含双病原物诱导启动子植物安全表达载体的构建

 本研究用来自烟草的具有高度病原物特异性的两个诱导启动子EAS4和hsr203J,串联驱动GUS基因的表达,同时考虑到转基因植物的安全性,引入双边界序列,构建了含双病原物诱导启动子的植物安全表达载体。将表达载体转化烟草获得转基因植株。分析显示,在正常生长情况下转基因烟草检测不到GUS活性,或活性极低;而受疫霉激发子parasiticein、Phytophthora nicotianea[0]的孢子悬浮液和Ralstonia solanacarum的菌悬液诱导后,转基因烟草叶片中可检测到明显的GUS活性。结果表明,构建的植物表达载体所含双病原物诱导启动子均具有良好的诱导活性,可用于植物遗传转化。     

植物受病原物诱导启动子概述

植物受病原物诱导启动子是一类能对病原物的侵染作出响应的启动子,其活性主要局限于被侵染之时及被侵染的位点。植物受病原物诱导启动子的这一特性赋予其在抗病基因工程中潜在的应用价值。相比植物庞大的启动子组,已发现的植物受病原物诱导启动子仍是少数,关于其作用机制的研究仍有待加强和深入,而其调控的基因与植物抗病性关系还需要引起足够的重视。作者在对植物受病原物诱导启动子进行归类的基础上,重点关注了病原物诱导启动子调控基因的编码产物与植物抗病性的关系,对植物受病原物诱导启动子的顺式调控元件作了简要分析,并对该领域的发展动向进行了讨论。     

转基因水稻中β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因启动子缺失体P3的激发子诱导活性

 选择合适的启动子是植物抗病基因工程的关键性因素,病原菌诱导型启动子的获得将为植物提供更多的启动子选择。将大麦β-1,3-葡聚糖酶同工酶GⅢ基因启动子的缺失体片段P3与报告基因gus (β-葡聚糖酸醛苷酶基因)偶联,构建植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法转化水稻。PCR结果表明,所获得的10株潮霉素抗性水稻植株均呈PCR阳性;DNA印迹法结果显示,9株含P3/gus的融合基因已整合到水稻基因组DNA中。GUS组织化学染色及荧光法结果显示,P3缺失体驱动的gus在激发子诱导后,获得了高水平表达。T₁代种子的GUS组织化学染色结果也表明,激发子可以诱导高水平的P3活性。     

植物抗病性分子机制

 植物对病原物的反应有抗病和感病两大类。从寄主-病原物相互作用角度,抗病反应又叫非亲和性反应,这一系统以寄主抗病和病原物无毒性为特征,寄主植物对病原物有抑制、排斥或减毒作用,病害不发生或受到限制;感病反应又叫亲和性反应,其特征是寄主感病和病原物毒性,结果严重发病。     

植物防卫基因研究进展

植物在与病原微生物共同进化的过程中，发展了一系列拮抗病原物侵染的复杂的防御反应体系。在植物与病原互作中，有大量的基因诱导表达，它们编码的蛋白质参与植物对病原物的防卫生反应，这类基因称之为防卫相关基因（defense related genes)，或简称为防卫基因（defense genes)。根据防卫基因表达产物及其功能，可大致分为次生物质合成基因、水解酶和病程相关基因、细胞壁修饰有关基因和清除活性氧的细胞内防卫酶系统基因四大类。从1902年人们发现病原物侵染而引起植物过敏反应起，人们对防卫反应进行了广泛深入的研究，到目前为止，防卫基因仍然是植保和遗传学家们研究的前沿和重点。     

植物抗病防卫基因表达调控与诱导抗性遗传的机制

 植物抗病防卫基因的产物直接参加抵抗病原物侵染的活动;它们的表达调控遵循一定规律;这些规律是诱导抗性遗传方式改造的基础;对动植物获得免疫相似性的了解,对植物各类抗病机制研究与改造利用的预见性,都展示出诱导抗性遗传方式改造的意义和前景。     

大豆中疫霉诱导性GmDRRP基因启动子的克隆与功能分析

本研究根据大豆与疫霉互作的基因芯片数据,筛选了一个受疫霉诱导表达的大豆抗病相关基因(Gm DRRP,glycine max disease resistance response protein),并对其启动子响应疫霉侵染的功能进行了研究。序列分析表明该基因编码一个大豆抗病相关蛋白。分别用SA、Me JA、ABA、ETH和GA3五种激素处理后,发现该基因的表达受激素的抑制。克隆其转录起始位点上游1 590 bp的启动子区,生物信息学分析发现该区域包含多个已知与逆境响应相关的顺式元件。进一步将启动子构建在融合Gus报告基因的植物表达载体上,分别瞬时转化烟草和稳定转化大豆根毛,并检测了Gus报告基因的表达情况。结果表明,Gm DRRP启动子均能在两种体系中不同程度的受疫霉诱导,其表达模式为接种后0.5 h被快速诱导,并在2 h时显著提高。根据生物信息学对顺式元件的预测结果,对启动子进行了分段分析,获得了一个222 bp的小片段,其疫霉诱导表达能力是全长启动子的34%。以上结果表明大豆的Gm DRRP启动子能被疫霉快速诱导。     

拟南芥的抗病信号传导途径

 拟南芥是研究植物与病原物相互作用的模式植物。植物感病和抗病取决于病原物无毒基因产物和寄主抗病基因产物的识别,以及随后的相关防卫反应的激活。在拟南芥的抗病过程中,水杨酸、茉莉酸、乙烯等信号分子都不同程度地参与着抗病过程中的不同环节,起着非常重要的作用。由于这些信号分子在对不同病原菌的抗性中的作用存在差异,因而将抗病信号传导分为依赖于水杨酸和依赖于茉莉酸/乙烯的途径。本文将着重讨论这些信号分子在植物系统获得抗性以及诱导系统抗性中的作用。     

植物病理学 第六章 植物抗病性(二)

三、抗病性的表现 是寄主抗病性和病原物致病性相互作用的结果 病原物与寄主相遇后,寄主表现抗病、感病,还是处于某种中间程度?并不决定于寄主单方面,要看寄主与病原物双方的相互作用。“抗病性”与植物的其他性状有所不同,是两者结合一起,才能表现出来的一种性状,它是寄主病原物“结合体”(或作     

一个水稻褐飞虱为害诱导型启动子的克隆

目前组成型启动子在基因工程中的应用最为广泛,然而驱动外源基因在各组织中持续恒定地表达可能引起植物发育迟缓等问题。诱导型启动子能够在特定条件下实现目的基因定时优势表达,最大限度减少由于非必需蛋白在转基因植物内的积累对其造成的伤害。依据基因芯片数据并通过定量RT-PCR验证,找到了一个受水稻褐飞虱(Nilaparavata lugens)为害诱导表达基因(LOC_Os01g73940)。用PCR技术从籼稻品种‘TN1’的基因组中获得Os01g73940上游1 953bp的启动子片段,命名为BPHIP。将BPHIP连接到带有β-glucuronidase(GUS)报告基因的植物表达载体上,通过农杆菌介导转化水稻品种‘中花11’。通过GUS组织化学染色法及定量RT-PCR检测证明,BPHIP是一个受褐飞虱为害和茉莉酸处理诱导上调的启动子。利用此类启动子在基因工程中可以减少对水稻生理方面产生的副作用,对抗虫转基因水稻具有良好的应用价值。     

Synthetic tetramer of a Phytophthora sojae-inducible fragment from soybean GmaSKTI36 promoter improves its pathogen induction activities

Using pathogen-induced promoters to control expression of the functional genes in transgenic plants may greatly increase the chances of boosting disease resistance. However, the number of the inducible promoters is limited. Here, we found that soybean GmaSKTI36 gene is strongly induced upon Phytophthora sojae infection. Functional analysis showed that its promoter could mediate rapid and strong induction of GUS expression upon pathogen infection in both Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and soybean hairy roots. Then, a 122 bp fragment that was critical to the activity was successfully identified by a progressive 5′ deletion analysis. Importantly, we found that a synthetic promoter by tetramerizing this fragment could confer strong P. sojae induction activities. Overall, the results suggested that the GmaSKTI36 promoter, the 122 bp fragment, and the synthetic promoter are potentially useful pathogen-inducible promoters.     

含双病原物诱导启动子无选择标记转基因烟草的获得

Transgenic plants are controversial for their edible and environmental security. Marker-free transgenic plants can be produced by the construction and transformation of plant expression vectors carrying twin T-DNAs. The construction of plant expression vectors harboring twin T-DNAs and two pathogen-inducible promoters was previously reported. These vector plasmids were introduced into tobacco plants and the transgenic tobacco plants were obtained. In this paper we report that T₁ transgenic tobacco seedlings were produced through classical genetics approach. Analysis of the seedlings demonstrated that some of them were marker-free lines. The segregation of exogenous genes in T₁ transgenic tobacco seedlings was tested by using two methods. Firstly, the ability of resistance to kanamycin was analyzed in T₁ transgenic tobacco seedlings from 14 transgenic plant lines. It was found that the segregation ratio of NPTII genes met well with Mendel’s law in 13 transgenic tobacco lines. So it was deduced that NPTII gene was as a single copy integrated into one of the homologous chromosomes. Then the NPTII genes and uidA genes of 130 T₁ transgenic seedlings were detected from the above 13 tobacco lines. The results showed that uidA genes were only detected in 20.77% of the seedlings, NPTII genes were solely detected in 22.31% of the seedlings, but both exogenous genes were in 53.85% of the seedlings. The segregation ratio of the two genes was consistent with the law of independent assortment (9∶3∶3∶1). These results suggested that the selective marker gene had no linkage with the reporter gene and they were segregated independently in the T₁ transgenic tobacco plants. This method, as compared with traditional backcross, is confirmed a more easy and rapid way to eliminate the antibiotic resistance gene used as a selective marker in transgenic plants.     

含有多个应答逆境元件的合成启动子在水稻中的表达分析

 存在于启动子中的各种顺式作用元件在基因应答逆境的过程中起重要的作用，对这些元件进行适当组合是构建诱导型合成启动子的重要可行途径之一。本研究利用多个逆境应答元件(S盒、D盒、Gst1盒、TCA盒和LURP1基因启动子的-85~-46区)和CaMV35S核心(-46-+8)序列相连，组成一个人工合成启动子PRBS，并构建了GUS为报告基因的转化载体，通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法获得其水稻转基因植株。利用T₁代转基因水稻株系，通过检测GUS酶活性，研究了PRBS在不同逆境及外源激素作用下的表达特征。结果发现PRBS组成型表达水平低，可不同程度地应答稻瘟病病原菌侵染，机械损伤和外源激素(ABA、SA和MeJA)处理，表明PRBS可作为诱导型启动子用于水稻抗逆基因工程遗传改良。     

Analysis of the expression patterns of the Arabidopsis thaliana tubulin-1 and Zea mays ubiquitin-1 promoters in rice plants in association with nematode infection

The temporal and spatial expression of three promoters was investigated in transgenic rice plants using promoter-β-glucuronidase (gusA) reporter gene fusions. The promoters studied were ubiquitin-1 (UBI-1) of Zea mays, Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S gene (CaMV35S) and a tubulin gene (TUB-1) of Arabidopsis thaliana. The TUB-1 promoter provided 7.32-fold more GUS activity in roots relative to tillers. This was significantly different from the corresponding value of 2.82-fold for CaMV35S but not from that of 4.55-fold for UBI-1, activity of both promoters was higher in the root tips and zone of elongation than mature roots. This younger root tissue represented a declining proportion of the expanding root system with time. Older tissue expressing GUS under control of the TUB-1 promoter showed a steeper decline in activity with time than occurred with the UBI-1 promoter. Nematode infection did not alter the overall pattern of expression from the two promoters, except that the giant cells induced by Meloidogyne incognita retained TUB-1 promoter activity as roots matured. Pratylenchus zeae invaded older root regions than M. incognita and no changes in promoter activity were detected where it fed. The results suggest the TUB-1 promoter has characteristics that favour its use for delivering anti-feedants, such as cysteine proteinase inhibitors, to M. incognita.     

Root-specific expression of defensin in transgenic tobacco results in enhanced resistance against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phytophthora parasitica</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">nicotianae</Emphasis>

Phytophthora species are soil-borne pathogens that damage plants in both agro- and natural ecosystems. To suppress the devastating pathogen, we generated a root-specific expression system using a specific promoter (pPRP3) conferring elevated expression of the target gene in roots that are very susceptible to soil-borne pathogens. To verify root-specific expression, we compared β-glucuronidase (GUS) expression driven by a constitutive or root-specific promoters in shoots and roots. In histochemical and fluorometric assays, GUS activity was detected in whole tobacco plants when GUS expression was driven by p35S, but was detected only in the roots by pPRP3. We then expressed a pepper defensin (J1–1) gene in tobacco to elucidate its effect on plant resistance. The accumulation of J1–1 was also tissue-specific in transgenic tobacco plants. Finally, transgenic plants carrying GUS or J1–1 genes in combination with p35S or pPRP3 were inoculated with Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae and Pythium aphanidermatum. Disease symptoms were significantly suppressed in transgenic plants that accumulated J1–1, regardless of the promoter used. Furthermore, the expression of PR genes was induced in J1–1 transgenic plants, exhibiting much higher levels in p35S-driven J1–1 plants than in pPRP3::J1–1 plants. These results demonstrated that J1–1 transgenic plants were primed for enhanced expression of PR genes, which provided synergistic effects with the defensin for disease resistance.     

Expression of δ-endotoxin Cry1EC from an inducible promoter confers insect protection in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera litura (F.) is a polyphagous foliage insect and a major pest on peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Constitutive expression of δ‐endotoxin Cry1EC gives protection against S. litura, as reported earlier. In this study, insect bites and salicylic acid induced high‐level expression of Cry1EC was achieved in peanut. In order to achieve this, the expression of pathogenesis responsive promoter PR‐1a was enhanced by placing it downstream of the CaMV35S promoter in the pCAMBIA 1300 backbone. The resultant promoter CaMV35S(r)PR‐1a expressed a high level of insecticidal δ‐endotoxin Cry1EC. The Gus expression under the control of CaMV35S(r)PR‐1a served as a convenient marker for evaluation of promoter response to different treatments. RESULTS: Transgenic events that showed a very low level of uninduced expression and no expression in seeds were selected. The Cry1EC expression in leaves increased nearly eightfold in the selected event, following induction by salicylic acid. Both the salicylic‐acid‐treated and the S. litura‐bitten leaves showed the highest expression after 2 days. Leaves from salicylic‐acid‐induced transgenic plants caused 100% mortality of S. litura at all stages of larval development. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that high expression of inducible promoters provides a good strategy for the development of safer transgenic food and feed crops. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

拟南芥诱导型启动子rd29A的克隆及其功能鉴定

以改善作物抗旱性为目的,采用PCR方法从拟南芥中克隆了诱导型启动子rd29A,序列分析发现克隆的rd29A启动子与已发表的rd29A启动子序列(D13044)的同源性为99.47%。利用DNA重组技术成功构建了rd29A启动子驱动GUS基因的植物表达载体p BI121-rd29-GUS,并通过农杆菌介导法转化烟草,转基因烟草叶片中GUS酶活性的组织化学检测结果表明,rd29A启动子能驱动目的基因的有效表达。因此,可以在后续的马铃薯抗旱转基因研究中直接应用。