微波辐射下没食子酸异丁酯的合成

采用微波辐射技术,以对甲苯磺酸(PTSA)为催化剂,没食子酸和异丁醇为原料,直接酯化合成没食子酸异丁酯.研究了微波功率、辐射时间、催化剂的用量、酸醇摩尔比等因素对于酯化反应产率的影响,并对产品进行了分析和鉴定.通过正交试验探讨出最佳的反应条件为没食子酸与异丁醇摩尔比117,没食子酸与催化剂摩尔比10.05,微波功率510 W(没食子酸用量10.94g),辐射时间60min,平均酯化产率为86.3%.     

微波辐射下没食子酸正辛酯的合成

采用微波辐射技术,以对甲苯磺酸(PTSA)为催化剂,没食子酸和正辛醇为原料,直接酯化合成没食子酸正辛酯。研究了酯化反应的影响因素,并对产品进行了分析和鉴定。通过正交试验探讨出最佳的反应条件为:没食子酸与正辛醇用量的物质的量比1∶12,催化剂用量0.009 mol,微波辐射功率510 W(没食子酸用量10.5 g),辐射时间60 m in。在此条件下,平均酯化产率为92.7%。     

微波辐射下SO4^2-／ZrO2-TiO2催化合成乙酸诺卜酯

以自制诺卜醇和乙酸为原料,固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-TiO2为催化剂,甲苯为带水剂,在微波辐射条件下合成乙酸诺卜酯,考察了微波辐射条件和催化剂制备条件、催化剂用量等对乙酸诺卜酯得率的影响。结果表明,微波辐射温度、时间及催化剂的制备条件和用量对乙酸诺卜酯得率有较大影响。优化的工艺条件为：诺卜醇质量20g,醇酸物质的量比1：1．15,微波辐射温度105℃,微渡功率650W,辐射时间85min,催化剂SO4^2-／Zr02-TiO2（Ti与Zr质量之比为6：1,焙烧温度450℃）用量为诺卜醇质量的2．5％,该条件下乙酸诺卜酯得率81．3％。此外,催化剂可重复使用4次。与普通加热反应相比,时间缩短,产物得率提高。     

-蒎烯合成龙脑研究

在固体超强酸催化作用下β-蒎烯和无水草酸平稳地发生酯化反应,生成草酸龙脑酯;加入氢氧化钠溶液发生皂化反应得到龙脑。酯化反应采用程序升温的方式（65℃、1h,75℃、4h,90℃、1h）,皂化反应时间为1h。在上述反应条件下,当催化剂SO4^2-／ZrO2用量为7％时（以β-蒎烯质量计,下同）,粗龙脑产率为62．0％,产品中正、异龙脑比为13．6：48．7;当催化剂S2O8^2-／ZrO2用量为7％时,粗龙脑产率为66．7％,正、异龙脑比为11．5：49．5;这两种催化剂对正龙脑选择性比较差。当用稀土复合固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-CeO2为催化剂,用量3％时,粗龙脑产率为56．1％,但对正龙脑的选择性高于其他催化剂,正、异龙脑比为46．0：23．2。     

微波辐射下松香与多元醇的酯化反应研究

研究了微波辐射下松香与甘油、季戊四醇的酯化反应。反应以氧化锌为催化剂，在不通氮气和不加抗氧化剂的条件下，在650w功率微波辐射下常压反应30min，再在5kPa的压力下反应30min，制备的松香甘油酯酸值为8．3mgKOH／g，色泽为8，软化点82．0℃；松香季戊四醇酯的酸值为8．6mgKOH／g，色泽为7，软化点91．0℃。最佳反应物质量配比为：松香：甘油：氧化锌为20：2．4：0．068；松香：季戊四醇：氧化锌为20：3．2:0．034。     

微波辐射下莰烯与羧酸加成反应的研究

研究了微波辐射下莰烯与羧酸用对甲苯磺酸作催化剂在密闭反应罐中的加成反应，系统探讨了在微波辐射下各因素对莰烯与羧酸(主要是甲酸)加成反应的影响。研究结果表明，在莰烯、甲酸和对甲苯磺酸分别为25、53和0．20mmol时，于700W功率的微波辐射下，莰烯与甲酸反应40s，反应液中甲酸异龙脑酯的含量可达77．2％，微波辐射大幅度地提高了莰烯与甲酸的加成反应速率，缩短了反应时间，为工业上莰烯的酯化工艺改进提供了新的思路。     

微波辐射下松香与乙醇的快速酯化反应

研究了微波辐射下松香与乙醇的酯化反应，在聚四氟乙烯密封增压微波消化罐中用对甲苯磺酸作催化剂，松香与乙醇反应24min，产物的酸值为3.88mgKOH/g。催化剂用量为松香质量的12%-16%，乙醇用量为松香质量的2-3倍。反应速率明显提高，显示出潜在的应用价值。     

微波辐照下α-蒎烯异构反应的研究

以α-蒎烯为原料探讨了在微波辐照下的异构反应，得出了影响α-蒎烯异构反应的因素主要是微波功率、催化剂用量、反应时间以及加料方式。结果表明，以偏钛酸为催化剂，用量为原料质量的1．7％，分两次加入，微波功率为800W，反应时间为110min时，α-蒎烯的转化率及莰烯的得率分别为85．5％和82．9％，与传统工艺相比催化剂用量减少约40％，反应时间大大缩短，生产成本降低，生产能力至少增加6倍，且纯度（没有精馏）和得率比传统工艺分别提高了2．5％，经济效益明显提高，有很好的工业化应用前景。     

微波辐射下SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2催化合成乙酸诺卜酯

以自制诺卜醇和乙酸为原料,固体超强酸SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2为催化剂,甲苯为带水剂,在微波辐射条件下合成乙酸诺卜酯,考察了微波辐射条件和催化剂制备条件、催化剂用量等对乙酸诺卜酯得率的影响.结果表明,微波辐射温度、时间及催化剂的制备条件和用量对乙酸诺卜酯得率有较大影响.优化的工艺条件为:诺卜醇质量 20 g,醇酸物质的量比1:1.15,微波辐射温度 105 ℃,微波功率 650 W,辐射时间 85 min,催化剂SO2-4/ZrO2-TiO2(Ti与Zr质量之比为6:1,焙烧温度 450 ℃)用量为诺卜醇质量的 2.5 ﹪,该条件下乙酸诺卜酯得率 81.3 ﹪.此外,催化剂可重复使用4次.与普通加热反应相比,时间缩短,产物得率提高.     

无带水剂合成没食子酸正辛酯的研究

研究采用无带水剂,以非氧化性酸替代浓硫酸作催化剂合成没食子酸辛酯。并研究了不同反应条件对没食子酸辛酯制备的影响,利用正交设计原理优化制备工艺条件。实验结果表明:优化后的合成条件为酸醇比1∶6,催化剂用量12%,反应温度120℃,反应时间为4 h。在此条件下平均酯化产率为93.68%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.