 / hm2 微降到 2016 年的 95.45 m3 /hm2 ,下降 4.1%, 森林质量较低。同时乔木林树种、林龄结构不够合理。采用回归分析预估,到 2035 年和 2050 年,森林 面积分别达到 639.15 万 hm2 和 742.68 万 hm2 ,森林覆盖率达到 14.21% 和 16.52%,乔木林蓄积量达到 3.2 亿 m3 和 4.1 亿 m3 ,活立木蓄积量达到 3.6 亿 m3 和 4.5 亿 m3。     

第六次全国森林资源清查及森林资源状况

在系统分析第六次(1999年～2003年)森林资源连续清查总体情况的基础上,总结了此次清查的五个特点;从森林资源结构、资源数量、区域分布、资源发展变化等方面揭示了此次资源清查的最新成果;剖析了森林资源发展中存在的问题,并提出了相应措施。清查结果显示:全国林业用地面积2.85亿hm2,森林面积1.75亿hm2,森林覆盖率18.21%,森林蓄积量124.56亿m3;人工林面积0.53亿hm2,蓄积15.05亿m3。     

浅谈天然林的保护与可持续发展

天然林的保护与生态环境的安全密不可分,据第5次全国森林资源连续清查结果统计,全国林业用地面积2.63亿hm2,森林面积1.59亿hm2,森林覆盖率为16.55%,活立木总蓄积量为124 .88亿m3.森林蓄积量为112.67亿m3,森林面积列世界第5位.森林蓄积量列第7位,人工林面积居世界第1位.本文在分析我国天然林保护工程的实施与成效的基础上,提出了促进天然林可持续发展的的几点建议.     

广东省第四次森林资源二类调查主要结果分析

介绍了广东省第四次森林资源二类调查的方法、特点,对主要结果及数据变化进行了分析。与广东省第三次森林资源二类调查数据相比,广东省森林覆盖率增加了3.09个百分点,森林蓄积量增加了18727.49万m3,林业用地面积减少了 37.09万hm2,森林面积增加了 73.49万hm2,调查结果表明广东省森林资源主要数据变化较大,森林质量有所提高,但总体质量仍较低,单位面积森林蓄积量仅为60.57 m3/hm2,森林质量的提升还有较大增长空间,进一步加强森林经营要求十分迫切。     

俄罗斯的森林资源及森林病虫鼠害状况

1　森林资源状况俄罗斯是世界上森林资源最为丰富的国家 ,据 1 998年统计 ,其森林面积为7.74 3亿 hm2 ,森林覆被率为 4 5.3%。有林地面积近 1 2亿 hm2 (占世界总量的 2 2 % ) ,一类林地 2 .71 1亿 hm2 ,二类林地 0 .897亿hm2 ,三类林地 8.1 78亿 hm2 。俄罗斯的森林总蓄积量 81 9亿 m3,其中 4 41亿 m3为成过熟林 ( 346亿 m3为针叶林 )。主要树种的木材蓄积量年平均增长 9.70 4亿 m3,单位面积木材蓄积量年平均增长 1 .3m3/hm2 。可供开采的成过熟林蓄积量为 2 34亿 m3,每公顷成过熟林木材蓄积量为 1 37m3,适采林的木材蓄积量为 1 6 7m3。在俄…     

基于森林资源连续清查的广东省人工林资源动态分析

基于广东省1978—2017 年9 次森林资源连续清查数据,通过统计和图表分析人工林的面积、 蓄积、公顷蓄积和龄组的动态变化。结果表明：1978—2017 年人工林面积增长量为327.08 万hm2,年均 增加8.18 万hm2;人工林森林蓄积量增长了7.8 倍, 年均增长471.09 万m3;人工林公顷蓄积大幅度提高, 且质量得到了质的提升。文章同时指出了当前我省人工林发展中存在的问题,并对如何进一步提升和发 展人工林进行了讨论。     

石门国家森林公园森林蓄积量和物种多样性动态变化

文章基于2012年10月和2017年7月两次林分空间结构与物种多样性调查数据,研究石门国家森林公园自然保护模式下的森林蓄积量和物种多样性变化。研究结果表明：与2012年相比,石门国家森林公园森林蓄积量明显提高,3块样地蓄积量分别增加5.96、10.63、13.2 m3/hm2,平均增幅达6.64%;物种组成基本稳定,增加3科5种;物种多样性指数增加,优势度指数变化不大。     

樟子松人工林伐前人工更新技术

1试验地概况第1组试验地面积为3．3hm2，设在北坡，坡度11°的山腹上。上层樟子松人工林1962年营造，林龄32年。从1979年开始共进行过3次抚育问伐，现每公顷保留800株，林分平均胸径19．9cm、平均树高14．8m、蓄积量179．328m3／hm3、郁闭度0．7。第2组试验地面积为2．0hm2，设在北坡，坡度13°的山腹上。上层樟子松人工林1962年营造。从1979年开始进行过3次抚育间伐，现每公顷保留875株，林分平均胸径为17．4cm、平均树高14．5m、蓄积量144．322m3／hm2、郁闲度0．8。对照区设在与第1组试验地同一山腹相同的樟子松人工林内，面积3．0hm2。…     

西南桦人工林的林分密度研究

采用"典型抽样"方法,2011年春和2012年春,在德宏州调查了78块20 m×20 m的西南桦人工林样地。通过相关分析,认为林分密度与林分年龄、平均胸径、蓄积量、年平均蓄积生长量显著相关,而与林分平均树高相关不显著。林分密度与林龄等相关指标的回归,以双曲线方程拟合最好。78块西南桦人工林样地的林分密度-林龄回归方程为y-1=0.014 2-0.009 6 x-1,相关系数r=0.336 8。10年生同龄林分18块样地林分密度-平均胸径的相关系数r=0.627 0,其回归方程为y-1=0.082 5-0.851 6 x-1;林分密度-蓄积量的相关系数r=0.663 5,其回归方程为y-1=0.058 3+2.846 6 x-1;林分密度与年平均蓄积生长量的相关系数与蓄积量同值,其回归方程为y-1=0.582 9+28.465 7 x-1。从林分密度随林龄增长的变化规律及与林分平均胸径的相关变化提出,(1)西南桦人工林应提早在3～5年生时进行抚育间伐;(2)采用"低密粗径"的育林方针,以提高西南桦大中径材产出。到20年生主伐时,抚育间伐后的密度则以900～1 050株/hm2最佳;(3)西南桦造林初植密度降到1 665～1 335株/hm2(株行距2 m×3 m～2.5 m×3 m)为宜。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。