肉仔鸡球虫病的诊治

鸡球虫病是一种很难根除而且危害性极大的寄生虫病。 １９９９年５月上旬，乐治郊区某村民饲养场的肉鸡发病，根据临诊症状。剖检病理变化、实验室诊断及药物治疗效果观察，诊断为球虫病，现将其诊治过程报道如下。 发病情况此批鸡共２ ０００只，于４月 １０日从外地购回，分放在８个用纸板隔开的小室内饲养，实行地面育雏。７日龄时用鸡新城疫Ⅱ系疫苗预防接种，同时为防止肠道疾病而在饲料中加适量的土霉素钙盐。５月上旬开始，发现部分小鸡精神不振，减食，拉带血稀粪，先后发病８００余只，发病率为４０％。于５月１２日开始死亡，共死…     

球虫疫苗Coccivac~-B在AA肉鸡中的试验应用小结

一、试验目的 探索球虫疫苗Ｃｏｃｃｉｖａｃ －Ｂ在ＡＡ肉鸡饲养中的应用，并比较与其他抗球虫药在现场生产中防治鸡球虫病的效果。 二、试验时间与地点 试验时间：１９９９年１１月１０日至１９９９年１２月２６日。 试验地点：上海农发动物实验场１～４号棚。 三、试验材料与方法 １．球虫疫苗：Ｃｏｃｃｉｖａｃ －Ｂ及自动免疫器Ｓｐｒａｙ－ｃｏｘ，由先灵葆雅（中国）有限公司提供。 ２．试验鸡：ＡＡ１日苗鸡 ２９ ０００羽，来自同一种鸡场种蛋，在同一孵化厂出雏，由大江公司提供。 ３．饲料：使用大江公司生产的肉鸡系列商品饲料…     

肉鸡坏死性肠炎的诊治

２０００年８月份以来，莱西市部分肉鸡养殖场的鸡相继发生了一种以精神不振，食欲减退或不食，拉黄色稀便，柿红色粪中混有肉样肠粘膜的疾病，经综合诊断为肉鸡坏死性肠炎。现将发病及诊治情况介绍如下。 一、发病情况及临诊症状 ２０００年８月１６日，莱西市日庄镇胡家沟村于某某饲养的２ ０００只肉鸡在２３天龄时突然发病。病鸡精神不振，食欲减退，粪便稀呈黄色，有的粪便似肉样柿红色，每天死亡３～４只。当初怀疑球虫病，先后投服磺胺类、地克珠利等抗球虫药，但不见好转，８月２３日前来求诊。 二、剖检变化 剖检两只死鸡，主要变…     

成鸡的野外放牧

成鸡的野外放牧,已在我县搞了一年多,其中以三阳公社的万鸡山搞得最经常最出色,也最受欢迎。他们的评语是:鸡群当鸭放,首创在三阳,田野饲料广,大大省主粮;疾病全消灭,蛋多体又胖,除虫利生产,好处五大庄。三阳公社万鸡山于一九五九年六月至十一月,野外放牧的鸡共两棚,达九百零九只,五个多月的事实,证明了野外放牧有如下几点好处:     

鱼粉市场分析:秘鲁鱼获持续偏低,国内存货越来越少

秘鲁持续受低水温及缺少浮游生物的影响，上周（１１．１２－１１．１８）的鱼获继续偏低，只捕获５２３００MT的鱼。由于鱼不成群，捕捞非常困难，大部份鱼船都不愿意出海捕鱼，最近盛传渔业部可能下令禁捕至１２月７日才能捕鱼。有利因素：１．鱼获持续偏，大部份定下的合，都还没有生产，即鱼获恢复，仍需要一段时间的生产才能将欠下的合同补齐，所以鱼粉价格在接下来几个星期都不至于会下降。２．下个禁捕期会如期于１月下旬，２月初实行，能捕鱼及生产鱼粉的时限越来越短，估计所订下的３，０００，０００MT捕鱼量都无法完成，全世界…     

禽病防治疑难问答

问：目前，在一部分蛋鸡青年鸡鸡群中，存在一种鸡病，大群鸡采食，饮水，粪便均正常，只是有个别鸡咳嗽，而且咳嗽间隔时间又特别长，解剖症状也不明显，个别鸡有新城疫，但新城疲免疫接种后咳嗽也未明显减轻。使用药物治疗效果也不十分理想，有的甚至治疗很长时间，持续1～2个月，后期开产后，随着免疫次数增多，     

肉鸡日粮中添加亚麻籽能抑制球虫感染

研究在球虫病感染期间，日粮中添加ｎ－３脂肪酸（ｎ－３ＦＡ）对肉鸡生产性能的影响。脂肪酸来自完整或粉碎的亚麻籽。饲喂时间从１日龄到３周龄。雏鸡在２周龄时用球虫感染，６ｄ后观察感染效果。试验１比较了几种高ｎ－３ＦＡ日粮对肉鸡用柔嫩艾美球虫或巨型艾美球虫感染的影响。球虫感染的肉鸡饲用添加完整亚麻籽的日粮，体增重最低，但与对照无显著差异。日粮中添加５％的步鱼油或１５％的粉碎亚麻籽明显减轻柔嫩艾美球虫感染的病灶，但对巨型艾美球虫感染没有影响。试验２研究了用不同剂量巨型艾美球虫卵囊的肉鸡，饲喂添加亚麻籽日粮，对生产性能的影响。用５０，０００个球虫卵囊感染雏鸡时，亚麻籽日粮不能维持其体增重，但用５００或５，０００个卵囊感染时，５％亚麻籽日粮能维持。用５，０００或５０，０００个巨型艾美球虫卵囊感染的雏鸡，饲喂５％或１０％粉碎亚麻籽的日粮比对照病灶加重，因此，日粮中高含量的ｎ－３ＦＡ不能影响所有艾美球虫的发育。这种日粮对柔嫩艾美球虫的发育产生不利影响，由于此类球虫主要寄生在含氧量低的盲肠中。但这种日粮不影响巨型球虫的发育，因为它们寄生在小肠的中段。     

林地散养鸡的初放技术

1放养前的准备 1．1温差训练 雏鸡购回后，第1个月按常规方式进行室内育雏，待脱温后再进入林地放养。放养鸡前7～10天，即育雏脱温结束后，训练鸡适应野外温度。方法是：由每天上午10点到下午3点将鸡舍南北开窗，逐渐提早到每天早上天亮至天黑全日开窗，让鸡适应外界温度。     

鸡白痢诊断抗原的研制

应用标准型C79-1和C79-7鸡白痢鸡伤寒沙门氏菌标准株,制备了鸡白痢鸡伤寒平板凝集试验染色诊断抗原。该抗原特异性强,与鸡新城疫、鸡传染性鼻炎、鸡支原体等9种鸡血清无交叉反应,敏感性高,稳定性好,4℃保存36个月,检测效果不变,应用此抗原检测鸡白痢鸡伤寒沙门氏菌抗体,检测快速,操作简便,适于大规模临床样品检测。     

鸡白痢鸡伤寒多价染色平板凝集抗原的研制与应用

应用标准型C79-1和C79-7鸡白痢鸡伤寒沙门氏菌标准株,制备了鸡白痢鸡伤寒平板凝集试验染色诊断抗原。该抗原特异性强,与鸡新城疫、鸡传染性鼻炎及鸡支原体等9种鸡血清无交叉反应,敏感性高,稳定性好,4℃保存36个月,检测效果不变,应用此抗原进行平板凝集反应检测鸡白痢鸡伤寒沙门氏菌抗体,操作简便,检测快速,适于普及。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -