不同光周期条件下大豆生育期主基因的效应

以大豆生育期近等基因系为材料, 比较12 h短日照(SD)及16 h长日照(LD)条件下E1/e1、E2/e2、E3/e3、E4/e4、E5/e5、E7/e7等6对生育期相关主基因的效应。结果表明, 在大多数生育期基因型中, 显性位点延迟大豆的开花期和成熟期, 隐性位点提早开花期和成熟期。同一基因在不同遗传背景下的效应值不同, 显性位点可增强其他基因的效应, 说明各基因间存在互作。生育期基因的效应受光周期影响很大, 长日照可增强大豆生育期相关基因的效应, 短日照则相反。此外, 光周期对基因效应的影响因发育阶段不同而变化, 其中, E1基因在大豆营养生长阶段、E4基因在生殖生长阶段受光周期影响较大, 而E3基因在营养生长和生殖发育阶段均受光周期的严格调控。不同光照条件下生育期基因效应的分析结果, 可为不同生态区大豆品种生育期性状的定量设计提供依据。     

GmELF3s调控大豆开花时间和生物钟节律的功能分析

大豆是典型的短日照作物,光周期的敏感性严重影响大豆的开花时间和产量,制约大豆的种植范围,但调控大豆光周期和生物钟节律的机制尚不十分清楚。在模式植物拟南芥中,ELF3与ELF4、LUX一起,形成ELF4-ELF3-LUX (Evening Complex, EC)生物钟晚间复合物,在生物钟节律和开花时间调控等方面发挥重要作用。本研究通过CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统获得大豆Gmelf3a/j、Gmelf3b-1和Gmelf3b-2的突变体材料。通过观察Gmelf3a/j、Gmelf3b-1和Gmelf3b-2各突变体材料在短日照和长日照下的开花时间发现, GmELF3b-1在长日照下对大豆开花时间起调控作用;通过观察非纯合双突变体的表型发现,GmELF3a/J与GmELF3b-1和GmELF3b-2之间在调控大豆开花时间方面存在功能冗余。通过qRT-PCR对大豆生物钟节律相关基因的表达进行检测发现,GmCAB、GmPRR9a和GmPRR7a的表达模式发生改变,这表明GmELF3a/J、GmELF3b-1和GmELF3b-2可能是通过GmPRR9a和GmPRR7a对大豆生物钟节律和开花...     

伪应答因子PRRs在不同植物光周期调控开花中的作用

在光周期调控高等植物开花途径中,伪应答基因家族(pseudo response regulator, PRR)位于核心环节中央振荡器内,是重要的调控基因,既要保证输入信号的振荡处理又要调控节律信息向下游基因的传递。根据多种作物开花表现分析,PRRs基因是开花抑制因子,过表达时植物表现晚花。进化树分析伪应答基因家族主要分为PRR1 (TOC1)、PRR3/PRR5、PRR7/PRR9三个分支,在核心振荡器中按照时序依次表达。本研究总结了4种常见作物和2个其他植物中,PRRs基因的作用及与其他重要相关基因间的调控关系当前研究进展。     

生育期结构不同的大豆品种的光周其反应和农艺性状

分别选用成熟期相近、开花期不同及开花期相近、成熟期不同的南方春、夏大豆品种,研究了生育期结构与开花前、后光周期反应敏感性的关系。结果表明,大豆品种生育前、后期长短与它们在该期的光周期反应敏感性正相关。在生育期相近的前提下,前期长度与开花促进率（ＦＨＲ）、后期长度与成熟促进率（ＭＨＲ）正相关;开花期相近的品种,后期长度与ＭＨＲ值正相关。部分品种不符合以上趋势,反映出上述相关的复杂性。在生育期相近的南     

大豆几种光周期处理效应的植物激素解析

研究了大豆光照后效应、开花逆转、光周期对源库关系的调控、摘荚后光周期反应等现象中,内源激素的变化及几种外源生长物质对大豆发育的效应。结果表明,开花前对超早熟大豆品种东农36进行短日处理,明显加快开花后发育速度,降低叶片中的ABA和ZRs含量;幼苗期(VE-V2)对晚熟品种自贡冬豆进行l0 d左右的短日处理,尔后置15 h长     

大豆GmGBP1在GA调控开花过程中的功能分析

从大豆中克隆得到一个编码SKIP蛋白的基因,命名为GmGBP1。通过研究外施赤霉素对GmGBP1过表达拟南芥植株表型及相关基因表达量的影响,探讨了该基因在GA3调控开花过程中的功能。结果表明,过表达GmGBP1植株对赤霉素的敏感性加强,植株开花时间显著提早,开花相关基因的相对表达量明显提高,而与野生型相比,GA3生物合成途径关键酶基因GA3ox和GA20ox的相对表达量下降明显。初步证实GmGBP1为GA开花信号途径中的正向调控因子,负调节植物赤霉素的生物合成。     

植物开花光周期反应的分子调控机制

植物开花时间受到日照长短季节性变化的调节,拟南芥和水稻中与光周期反应相关基因的分离,使人们得以认识植物开花光周期反应的分子调控机制。植物感知日照长短的变化主要由CONSTANS(CO)基因的表达所控制。CO能够将光信号与生物钟信号整合,调节开花基因FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)的表达,并最终控制植物的开花时间。本文对这一研究的最新进展进行了综述。     

过量表达大豆异丙基苹果酸脱氢酶基因Gm IPMDH促进植株开花和生长

异丙基苹果酸合成酶(isopropylmalate synthase, IPMS)和异丙基苹果酸脱氢酶(isopropylmalate dehydrogenase,IPMDH)是亮氨酸生物合成中的重要限速酶,但二者在植物生长发育中的功能鲜有报道。本研究对拟南芥AtIPMDH2基因在大豆中的同源基因GmIPMDH进行了克隆和分析。该基因编码的氨基酸序列中含有Iso＿dh亚家族保守结构域,且启动子中含有大量的光反应元件及激素应答元件。实时荧光定量PCR显示大豆叶片中GmIPMDH的表达量随着植株的生长发育逐渐升高。对GmIPMDH进行了烟草的异位表达和大豆的过量表达,表型分析发现GmIPMDH的过量表达显著提前了烟草和大豆的开花时间,且株高和节数均显著增加。转录组分析显示, GmIPMDH过量表达大豆叶片中的若干开花相关基因及赤霉素合成相关基因的表达量发生变化,推测GmIPMDH可能通过赤霉素合成通路参与赤霉素介导的植物开花诱导和株型调控。本研究首次阐明了GmIPMDH在开花期调控中的作用,为今后进一步研究GmIPMDH调控大豆开花和生长发育的分子机制提供了一定的基础。     

Bna.C02SWEET15通过光周期途径正向调控油菜开花时间

开花时间是作物的重要农艺指标,关系着作物的生育周期和产量。糖转运体作为植物重要的碳水化合物运输载体,作用于油菜开花时间的研究鲜有报道。本研究在油菜FOX-Hunting文库中鉴定了一个与油菜开花相关的蔗糖转运蛋白Bna.C02SWEET15,通过组织表达和亚细胞定位分析,转基因和突变体表型观察,开花关键基因表达水平检测等解析其生物学功能与调控机制。Bna.C02SWEET15在油菜各组织部位均能够表达,在花后30d种子中最显著。Bna.C02SWEET15定位于细胞膜,启动子活性主要在花药和花后30d种子中。在拟南芥中过表达Bna.C02SWEET15使植株开花提前,利于植株开花的光周期关键基因CO、FT、LFY表达明显上升,负调控基因FLC表达量降低。拟南芥突变体atsweet15a和RNAi-Bna.C02SWEET15转基因油菜均为晚花表型。推测Bna.C02SWEET15能够通过光周期途径正向调控油菜开花时间影响油菜的生育周期。研究结果对理解糖转运体在作物中的调控作用,为油菜高产育种提供了基因资源,奠定了理论基础。     

不同地理来源MGⅢ组大豆品种生育期结构分析及E基因型鉴定

于2014?2015年对60份不同地理来源、生育期组为MGⅢ的大豆品种进行生育期结构分析和E基因型鉴定表明,不同地理来源的MGⅢ大豆品种生育期相近,但生育期结构差异较大。来自中国北方和美国的MGⅢ组春大豆品种营养生长期(V期)较短(开花较早),生殖生长期(R期)较长, R期与V期的比值(R/V)较高;黄淮海品种和南方MGⅢ组品种V期较长(开花较晚), R期较短, R期与V期的比值(R/V)较低。北方春大豆MGⅢ组品种的开花期受播期影响较其他地区同生育期组品种更为明显。中国MGⅢ组大豆品种存在6种E基因型,其中E1e2E3E4和e1-asE2E3E4分布区域广,覆盖播季类型多,而在8个美国MGⅢ组品种中只鉴定出1种E基因型(e1-asE2E3E4),表明中国大豆品种在生育期结构性状上存在更为丰富的遗传变异。通过比较不同播期下MGⅢ大豆品种E基因在生育期性状上的平均效应值发现,含显性位点越多的材料,其V期越长,R期越短,R/V值越小。反之亦然。不同E基因对开花、成熟期的增强效果不尽相同,且春播时各显性基因的效应值均比夏播时大。不同地理来源MGⅢ组大豆品种农艺性状存在明显差异,且与生育期结构存在显著相关性。中国北方春大豆品种底荚高度与R/V值负相关,但单株荚数与R/V值正相关;黄淮海大豆品种的分枝数、单株荚数、百粒重与R/V间无显著相关性;南方大豆品种分枝数与V期呈显著负相关。试验结果可为大豆品种生育期结构的改良及适应不同环境的品种选育提供依据。     

Genetic and molecular bases of photoperiod responses of flowering in soybean

Flowering is one of the most important processes involved in crop adaptation and productivity. A number of major genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for flowering have been reported in soybean (Glycine max). These genes and QTLs interact with one another and with the environment to greatly influence not only flowering and maturity but also plant morphology, final yield, and stress tolerance. The information available on the soybean genome sequence and on the molecular bases of flowering in Arabidopsis will undoubtedly facilitate the molecular dissection of flowering in soybean. Here, we review the present status of our understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of flowering in soybean. We also discuss our identification of orthologs of Arabidopsis flowering genes from among the 46,367 genes annotated in the publicly available soybean genome database Phytozome Glyma 1.0. We emphasize the usefulness of a combined approach including QTL analysis, fine mapping, and use of candidate gene information from model plant species in genetic and molecular studies of soybean flowering.     

Genetic analysis for the leaf pubescence density and water status traits in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Leaf pubescence density (PD) is an important component for the adaptation of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to drought-prone environment. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling PD on the upper surface of leaf blade (PDU), PD on the lower surface of leaf blade (PDL), leaf wilting coefficient (WC) and rate of excised leaf drying (ELD) were identified using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population from the cross between soybean cultivars 'kefeng1' and 'nannong1138-2' at the field soil drought stress stage from the mid-end of stem elongation to onset of flowering. A total of 20 QTLs were detected on molecular linkage groups (MLGs) A2, D1b, E, H, G and I with individual QTL explained 4.49–23.56% of phenotypic variation by composite interval mapping. The QTLs for PD on MLG H were mapped to near Ps locus while the QTLs on MLG D1b were located near Rsc-7 . Three genome regions for PD and water status traits on MLGs A2, D1b and H were associated. This study revealed that leaf surface PD may play an important role in the soybean drought tolerance.     

Genetic detection of node of first fruiting branch in crosses of a cultivar with two exotic accessions of upland cotton

Flowering time has biological and agricultural significance for crops. In Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), photoperiodic sensitivity is a major obstacle in the utilization of primitive accessions in breeding programs. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analysis was conducted in two F₂ populations from the crosses between a day-neutral cultivar Deltapine 61 (DPL61) and two photoperiod sensitive G. hirsutum accessions (T1107 and T1354). Node of first fruiting branch (NFB) was used to measure relative time of flowering. Different flowering time genetic patterns were observed in the two populations. Two QTLs were found across five scoring dates, accounting 28.5 (qNFB-c21-1) and 15.9% (qNFB-c25-1) of the phenotypic variation at the last scoring date in Pop. 1107 (DPL61 by T1107); whereas, one major QTL (qNFB-c25-1) can be detected across five scoring dates, explained 63.5% of the phenotypic variation at the last scoring date in Pop. 1354 (DPL61 by T1354). QTLs with minor effects appeared at various scoring date(s), indicating their roles in regulating flowering at a lower or higher node number. Genetic segregation analysis and QTL mapping results provide further information on the mechanisms of cotton photoperiodic sensitivity. Part of a Ph.D. dissertation by senior author submitted to the Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, December 2007. Contribution of USDA-ARS in cooperation with the Mississippi Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn. Journal paper J. 11276 of Mississippi Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn.     

大豆GmCOL4基因的克隆与分析

CONSTANS(CO)是植物光周期开花途径中的关键基因之一。通过RT-PCR和生物信息学的方法,克隆了大豆GmCOL4基因并分析其结构特征,用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time RT-PCR,qRT-PCR)研究了其转录特点。结果表明,GmCOL4的4个外显子编码一个具有B-box和CCT保守结构域的CO-like蛋白,在序列上与拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)COL9相似性最高,为64.3%。分析其转录特征发现,GmCOL4表达主要受生物节律的影响,受光的调节作用较弱。器官特异性表达分析发现,GmCOL4主要在大豆叶片中表达,表达模式与COL9相似。这为大豆中CO基因家族的功能研究提供了重要的依据。     

Molecular mapping of major genes and quantitative trait loci determining flowering time in response to photoperiod in barley

Two major genes (eam8 and eam10) and two quantitative trait loci (QTL) determining flowering time in barley were associated with restriction fragment length polymorphism markers. The loci eam8 and eam10 were found to map in regions of chromosomes 1HL and 3HL, respectively, already estimated from previous classical linkage analyses. While investigating doubled haploid lines of a spring habit barley mapping population, two QTL for flowering time were detected on chromosomes 1HL and 7HS, respectively, when the material was grown under long photoperiod conditions. When growing the same lines under short photoperiod, no QTL were discernible. Allelic and homoeologous relationships with flowering time loci described earlier in barley and other Triticeae species are discussed.     

兰科植物花发育分子机理研究进展

研究兰科植物花发育分子机理对兰花育种和产业发展具有重要意义。本研究从开花时间以及花器官发育的A、B、C、D和E类基因等方面回顾了近年来兰科植物花发育分子机理的研究进展,并从B类基因的进化简述了兰科植物花形态建成的机制,最后探讨了兰科植物花发育分子机理研究存在的问题以及今后研究的主要方向。     

A SNP genetic linkage map based on the ‘Hamilton’ by ‘Spencer’ recombinant inbred line population identified QTL for seed isoflavone contents in soybean

Soybean is one of the most important crops worldwide for its protein and oil as well as the health beneficial phytoestrogens or isoflavone. This study reports a relatively dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐based genetic map based on ‘Hamilton’ by ‘Spencer’ recombinant inbred line population and quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed isoflavone contents. The genetic map is composed of 1502 SNP markers and covers about 1423.72 cM of the soybean genome. Two QTL for seed isoflavone contents have been identified in this population. One major QTL that controlled both daidzein (qDZ1) and total isoflavone contents (qTI1) was found on LG C2 (Chr 6). And a second QTL for glycitein content (qGT1) was identified on the LG G (Chr 18). These two QTL in addition to others identified in soybean could be used in soybean breeding to optimize isoflavone content. This newly assembled soybean linkage map is a useful tool to identify and map QTL for important agronomic traits and enhance the identification of the genes involved in these traits.     

Identification of population-specific QTLs for flowering in soybean

Flowering is an important stage in plant development and crucial for adaptation of plant species to different environments. Two soybean mapping populations were used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for days to flowering (DF) and days to maturity (DM) by genotyping simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Single-factor analysis of variance detected association of phenotypic data with SSR markers in each population. DF QTLs were identified on four chromosomes (chrs.); two QTLs located on chrs. 2 and 13 with Satt041 and Satt206 in the Jinpumkong 2 × SS2-2 population and other two DF QTLs were detected on chrs. 6 and 19 with Satt100 and Satt373 in the Iksannamulkong × SS2-2 population. The major QTLs associated with Satt100 explained 30.3% of maximum phenotypic variation. Especially, all DF QTLs included QTLs for DM, except Satt206 on chr. 13. Moreover, two additional DM QTLs were mapped on chrs. 10 and 11 with Satt243 and Satt359, respectively. DF QTL on chr. 2 with Satt041 was the newly identified QTL only in the Jinpumkong 2 × SS2-2 population and explained 10.3% of the phenotypic variation. The single locus of Satt100 on chr. 6 and Satt373 on chr. 19 were located on soybean genomic regions of the known flowering gene loci E1 and E3, respectively. These population-specific QTLs (Satt100 and Satt373) are the major QTLs for flowering time, putatively, they may be related to maturity QTLs with large effect. Additionally, these QTLs are valuable for marker-assisted approaches and could be widely adopted by soybean breeders.