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1.
Fallow deer were immobilised using a combination of xylazine and ketamine. Adult males (n = 10) and adult females (n = 10) received 4 mg/kg of each drug intramuscularly. Juveniles (n = 11) received 2 mg/kg of each drug, intravenously. Times to recumbency were as follows: adult males 4.9 +/- 2.9 min, adult females 4.1 +/- 1.9 min, juveniles 2.3 +/- 1.1 min. After 30 min each deer received 0.2 mg/kg of yohimbine, or an equal volume of sterile diluent intravenously. Yohimbine substantially reduced the recovery times of treated deer. Adults males were releasable 7.2 +/- 4.3 min after yohimbine administration, whereas control males were not releasable until 165 +/- 18 min. Treated adult females were releasable after 6.6 +/- 4.3 min, while control females were not releasable until 84 +/- 29 min. Juveniles were releasable 2.1 +/- 0.8 min after administration of yohimbine but control juveniles were not releasable until 62 +/- 16 min. Xylazine/ketamine administration produced statistically significant changes in packed cell volume, total plasma protein, albumin, sodium, glucose, creatine phosphokinase and inorganic phosphate values after 30 min. Yohimbine administration had no effect on these changes.  相似文献   

2.
Twelve babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) (four females/eight males) were immobilized 30 times during a 4-yr interval. Significantly higher premedication and immobilizing doses were needed for females than for males (P < 0.05). An i.m. preanesthetic xylazine dose of 1.88 +/- 0.37 mg/kg (range = 1.20-2.12 mg/kg) was used for females and 1.22 +/- 0.16 mg/kg (range = 0.82-1.43 mg/kg) for males. After xylazine, the animals were induced with i.m. tiletamine/zolazepam; females received 2.20 +/- 0.47 mg/kg (range = 1.78-3.33 mg/kg) and males received 1.71 +/- 0.34 mg/kg (range = 1.08-2.05 mg/kg). Anesthesia was reversed with yohimbine (0.14 +/- 0.03 mg/kg; range = 0.07-0.20 mg/kg) and flumazenil (1 mg flumazenil/20 mg zolazepam) either i.m. or i.v. This anesthetic combination produced smooth induction, good relaxation, and sufficient immobilization to perform routine diagnostic and therapeutic procedures (venipuncture, hoof and tusk trims, transportation, radiographs, ultrasound examination, weight determinations, and skin biopsies). Supplemental ketamine HCl or isoflurane was administered to two animals to effectively deepen or prolong the anesthetic plane, with no resultant adverse effects.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the anesthetic dose and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine hydrochloride when used alone or in combination with ketamine hydrochloride and evaluate the efficacy of yohimbine hydrochloride to reverse anesthetic effects in captive Axis deer. ANIMALS: 35 adult (10 males and 25 females) Axis deer (Axis axis). PROCEDURES: All deer were anesthetized by IM administration of xylazine (3.5 mg/kg; experiment 1), a combination of ketamine and xylazine (1.25 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 2), or another combination of ketamine and xylazine (2.5 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 3). In addition, female deer were also anesthetized by IM administration of a third combination of ketamine and xylazine (1.5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 4). Ten to 40 minutes after induction, anesthesia was reversed by IV administration of yohimbine (5, 8, or 10 mg). RESULTS: In male deer, experiment 3 yielded the most rapid induction of anesthesia. In females, experiment 4 yielded the best induction of anesthesia without adverse effects. All doses of yohimbine reversed anesthesia. Duration of anesthesia before administration of yohimbine had no effect on recovery time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A combination of ketamine and xylazine can be used to induce anesthesia in Axis deer. Furthermore, anesthetic effects can be reversed by administration of yohimbine.  相似文献   

4.
The effects of intramuscular injections of xylazine (2 mg/kg)-ketamine (15 mg/kg) [X-K15], and xylazine (2 mg/kg)-ketamine (5 mg/kg)-butorphanol (0.22 mg/kg) [X-K5-B] were compared in atropinized (0.05 mg/kg) miniature pigs (pigs). Both combinations induced the anesthesia for more than 1 hr, however X-K5-B induced the more potent and well balanced anesthesia as compared with X-K15, although the amount of ketamine was reduced to one third. The duration of loss of pedal reflex, an indicator of surgical anesthesia, in X-K5-B (62 +/- 13 min) was significantly (P less than 0.05) longer than in X-K15 (28 +/- 19 min). In addition, X-K5-B was accompanied by loss of laryngeal reflex in all pigs. Recovery from anesthesia in X-K5-B was much smoother than in X-K15, and the administration of yohimbine (0.05 mg/kg) could rapidly and smoothly reverse the anesthesia induced by X-K5-B, although it was accompanied by a transient fall in blood pressure and tachycardia. The combination of xylazine, ketamine and butorphanol appears to be a relatively safe and widely available anesthesia for the period of one hour in pigs.  相似文献   

5.
ObjectiveTo assess the sedative and immobilization effect of intranasal administration (INS) of midazolam (MID) without or with INS dexmedetomidine (DXM), and some physiological changes induced by the drugs. The ability of INS atipamezole to reverse the DXM component was also assessed.Study designProspective ‘blinded’ experimental study.AnimalsIn total, 15 pigeons.MethodsPigeons were sedated by INS MID alone at a dose of 5 mg kg−1 (group MID, n = 6) or in combination with INS DXM at a dose 80 μg kg−1 (group MID-DXM, n = 6). Measurements were made of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and cloacal temperature (CT). The degree of sedation was assessed at 15 minutes prior to, immediately after, and at intervals until 100 minutes after drug administrations. Following MID-DXM, INS atipamezole (250 μg kg−1) was administered and the same indices measured 5 and 10 minutes later.ResultsMID had no effect on HR and fR, and although CT decreased, it remained within physiological range. MID-DXM caused significant falls in HR, fR and CT that persisted until the end of sedation. Atipamezole antagonized sedation and cardiorespiratory side effects of MID-DXM within 10 minutes of application. In addition, for MID compared to MID-DXM, the lowest sedation scores [10 (7–14) and 10.5 (5–14) versus 2 (1–4) and 2 (1–5)] were achieved in the 10th and 20th minute versus the 20th and 30th minute of the sedation, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMID alone, given INS had minimal side effects on vital functions but caused inadequate immobilization of pigeons for restraint in dorsal recumbency. MID-DXM caused an effective degree of immobilization from 20 to 30 minutes after administration, at which time birds tolerated postural changes without resistance. Atipamezole antagonized both side effects and sedation, but complete recovery had not occurred within 10 minutes after its application.  相似文献   

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A combination of medetomidine hydrochloride (medetomidine) and ketamine hydrochloride (ketamine) was evaluated in 16 boma-confined and 19 free-ranging impalas (Aepyceros melampus) to develop a non-opiate immobilisation protocol. In free-ranging impala a dose of 220 +/- 34 microg/kg medetomidine and 4.4 +/- 0.7 mg/kg ketamine combined with 7500 IU of hyaluronidase induced recumbency within 4.5 +/- 1.5 min, with good muscle relaxation, a stable heart rate and blood pH. PaCO2 was maintained within acceptable ranges. The animals were hypoxic with reduced oxygen saturation and low PaO2 in the presence of an elevated respiration rate, therefore methods for respiratory support are indicated. The depth of sedation was adequate for minor manipulations but additional anaesthesia is indicated for painful manipulations. Immobilisation was reversed by 467 +/- 108 microg/kg atipamezole hydrochloride (atipamezole) intramuscularly, but re-sedation was observed several hours later, possibly due to a low atipamezole:medetomidine ratio of 2:1. Therefore, this immobilisation and reversal protocol would subject impalas to possible predation or conspecific aggression following reversal if they were released into the wild. If the protocol is used on free-ranging impala, an atipamezole:medetomidine ratio of 5:1 should probably be used to prevent re-sedation.  相似文献   

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Objective To determine if a combination of detomidine and ketamine can be used for effective chemical immobilization of chimpanzees. Study design Observational study. Animals Twenty‐one adult captive chimpanzees (12 males, nine females), age 8–46 years, weighing 40.4–68.4 kg. Methods The chimpanzees were immobilized with intramuscular (IM) detomidine and ketamine by a darting system. Based on estimated weights, doses administered were 50 μg kg?1 detomidine and 4 mg kg?1 ketamine in groups 1 and 2, and 60 μg kg?1 and 5 mg kg?1 respectively in group 3. Eight minutes in group 1 and 15 minutes in groups 2 and 3 were allowed from the time of apparent immobilization before removing the animals from their enclosures. Body temperature, arterial haemoglobin saturation and pulse rate were measured. The time from injection to induction (recumbency and absence of voluntary movement), total anaesthetic and recovery times (with or without atipamezole) were recorded. Results Immobilization occurred within 5 minutes after darting in most animals. Early handling of the chimpanzees often resulted in arousal and required further doses of ketamine IM. Most animals were hypoxaemic and hypothermic. Occasionally, bradycardia was observed. Atipamezole resulted in an acceptable quality of recovery 10 minutes after IM injection. The duration of immobilization varied widely when no antagonist was administered. Conclusions and clinical relevance The combination detomidine (60 μg kg?1) and ketamine (5–6 mg kg?1) can be used for the immobilization of chimpanzees for non‐ to minimally invasive procedures. A period of 15 minutes should be allowed before handling to avoid unwanted arousal. Oxygen administration is recommended to reduce hypoxaemia. Administration of atipamezole is justified to hasten recovery.  相似文献   

10.
A 25-year-old polar bear had multiple pancreatic islet cell adenomas and carcinomas. Special staining and immunohistochemical techniques showed the neoplasms to be of beta cell origin. An association between excessive carbohydrate diet and the multiple beta cell neoplasms is suggested.  相似文献   

11.
A male polar bear (Ursus maritimus) was diagnosed with tracheitis associated with Bordetella bronchiseptica that was cultured from an endotracheal sample of thick mucopurulent exudate. The condition responded to oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and clinical signs of inappetence, depression, dysphagia, and tussis were resolved. One week after this presentation, a female conspecific presented with similar clinical signs, suggesting a transmissible nature of the disease or the same source of infection. The source of infection remains unknown.  相似文献   

12.
Three studies were undertaken on farmed red and red x wapiti deer to evaluate xylazine and a xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination for velvet antler removal. In the first experiment, 30 1-2 year-old red and 25% red x wapiti deer whose velvet was to be removed were given either 5% xylazine alone at 0.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly or the same dose rate of a commercially available mixture of 5% xylazine with the addition of 0.4 mg of fentanyl citrate and 3.2 mg of azaperone per ml. Physiological, behavioural and analgesic responses and reversal times after yohimbine or yohimbine and naloxone were monitored. There were no differences in heart rate, respiration rate, sedative or analgesic properties detected between xylazine or the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination. All deer became recumbent, but those given the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination became recumbent more rapidly than those given xylazine alone (9.4 and 12.5 minutes, respectively, p<0.05). The arousal pattern and timing of reversal of xylazine and xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone using yohimbine and yohimbine and naloxone, respectively, were similar. The second experiment evaluated the reversal of the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination with either yohimbine or yohimbine and naloxone in 43 3-year-old red deer stags after velvet antler removal. There were no differences in arousal pattern or time to standing between reversal treatments. Sixteen 1-year-old red and 25% red x wapiti stags were used in the third experiment to evaluate clinically the analgesic properties of xylazine and xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination during velvet removal without the application of a local anaesthetic agent. Withdrawal responses were observed in most deer after the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination at dosages containing 0.5, 0.7 and 0.75 mg of xylazine/kg and after xylazine alone at 0.7 mg/kg, indicating that insufficient analgesia was provided by the systemic agent for the surgical procedure of velvet antler removal. These studies have shown that the knock-down effect of the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination was more rapid than that of xylazine alone, but that other physiological, behavioural and analgesic responses at doses used and evaluated by the methods used were similar. Reversal of both the xylazine and xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination was similar when using either yohimbine alone for xylazine and the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination or yohimbine and naloxone for the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination. The evaluation of surgical analgesia for antler removal suggested that both xylazine alone and the xylazine/fentanyl citrate/azaperone combination provided insufficient analgesia and that local anaesthetic should be used in all cases.  相似文献   

13.
The α2-adrenergic receptor antagonists, yohimbine, atipamezole and tolazoline, are used in veterinary medicine as reversal agents for the sedative/hypnotic effects of α2-agonists. Ruminants have increased sensitivity to the sedative/hypnotic effects of α2-agonists compared to other species. The receptors mediating the sedative effects of α2-agonsts are located primarily on locus coeruleus neurons in the pons of the lower brainstem. Four pharmacological subtypes of the α2-adrenergic receptor (A,B, C and D) have been identified based on differences in ligand affinity. The aim of this study was to: 1) determine the pharmacological profile of atipamezole, yohimbine and tolazoline at the four α2-adrenergic receptor subtypes and; 2) determine whether these agents differ in their affinities at the α2-adrenergic receptor present in the sheep brainstem. In inhibition binding studies against the selective α2-adrenergic receptor ligand [3H]-MK-912, tolazoline showed the lowest affinity for all four α2-adrenergic receptor subtypes compared to yohimbine and atipamezole. The affinities of yohimbine and atipamezole were similar at the α2A-, α2B- and α2C-adrenergic receptors but differed by approximately 100 fold at the α2D-adrenergic receptor. Atipamezole had a 100 fold higher affinity at the α2D-adrenergic receptor when compared to yohimbine. To determine the ligand binding characteristics of these agents at the α2-adrenergic receptor in sheep brainstem, membranes were labelled with [3H]-MK-912 and inhibition competition curves were performed. Atipamezole showed approximately a 100 fold higher affinity for the sheep brainstem α2-adrenergic receptor compared to yohimbine which was similar to what was observed for the α2D-adrenergic receptor in PC12 cells transfected with RG-20. The results from these studies suggest that atipamezole has a high affinity for the α2D-adrenergic receptor that appears to be the receptor subtype in sheep brainstem.  相似文献   

14.
Blood chemistry was studied in 8 adult female reindeer, of which 5 were pregnant. Half of them received only medetomidine (150 micrograms/kg i.m.) and half of them medetomidine and atipamezole (750 micrograms/kg) in March. Three weeks later the drug regimens were reversed. The same procedure was carried out during the next September and October. Seasonal differences in pretreatment values could be seen in serum urea, phosphorous, and cholesterol, with the highest concentrations during the autumn; and creatinine, ASAT, ALAT, and CK values, which were higher in the non-pregnant reindeer in late winter. Their low-protein and low-energy diet during the winter explains most of the differences. Increased enzyme activities in serum indicate decreased membrane stability of certain organs in late winter, possibly due to nutritional deficiencies. Treatment effects could be seen in several parameters. The increase in blood glucose and decrease in serum FFA were most probably due to alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation, which inhibits insulin release and lipolysis. These effects were partly or totally inhibited after treatment with the antagonist atipamezole. The earlier increase in serum CK and ASAT activities in those receiving atipamezole can be explained by increased tissue perfusion due to atipamezole itself and the fact that these animals stood up and began to move much earlier than did those which received medetomidine only. A significant decrease in serum Na+, K+, Cl-, Pi, cholesterol, total Ca, and total protein concentration observed during the first 10 to 40 min of the medetomidine sedation could be explained by possible haemodilution and diuresis. More effective metabolism of medetomidine in autumn could explain the shorter recovery times of reindeer receiving only medetomidine and most of the differences in treatment effects between the seasons: faster increase in protein and cholesterol concentrations after the decrease, and the antagonistic effect of atipamezole on glucose and Pi changes in autumn. Based on these results, medetomidine seems to be a good sedation agent for reindeer both in autumn and in late winter; the effects of medetomidine can be rather effectively antagonized by atipamezole.  相似文献   

15.
ObjectiveTo establish a safe, reliable and reversible immobilization protocol for captive juvenile crocodiles.Study designProspective, randomized, clinical study.AnimalsThirty male estuarine crocodiles (body mass 1–12.1 kg) and 10 male Australian freshwater crocodiles (body mass 4.1–12.8 kg).MethodsAn optimized dose of medetomidine (0.5 mg kg?1) was administered intramuscularly (IM) into the tail (Group 1; n = 5), pelvic limb (Group 2; n = 5) and thoracic limb (Groups 3 and 4; n = 5 in each group) of estuarine crocodiles weighing 3–12.1 kg. Their heart and respiratory rates and degree of immobilization were monitored every 15 minutes until recovery and daily thereafter for 3 subsequent days. In Group 4 (n = 5), medetomidine was antagonized with an optimized dose of atipamezole (2.5 mg kg?1) given IM into the thoracic limb and time to recovery recorded. The effects of increasing doses of medetomidine given IM in the thoracic limb (n = 4) and intravenously (n = 6) were determined in 1–2 kg estuarine crocodiles. Australian freshwater crocodiles (4.1–12.8 kg) were administered medetomidine IM into the thoracic limb in divided doses at 0.5 mg kg?1 (n = 5) and 0.75 mg kg?1 (n = 5) and similarly monitored.ResultsImmobilization was achieved only in the estuarine crocodiles >3 kg and when medetomidine was administered into the thoracic limb. Immobilization was achieved within 30 minutes and the duration of immobilization lasted approximately 90 minutes. Immobilization in estuarine crocodiles was readily reversed with atipamezole. A dose of 0.75 mg kg?1 was required to immobilize Australian freshwater crocodiles and the onset of immobilization was longer and the duration shorter than seen in the estuarine crocodiles. The heart and respiratory rates of all immobilized animals decreased significantly and arterial blood pressure became undetectable in the animals in which it was measured.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMedetomidine administered in the thoracic limb of captive estuarine and Australian freshwater crocodiles, ranging from 3 to 12.8 kg, provides a predictable onset and duration of immobilization sufficient for physical examination, sample collection, short minor procedures and translocation of the animals. Atipamezole administered in the thoracic limb results in complete reversal of the effects of medetomidine in the estuarine crocodile and a rapid return to normal behaviour.  相似文献   

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The sedative action of medetomidine (-ketamine) was studied in 12 captive Norwegian semidomesticated reindeer (NR), including 4 newborn calves, and in 7 free-living Svalbard reindeer (SR). Medetomidine, with or without ketamine, caused effective, reliable immobilization in NR. Doses of 50-200 micrograms/kg medetomidine alone or 30-125 micrograms/kg medetomidine combined with greater than or equal to 300 micrograms/kg ketamine induced complete immobilization, good muscle relaxation and persistent, deep sedation with little respiratory depression in NR; SR required higher doses. Atipamezole successfully antagonized medetomidine (-ketamine) resulting in rapid and persistent reversal of immobilization in all cases (NR and SR). Both medetomidine and atipamezole had wide safety margins and no conspicuous lasting side effects after reversal.  相似文献   

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Multiple congenital abnormalities of the external genitalia consistent with XX sex reversal were detected in a juvenile llama. The llama had a typical female karyotype (74, XX) and did not have a Y chromosome, but a minute chromosome was detected. To determine whether a piece of Y chromosome containing the Sry gene might be located in a small translocation, DNA analysis by polymerase chain reaction was performed; the Sry gene was not detected. Histologic examination revealed ovarian tissue, whereas testicular tissue was not found. External genitalia were partially masculinized, indicating that the urogenital sinus, genital tubercle, and genital swellings had been exposed to androgens during development, although the dam had not received exogenous androgens. Testicular tissue in the ovaries may have been undetected or had regressed prior to birth, as has been reported in sex reversal in mice.  相似文献   

20.
Respiratory disease was induced in young dogs by exposure to an aerosol of Bordetella bronchiseptica. The affected dogs were then treated with a sulphadiazine-trimethoprim combination by daily subcutaneous injection for five days. There was marked improvement in the clinical, bacteriological and pathological features of the respiratory disease during and immediately after the treatment period but treated dogs relapsed a few days after chemotherapy was stopped. The use of a sulphadiazine-trimethoprim combination over a longer period of time may be of value in the treatment of dogs with respiratory disease associated with B bronchiseptica.  相似文献   

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