小麦凝集素类受体激酶TaLecRLK1的鉴定及抗锈病功能分析

凝集素类受体激酶(lectin receptor-like kinase, LecRLKs)是一类在植物应答多种生物/非生物胁迫中发挥重要作用的类受体激酶。本研究在小麦与条锈菌互作的转录组中筛选到1个在小麦与条锈菌非亲和互作中显著上调表达的LecRLKs基因TaLecRLK1。该基因全长2 292 bp,编码蛋白含有1个胞外信号肽、B-lectin结构域、PAN＿AP结构域、跨膜域和胞内酪氨酸激酶域。qRT-PCR分析表明：TaLecRLK1在小麦与条锈菌非亲和互作早期诱导表达,在烟草及小麦原生质体中瞬时表达,TaLecRLK1-GFP定位在细胞膜上。利用大麦条纹花叶病毒介导的基因沉默技术(BSMV-VIGS)沉默TaLecRLK1,接种无毒性条锈菌小种CYR23后,沉默叶片表面产生少量夏孢子堆,组织学观察发现沉默植株中条锈菌菌丝长度增长、侵染点附近活性氧积累面积减少;TaPR1、TaPR2、TaPR5的表达受到抑制,TaCAT和TaSOD则被迅速诱导表达。综上所述,TaLecRLK1对小麦抗条锈病起到正调控作用。     

小檗NPR1在小麦条锈菌侵染过程中的表达特征

小檗是小麦条锈菌的转主寄主,自然条件下在小檗上进行有性生殖不仅是条锈菌毒性变异的重要途径,也为病害的流行提供了初侵染源。目前条锈菌与小麦互作已经有较为细致深入的研究,而条锈菌与小檗分子互作的研究未见报道。NPR1是植物调控防卫反应的一个关键基因,本研究克隆得到小檗NPR1基因(BhNPR1),并对BhNPR1及其下游病程相关基因的表达模式进行了分析。与小麦NPR1基因受条锈菌夏孢子侵染诱导不同,BhNPR1的表达水平在条锈菌担孢子侵染小檗过程中保持稳定。另外,条锈菌侵染小檗过程中NPR1下游的病程相关基因BhPR5和BvPDF1.2a的表达量变化也不明显,而BhPR1和BhPR2则显著上调表达。这些结果表明BhNPR1及多个病程相关基因不参与对条锈菌的防卫反应,这可能是导致小檗先天免疫缺陷而成为多种锈菌共同的转主寄主。     

条锈菌效应子Pst30抑制植物的胼胝质和活性氧积累

 条形柄锈菌小麦专化型(Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici,Pst)导致的小麦条锈病严重威胁着我国的小麦生产安全。解析病菌的致病机理,对开发病害防控技术与策略具有重要的指导意义。研究发现效应子是病菌重要的致病因子,揭示效应子调控寄主免疫机制可加深对病菌的认知。本课题组前期在全基因组筛选条锈菌效应子中获得了一个候选效应子基因Pst30,该基因所编码的蛋白N-端含有分泌肽,无明显功能结构域。qRT-PCR分析显示Pst30在条锈菌侵染小麦后12 h诱导表达,72 h诱导表达至高峰。利用农杆菌侵染在烟草中瞬时表达Pst30^ΔSP-GFP融合蛋白,发现Pst30^ΔSP定位在细胞质。在烟草中瞬时表达该效应子能够显著抑制Bax诱导的细胞坏死。利用细菌的Ⅲ型分泌系统在小麦中瞬时表达Pst30,能够抑制荧光假单胞杆菌引起的胼胝质积累,导致由无毒性条锈菌小种CYR23引起的小麦过敏性坏死面积和活性氧积累减少,菌丝面积和长度增加。推测小麦条锈菌效应子Pst30可抑制寄主植物的PTI(PAMP-triggered immunity, PTI)和ETI(Effectors-triggered immunity, ETI),促进自身的侵染。     

小麦条锈菌细胞质效应子Hasp8抑制植物基础免疫

为明确小麦条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici效应子Hasp8的功能,以小麦条锈菌CYR31侵染水源11小麦叶片的cDNA为模板,通过PCR技术扩增获得Hasp8基因的完整编码区序列,采用qRTPCR技术测定Hasp8基因的表达情况,利用农杆菌介导马铃薯X病毒(potato virus X,PVX)瞬时表达体系在烟草上验证Hasp8基因是否能够抑制由Bax蛋白诱导的细胞坏死,将Hasp8基因构建到pCAMBIA1302载体用于在烟草上瞬时表达Hasp8进行亚细胞定位以明确该效应蛋白的作用空间;并将Hasp8基因构建到p EDV6载体上用于荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonas fluorescens介导的瞬时表达系统以明确该效应蛋白是否能够抑制病原相关分子模式引发的免疫反应和效应蛋白诱导的免疫反应。结果表明,Hasp8基因编码117个氨基酸,N端含22 aa的信号肽;qRT-PCR结果显示,Hasp8基因在小麦条锈菌CYR31侵染小麦水源11的早期上调表达。烟草瞬时表达Hasp8基因能够抑制由Bax诱导的细胞坏死;烟草上亚细胞定位发现效应子Hasp8定位于细胞质和细胞核;荧光假单胞菌介导的抑制植物免疫试验结果显示效应子Hasp8能够抑制由荧光假单胞菌诱导的胼胝质积累,并且抑制由小麦条锈菌无毒性生理小种CYR23引起的过敏性坏死和活性氧积累,促进病菌的侵染,菌丝面积和菌丝长度增加。     

蛋白激酶TaPiPK1在小麦抗条锈病反应中的功能分析

由条形柄锈菌小麦专化型Puccinia striiformis f. sp.tritici(Pst)引起的条锈病,长期严重威胁小麦安全生产。Pst通过毒性变异产生新毒性小种或致病类型,能克服生产上已应用的抗病基因,导致抗病品种感病。因此,挖掘抗条锈病基因资源对小麦抗病遗传改良和加快抗病新品种培育具有重要意义。蛋白激酶在应答病原菌侵染,传递植物免疫信号中发挥重要作用。本研究通过小麦转录组数据分析,筛选到参与应答Pst、小麦白粉菌Blumeria graminis f. sp.tritici和赤霉病菌Fusarium graminearum侵染的蛋白激酶基因TaPiPK1。该蛋白激酶基因编码551个氨基酸,C末端含有一个STK激酶结构域。利用RT-qPCR检测发现,TaPiPK1在小麦与条锈菌非亲和互作的前期上调表达;TaPiPK1主要定位于细胞质与细胞膜。利用大麦条纹花叶病毒介导的基因沉默技术(BSMV-VIGS)瞬时沉默TaPiPK1,显著降低小麦‘水源11’对条锈菌非亲和小种CYR23的抗性,表明TaPiPK1参与小麦抗条锈病反应并发挥重要作用。因此,TaPiPK1有可能作为潜在的基...     

小檗公式在小麦条锈菌侵染过程中的表达特征

 小檗是小麦条锈菌的转主寄主,自然条件下在小檗上进行有性生殖不仅是条锈菌毒性变异的重要途径,也为病害的流行提供了初侵染源。目前条锈菌与小麦互作已经有较为细致深入的研究,而条锈菌与小檗分子互作的研究未见报道。NPR1是植物调控防卫反应的一个关键基因,本研究克隆得到小檗NPR1基因(BhNPR1),并对BhNPR1及其下游病程相关基因的表达模式进行了分析。与小麦NPR1基因受条锈菌夏孢子侵染诱导不同,BhNPR1的表达水平在条锈菌担孢子侵染小檗过程中保持稳定。另外,条锈菌侵染小檗过程中NPR1下游的病程相关基因BhPR5和BvPDF1.2a的表达量变化也不明显,而BhPR1和BhPR2则显著上调表达。这些结果表明BhNPR1及多个病程相关基因不参与对条锈菌的防卫反应,这可能是导致小檗先天免疫缺陷而成为多种锈菌共同的转主寄主。     

PstVosA1转录因子基因在调控小麦条锈菌耐高温反应中的生物学功能分析

 小麦条锈病是典型的冷凉生态区气传真菌病害,病原菌在越夏易变区(即秋季菌源基地)的越夏情况决定了冬季繁殖区条锈菌的初侵染菌源。小麦条锈病的发生流行极易受到温湿度关键气象因子的影响。近年来的调查研究发现,我国小麦条锈菌越夏海拔下限逐年下降,且越夏区范围进一步扩大,说明条锈菌耐高温胁迫能力增强,给未来小麦条锈病流行规律研究及制定防治策略带来了全新挑战。真菌特有的Velvet转录因子家族中VosA基因参与了真菌生长发育和次生代谢的调控,但关于该转录因子在条锈菌耐高温性中的作用却知之甚少。实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,温度敏感菌系蓬9和耐高温菌系A4在侵染寄主过程中PstVosA1基因均受高温胁迫诱导表达,但耐高温菌系PstVosA1相对表达水平明显高于温度敏感菌系蓬9。利用寄主诱导的基因沉默技术(HIGS)沉默小麦条锈菌耐高温菌系A4中的PstVosA1基因能显著降低在高温(21℃)接种条件下的平均发病严重度、孢子堆密度和生物量。研究结果说明PstVosA1基因正调控小麦条锈菌耐高温胁迫反应过程,增加该基因的表达水平,有利于增强小麦条锈菌耐高温性。     

小麦条锈菌效应蛋白HASP2抑制寄主免疫反应

 由小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici,Pst)引起的小麦条锈病是小麦上的重要病害。研究小麦条锈菌在致病过程中分泌的毒性效应蛋白分子的功能,对揭示小麦条锈菌致病机理,进而研发病害防治新方法具有重要意义。前期在小麦条锈菌吸器转录组中筛选到一个高丰度表达的分泌蛋白基因HASP2。HASP2基因全长240 bp,其编码的蛋白质N端包含22_aa的信号肽,无跨膜区,无结构域。qRT-PCR显示HASP2在条锈菌CYR32侵染早期上调表达;农杆菌介导的烟草瞬时表达实验表明HASP2能够抑制由小鼠凋亡蛋白BAX诱导的烟草细胞坏死;利用细菌三型分泌系统(T3SS)将 HASP2在小麦中过表达,发现其可以抑制寄主PTI(PAMP-triggered immunity)相关胼胝质积累;同时对HASP2过表达的小麦接种无毒性菌系CYR23后,发现HASP2可以抑制寄主ETI(Effector-triggered immunity)相关活性氧积累和减少细胞坏死面积,但HASP2过表达对条锈菌的生长发育没有显著影响。     

种衣剂17号包衣对小麦条锈菌影响的组织病理学研究

种衣剂１７号内含三唑醇等杀菌剂和其它化学成分，小麦种子用种衣剂包衣，出苗后一叶期接咱小麦条锈菌毒性小种，采用荧光染色技术和整叶透明技术，研究了种衣剂１７号对条锈菌在寄主内发育的影响。观察结果表明，该种衣剂对对叶表的夏孢子萌发和芽管入侵无明显影响，但可使菌丝扩展和菌丝分枝严重受抑，吸器母细胞和吸器形成的数目减少，每一侵染点的吸器一般不超过２个，并且对吸器具有致畸作用。在多数侵染点内可观察到寄主细胞坏     

Csu-miR260转基因水稻插入序列的表达检测

本文以具有抗二化螟性状的Csu-miR260转基因水稻为试验材料, 采用TaqMan探针实时荧光定量PCR (TaqMan RT-qPCR)和茎环实时荧光定量PCR(stem-loop RT-qPCR)分别对Csu-miR260转基因抗虫水稻中Csu-miR260插入序列和剪切形成的amiR260s的表达情况进行了定量检测。发现Csu-miR260插入序列和剪切形成的20 nt和21 nt两种长度amiR260s在转基因抗虫水稻苗期的根、茎、叶中表达, 且无组织表达特异性。该试验解决了人工miRNA作物中amiRNA及前体检测引物的特异性问题, 为人工miRNA植物干扰序列的表达分析提供技术参考, 并为miRNA转基因作物遗传表达相关安全评价提供了数据参考。     

东北春麦区小麦白粉菌的侵染循环

 小麦白粉菌(Blumeria graminis DC.Speer)可以在我国东北的南部冬麦区以菌丝垫形态潜伏在小麦苗基部叶片和叶鞘上越冬,以混在干燥保存的小麦种子中的闭囊壳越夏。自生麦苗和白粉病的野生寄主在侵染循环中不起作用。小麦白粉菌的毒力频率(Vf)分析表明,公主岭、沈阳、海城、大连和烟台的小麦白粉菌同属于一个群体。东北春麦区小麦白粉病初发日期和高空天气图分析表明,东北春麦区小麦白粉病的初侵染菌源来自胶东半岛冬麦区。在一定的天气系统控制下,小麦白粉菌的分生孢子随夏初的偏南气流,在700毫巴高度层向北传播,进入东北春麦区。随降雨沉降,并侵染小麦植株。     

Exploring de novo specificity: the Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis–barley interaction

Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis (Ptr) is a destructive fungal pathogen of wheat worldwide. In addition to wheat, Ptr has been isolated from various other hosts in the family Poaceae, yet the nature of its interaction with those hosts is unknown. The Ptr–barley relationship was explored and the existence of a specific interaction between Ptr and barley is described for the first time; symptom development on several barley genotypes was evaluated in bioassays and by toxin infiltration into barley leaves. Ptr ToxB‐producing isolates of the fungus were able to cause significant damage when inoculated onto certain barley genotypes, and Ptr ToxB was able to induce chlorosis in a highly selective manner when infiltrated into those same genotypes. Ptr–barley specificity is subtle and can break with slight changes in temperature after infection. To understand the infection process in barley, a cytological analysis and in planta fungal biomass estimation using quantitative PCR were performed. The fungus penetrates through the host epidermal cells and advances to colonize the mesophyll layer intercellularly, with the infection process on barley closely resembling that on wheat. Here, evidence is provided for a specific interaction between barley and Ptr, expanding understanding of Ptr host specificity and breaking the assumption that the highest level of specificity seen with Ptr is restricted to particular genotypes of the wheat host.     

基于小麦白粉病菌rDNA ITS序列的PCR分子检测

 Wheat powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici) is the one of main wheat diseases in China.Based on the internal transcribed spacer(ITS) sequences of ribosome of B.graminis f.sp.tritici,three molecular primer pairs(F1/R,F2/R and F3/R) were designed to detect the fungal pathogen of wheat powdery mildew.The species specificity of these primers was confirmed.F1/R was demonstrated a higher sensitivity than the other two primer pairs,and could detect as low as 1 pg DNA of B.graminis f.sp.tritici.Furthermore,F1/R primer pair was used to detect the pathogen DNA extracted from wheat leaves showing chlorosis and typical symptoms of powdery mildew caused by artificial inoculation with B.graminis f.sp.tritici.The preliminary results demonstrated the usefulness of this primer pair and its potential applications in efficient detection of wheat powdery mildew pathogen from leaves with latent infections at early growth stages of wheat.     

Real-time PCR quantification of latent infection of wheat powdery mildew in the field

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a destructive wheat disease worldwide. The key issue for the disease forecast is to timely and accurately estimate and quantify the latent infection levels in volunteer seedlings where the pathogen over-winters or over-summers to serve as sources of initial inoculum of epidemics. To improve the conventional method, a real-time PCR assay had been established in this study to quantify latent infection level of wheat leaves. Artificially and naturally infected leaves in wheat fields at different geographical locations in China were collected and processed to determine the latent infection levels. Linear relationships between the molecular disease index (MDX) and the observed disease index (DX) were obtained from artificial inoculation experiments. Field experiments showed that the spatial distribution patterns of MDX matched well with those of DX in the most cases. This study demonstrated that the real-time PCR assay was a useful tool to rapidly and accurately quantify the latent infection levels of wheat powdery mildew and to efficiently estimate the initial inoculum potentials of epidemics in the fields.     

Cytological events in tomato leaves inoculated with conidia of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Blumeria graminis</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">hordei</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oidium neolycopersici</Emphasis> KTP-01

Leaves of tomato and barley were inoculated with conidia of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei race 1 (R1) or Oidium neolycopersici (KTP-01) to observe cytological responses in search of resistance to powdery mildew. Both conidia formed appressoria at similar rates on tomato or barley leaves, indicating that no resistance was expressed during the prepenetration stage of these fungi. On R1-inoculated tomato leaves, appressoria penetrated the papillae, but subsequent haustorium formation was inhibited by hypersensitive necrosis in the invaded epidermal cells. On the other hand, KTP-01 (pathogenic to tomato leaves) successfully developed functional haustoria in epidermal cells to elongate secondary hyphae, although the hyphal elongation from some conidia was later suppressed by delayed hypersensitive necrosis in some haustorium-harboring epidermal cells. Thus, the present study indicated that the resistance of tomato to powdery mildew fungi was associated with a hypersensitive response in invaded epidermal cells but not the prevention of fungal penetration through host papilla.     

小麦高温抗条锈性的组织病理学和超微结构变化

为了进一步弄清高温抗条锈病的抗性机制，利用荧光显微技术和电镜技术研究了高温抗条锈性品种小偃6号的组织病理学特征和超微结构变化。结果表明：在高温抗条锈性表达时，病斑周围寄主细胞发生坏死和木质化，在高温处理24h，坏死细胞和木质化细胞数分别为初期的17．1和23．8倍。从超微结构观察，在高温抗条锈性表达时，侵染点附近寄主细胞壁表面凹凸不平、粗糙，细胞壁的厚度也较健康细胞厚。之后，细胞内的细胞器消解，仅有沿细胞壁分布的原生质和残存的一些颗粒状物质。     

Individual-based approach to modeling hyphal growth of a biocontrol fungus in soil

ABSTRACT Fungi in soil perform beneficial roles that include biological control of soilborne plant pathogens. However, relatively little predictive information is available about the growth and activity of fungal hyphae in soil habitats. A stochastic computer simulation model ("Fungmod") was developed to predict hyphal growth of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum ThzID1 in soil. The model simulates a fungal colony as a population of spatially referenced hyphal segments, and is individual-based, in that records of spatial location and branching hierarchy are maintained for individual hyphal nodes. In this way, the entire spatial structure of the fungal colony (hyphal network) can be explicitly reconstructed at any point in time. Also, the soil habitat is modeled as a population of spatially referenced 1-mm(3) soil cells, allowing for the simulation of a spatially heterogeneous environment. Initial hyphal growth parameters were derived from previously published results, and the model was tested against new data derived from image analysis of hyphal biomass accumulation in soil. The ability to predict fungal growth in natural habitats will help to improve the predictability of successful myco-parasitic events in biological control systems.     

An antibiotic complex from Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3: antimicrobial activity and role in plant disease control

Lysobacter enzymogenes C3 is a bacterial biological control agent that exhibits antagonism against multiple fungal pathogens. Its antifungal activity was attributed in part to lytic enzymes. In this study, a heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF), an antibiotic complex consisting of dihydromaltophilin and structurally related macrocyclic lactams, was found to be responsible for antagonism by C3 against fungi and oomycetes in culture. HSAF in purified form exhibited inhibitory activity against a wide range of fungal and oomycetes species in vitro, inhibiting spore germination, and disrupting hyphal polarity in sensitive fungi. When applied to tall fescue leaves as a partially-purified extract, HSAF at 25 mug/ml and higher inhibited germination of conidia of Bipolaris sorokiniana compared with the control. Although application of HSAF at 12.5 mug/ml did not reduce the incidence of conidial germination, it inhibited appressorium formation and suppressed Bipolaris leaf spot development. Two mutant strains of C3 (K19 and DeltaNRPS) that were disrupted in different domains in the hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene for HSAF biosynthesis and had lost the ability to produce HSAF were compared with the wild-type strain for biological control efficacy against Bipolaris leaf spot on tall fescue and Fusarium head blight, caused by Fusarium graminearum, on wheat. Both mutant strains exhibited decreased capacity to reduce the incidence and severity of Bipolaris leaf spot compared with C3. In contrast, the mutant strains were as efficacious as the wild-type strain in reducing the severity of Fusarium head blight. Thus, HSAF appears to be a mechanism for biological control by strain C3 against some, but not all, plant pathogenic fungi.     

Spatiotemporal variation in the fungal community associated with wheat leaves showing symptoms similar to stagonospora nodorum blotch

The fungal communities on wheat leaves showing symptoms similar to stagonospora nodorum blotch were analysed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Collection of diseased leaves was carried out in eleven winter wheat fields located in three regions of Sweden during mid-July in 2003–2005. Fourteen different fungal species were found on the leaves out of which thirteen were identified to the species level and one to the genus level. The majority of the samples had between one and four species present of which at least one was a pathogen. Among the analysed leaves three major leaf pathogens were found: Phaeosphaeria nodorum was common during 2003 and 2004, Mycosphaerella graminicola dominated during 2005. Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was present in all fields, but sometimes in just a few samples. Phaeosphaeria nodorum and P. tritici-repentis often co-occurred on the same leaf. In addition, seven species of yeast and three saprophytes frequently occurred on the leaves every year. The variation in fungal community was largest between the different years while the region of Uppland diverged from the other two regions in species composition. No significant differences in fungal communities were found within a single field, indicating a uniform community at the lowest spatial level.