青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力hrpB突变菌株的纯化分离及其异质性研究

获得纯度高的青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力菌株,是研发青枯病植物疫苗和防治青枯病害的一种新途径。作者以青枯雷尔氏菌强致病力菌株FJAT-91为出发菌株,通过对hrpB基因敲除,获得无致病力突变菌株FJAT-91ΔhrpB。高效离子交换色谱分离结果表明:FJAT-91和FJAT-91ΔhrpB色谱峰型不同,主要表现在峰的保留时间上,FJAT-91只有单一色谱峰,保留时间为6 min;FJAT-91ΔhrpB有P_1和P_2 2个色谱峰,保留时间分别为0.6 min和4.5 min。利用高效离子交换色谱对FJAT-91ΔhrpB进行纯化,获得只有P_1峰的高纯度菌株FJAT-91ΔhrpB-P。FJAT-91ΔhrpB和FJAT-91ΔhrpB-P与其出发菌株FJAT-91的菌落和菌体形态差异明显。致病力测定结果表明:FJAT-91接种4 d番茄植株开始发病,10 d发病率达100%;FJAT-91ΔhrpB和FJAT-91ΔhrpB-P接种20 d均未发病。防效试验结果表明:纯化后的菌株FJAT-91ΔhrpB-P对番茄青枯病的防效(81.64%)比未纯化FJAT-91ΔhrpB防效(61.04%)提高了33.75%。本研究获得一株高纯度的青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株FJAT-91ΔhrpB-P具有良好的生防潜力。     

青枯雷尔氏菌Tn5转座子无致病力突变株在番茄根部的定殖特性

为筛选防治番茄青枯病的优良生防菌株,本研究以弱化指数、胞外多糖含量和盆栽苗番茄发病率为指标确定20株经形态初步判定为无致病力的青枯雷尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum Tn5突变菌株的致病性,测定其在番茄根部的定殖数量,并于显微镜下观察其定殖特性。结果表明,供试的20株青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株的弱化指数均大于0.75,胞外多糖含量介于1.59～16.68μg/mL之间,显著低于强致病力菌株FJAT-91,接种40 d番茄植株未出现青枯病症状;20株青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株均能在番茄根部定殖,定殖数量呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中菌株T659的定殖数量最大,定殖时间最长,分别为2.86×10⁶CFU/g和35 d;透射电镜观察发现,青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株T659从番茄植株根部表皮细胞中侵入,然后进入维管束厚壁细胞,并在维管束细胞中大量繁殖和定殖,但未引起番茄根部细胞结构病理变化。表明供试的青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株T659的定殖能力最强,具有良好的生防潜力。     

荧光素酶标记无致病力青枯雷尔氏菌的生物学和定殖特性

为示踪青枯雷尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum无致病力菌株FJAT1458在番茄植株及根际土壤中的定殖特性,采用电击法对菌株FJAT1458进行荧光素酶(luciferase,LUC)基因标记,并于室内采用生测法测定标记菌株的生物学特性、遗传稳定性、致病力及在番茄植株和根际土壤中的定殖能力。结果表明,成功将luc基因整合至无致病力菌株FJAT1458染色体上,标记菌株FJAT1458-LUC发出强烈的荧光,且PCR扩增出1 612 bp的luc基因片段;与野生型菌株FJAT1458相比,标记菌株FJAT1458-LUC的生长明显滞后,培养8h之后标记菌株FJAT1458-LUC的OD_600nm值均小于野生型菌株FJAT1458;且标记菌株FJAT1458-LUC连续传代20次后菌体浓度显著增加,发光菌体比例显著降低,LUC活性和luc基因表达量均随着传代数增加而显著降低;标记前、后菌株FJAT1458的弱化指数分别为0.90和0.89,且接种番茄植株30 d均未引起植株发病。标记菌株FJAT1458-LUC能在番茄根际土壤、根及茎中定殖,定殖数量呈...     

生防菌对青枯雷尔氏菌强致病力和无致病力菌株生长竞争的影响

采用共培养法研究了不同温度下青枯雷尔氏菌强致病力菌株F-01-V与无致病力菌株F-01-A之间的生长竞争、生防菌ANTI-8098A胞外物质对F-01-V和F-01-A生长的影响以及对F-01-V与F-01-A之间生长竞争关系的影响.结果表明,在15、20、25、30和35℃,菌株F-01-V、F-01-A单独静置培养48 h后,F-01-V活菌数的增长率最高可达123.7%,F-01-A的活菌数下降,最大降幅为60.7%;当F-01-V与F-01-A等量混合培养时,F-01-V能继续增长,但48 h后的增长率不如单独培养时的高,F-01-A的生长受到促进,使得这两个菌株的活菌数之比（F-01-V/F-01-A）与混合前的比值（0.97）相近;生防菌胞外物质对F-01-V有较强的抑制作用,抑制率与温度呈正相关,对F-01-A具有促进生长的作用,促长率也与温度呈正相关;生防菌胞外物质对F-01-V的抑制作用和对F-01-A的促进生长作用,导致在生防菌液、F-01-V与F-01-A共存的环境中,F-01-V与F-01-A之间的生长竞争向着有利于F-01-A的方向发展,使F-01-A成为优势菌株,特别是在30℃以上的温度下,F-01-V/F-01-A小于0.01,F-01-A的优势极为明显.     

青枯雷尔氏菌噬菌体的研究与应用进展

青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)引起的烟草等茄科作物青枯病,是一种世界性重大细菌病害,危害严重且防治困难。利用“噬菌体疗法”防治细菌性病害是近年来生物防治研究的热点。由于近年来抗药性和超级细菌的出现,噬菌体作为病害控制的新方法重新受到重视。综述了噬菌体的发现历程、青枯雷尔氏菌噬菌体发现与分类、挖掘利用,并讨论了噬菌体应用中的问题及发展方向。     

无致病力青枯菌株对番茄青枯病的防治效果

用紫外诱变法获得的青枯无致病力菌株ATm0 4 4和Asp0 6 1对致病菌没有直接的抑制作用 ;处理番茄后对青枯病产生抗性 ;两菌株可在番茄体内定殖并繁殖 ,移栽浸根是最佳的处理方法。盆栽试验结果表明 ,番茄经ATm0 4 4和Asp0 6 1处理后 ,分别较对照推迟 9和 7d发病 ,2 0d后的防效达 56 .7%和 53.4 %。田间小区试验结果表明 ,经ATm0 4 4和Asp0 6 1菌悬液浸根处理番茄 ,1 5d后对青枯病的防治效果分别为 53.8%和 37.7%。     

无致病力青枯菌FJAT-a RS01的固态发酵及对茄果类蔬菜青枯病的防治效果

利用无致病力青枯菌研发植物疫苗防治青枯病是植物病害防治研究中的新途径。无致病力青枯菌FJAT-aRS01具有防效高和稳定遗传等特性。为了进一步开发利用该菌株,本研究以巨菌草渣为其主要发酵培养基,通过正交试验优化培养基配方和发酵条件,固态发酵FJAT-a RS01,并进行质量检测。结果表明,优化后菌株FJAT-aRS01固态发酵培养基配方为巨菌草渣36.36%、玉米粉27.27%、米糠27.27%和稻壳9.09%;发酵条件为接种量15%(10⁸ CFU/mL),料水质量比为1:0.8,装袋量为150 g/袋,发酵时间为48 h;在该发酵条件下,FJAT-aRS01的固态发酵物活菌数可达到1.80×10⁹ CFU/g,其营养成分含量超过微生物肥料的国家标准(NY/T 798-2015);FJAT-a RS01固态发酵物浸提液的50倍稀释液能促进番茄种子萌发,其100倍稀释液能促进辣椒和茄子种子萌发;在栽培基质中添加质量百分比≤15%的FJAT-aRS01固态发酵物能促进植株生长,添加质量百分比25%的FJAT-a RS01固态发酵物对于番茄、辣椒...     

青枯菌无致病力菌株FJAT-1458与强致病力株FJAT-91的竞争生长作用

为了明确青枯菌无致病力菌株FJAT-1458的生防竞争机制,本研究采用体外共培养方法研究了碳源、氮源和培养时间对菌株FJAT-1458和青枯菌强致病力菌株FJAT-91竞争生长的影响;同时,研究了菌株FJAT-1458和FJAT-91在番茄植株体内的竞争生长。结果表明,碳源含量低于20%时,菌株FJAT-1458不能生长,而菌株FJAT-91可生长;无氮源条件下,FJAT-1458和FJAT-91均不能生长;碳源和氮源含量达100%时,FJAT-1458的菌体浓度（2.16×10⁹ cfu/mL）显著低于FJAT-91的菌体浓度（3.24×10⁹ cfu/mL）。混合培养24 h前,FJAT-1458生长量大于FJAT-91,24 h后则相反。在单独接种或混合接种5 d后,FJAT-1458和FJAT-91均在番茄植株体内出现最大定殖量,随后迅速减少;FJAT-91在单独接种15 d时,定殖数量为0;两种菌株单独接种的定殖数量均大于混合接种（接种15 d除外）。先接种FJAT-1458,3 d后接种FJAT-91对番茄青枯病的防效（100%）显著高于同时接种FJAT-1458和FJAT-91（74.67%）。本研究表明,在体外无致病力菌株FJAT-1458对碳源和氮源的营养竞争能力弱于强致病力菌株FJAT-91;在体内无致病力菌株FJAT-1458会抑制强致病力菌株FJAT-91的生长;因此,FJAT-1458的生防竞争机制中,营养竞争起非主导作用,而位点竞争可能是主导因素。     

生防菌ANTI-8098A对青枯雷尔氏菌致病力的影响

经生防菌蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus菌株ANTI-8098A处理后,番茄青枯雷尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum强致病力菌株弱化为无致病力菌株,弱化指数由0．40转变为0．86,回接番茄苗发病率由100．0％转变为0。同时,生防菌处理后的无致病力菌株在培养24h以前菌体生长能力显著增加,其中在12h时生长速率增长最快,达到了5．6倍;紫外-可见光吸收值明显下降,OD450nm由0．5740降为0．2644;高效液相离子交换色谱的表征由前峰〈后峰转变为前峰〉后峰;对生防菌异源蛋白的吸附由2种蛋白质（97．4kD和116．0kD）转变为1种蛋白质（97．4kD）。结果表明：ANTI-8098A对青枯雷尔氏菌具有致弱作用,并使其生理生化特性产生显著的变化。     

青枯雷尔氏菌温度相关致病基因yqhE功能研究

不同温度下青枯雷尔氏菌表达谱PPI网络分析发现,yqhE可能是青枯雷尔氏菌新的温度相关致病基因。克隆青枯雷尔氏菌CBM613的yqh E基因,结果发现该基因长度为831 bp,共编码276个氨基酸。基因敲除结果显示,28℃培养的yqhE突变株较野生型菌株致病力降低,病程延长,但并未彻底丧失致病力。20℃和28℃培养的yqh E突变株维生素C的生物合成皆被抑制;与28℃相比,20℃培养下野生型菌株维生素C的合成能力降低。突变株在20℃和28℃培养下甲基乙二醛（MG）和丙二醛（MDA）明显积累,其中20℃积累更多;20℃培养的野生型菌株MG和MDA比28℃积累更多。维生素C的生物合成被抑制导致青枯雷尔氏菌自由基清除能力减弱与氧化应激反应增强,MG和MDA积累产生细胞毒性,上述结果可能与28℃培养的突变株致病力减弱,20℃培养的野生型菌株致病力丧失有关。综上结果表明yqhE是青枯雷尔氏菌温度相关致病基因。     

番茄青枯病生物防治研究进展

番茄青枯病是番茄生产上最严重的病害之一,化学防治效果不佳,且对环境不友好。本文概述了国内外应用无致病力青枯菌菌株、拮抗细菌和生物技术等方法对番茄青枯病进行生物防治的研究进展,并对生物防治存在的相关问题及应用前景进行了讨论。     

番茄青枯病植物疫苗胶悬菌剂的制备及其对病害的防治效果

研究了植物疫苗胶悬剂的制备工艺,确定胶悬剂制备的适宜参数为:琼脂终浓度为2.0‰、氯化钠终浓度为2.0%和pH为7.0。在此条件下,胶悬效果最好,质地均匀,无上下分层。试验了植物疫苗胶悬剂对番茄青枯病的防治效果,结果表明,该胶悬剂能较好地抑制番茄青枯病的发生,其防效(77.45%)与化学农药72%农用硫酸链霉素SP(77.23%)相当,配合生防菌剂20亿活芽孢/g蜡质芽孢杆菌WP施用,效果更佳,防效达81.81%。     

烟草青枯病内生拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其防效测定

 植物体内的大量微生物,在进化的过程中,由于长期生活在植物特定部位,因而与植物形成了一种特殊的关系,这些微生物在植物体内大量繁殖和扩散,有望成为生物防治有潜力的微生物。内生细菌是植物体内大量存在的微生物之一,具有在植株体内分布广、定殖能力强、防效好以及增殖和扩散快等优点,因而成为发展前景很好的植物病害生防菌。     

Implication of C-terminal mutation of PopA of Ralstonia solanacearum strain OE1-1 in suppression of bacterial wilt

Ralstonia solanacearum strain OE1-1 causes bacterial wilt on tobacco plants. The popA -mutant 31b, derived from OE1-1 by insertion of transposon Tn 4431 , did not cause wilt on tobacco plants inoculated through the roots. However, when 31b was directly inoculated into xylem vessels, the tobacco plants wilted, similarly to those inoculated with OE1-1. 31b retained its exopolysaccharide productivity and its type-III secretion function. Furthermore, 31b grew in intercellular spaces and systemically infected tobacco plants, similarly to OE1-1. popA consists of an operon with popB and popC , and suppression of popB and popC expression resulting from polar mutation by transposon insertion did not affect the virulence of 31b. The mutated popA ( popA31b ) was composed of 960 nucleotides, including 39 derived from Tn 4431. A recombinant mutant from OE1-1, where popA31b was introduced by marker exchange, showed the same phenotype as 31b. PopA31b protein was extracellularly secreted by 31b co-cultured with Arabidopsis thaliana . These results suggest that PopA31b extracellularly secreted by 31b in intercellular spaces may be implicated in suppression of disease development, leading to inability of the bacteria to induce wilt on plants. Taken together, interactions between host plants and R. solanacearum existing in intercellular spaces immediately after invasion may be involved in disease development.     

Identification and use of a wild plant with antimicrobial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum, the cause of bacterial wilt of potato

Fresh aerial tissue and roots of 14 wild plants in Okinawa prefecture were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum , which causes bacterial wilt of potato. A 70% aqueous ethanol extract of fresh aerial tissue of Geranium carolinianum L. showed strong antimicrobial activity against R. solanacearum . This extract also showed antimicrobial activity against the pathogens causing common scab of potato and soil rot of sweet potato. The antimicrobial substance could be extracted with hot water, and was effective against R. solanacearum in soil. In the field test, a treatment combining incorporation of dried aerial tissue into the soil and solarization was highly effective for control of bacterial wilt of potato. These findings suggest that G. carolinianum L. could be used as a biological agent for the control of bacterial wilt of potato.     

青枯菌无致病力菌株对烟草青枯病的控病作用初步研究

从茄子、番茄、辣椒、烟草青枯病株中分离出116株无致病力青枯菌,室内平板喷雾法拈抗试验结果表明,有21株菌在NA培养基上可明显抑制青枯菌TbRs的生长;烟草MSK326品种温室盆栽控病试验表明,Tnljdl-3和Aujd8—2—1两株菌具有较好控病效果,20d后的相对防效分别为58．4％和97％。     

番茄青枯病内生拮抗细菌的筛选

 从广西一些市县采集番茄茎标本分离得到55个细菌菌株,分属为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)、黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas spp.)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas spp.)和欧文氏菌(Erwinia spp.),其中芽孢杆菌为优势种群。经回接测试,有36个菌株为番茄植株内生菌。这些内生菌只有7个菌株对番茄青枯病菌有拮抗作用,芽孢杆菌B₄₇菌株对番茄青枯病菌拮抗作用较强,经室内和田间初步防治测定,它对番茄青枯病有较好的防治效果。     

Ralstonia solanacearum preferential colonization in the shoot apical meristem explains its pathogenicity pattern in tomato seedlings

Ralstonia solanacearum causes a lethal bacterial wilt disease in many plants by colonizing the vascular tissues of the hosts. Upon inoculation of tomato seedlings through either leaf or root, the wilting symptoms occur first at the apical region and then proceed downward along the shoot. The systemic order of the disease initiation and progression in the host, independent of the site of pathogen inoculation, is yet to be investigated. To understand the disease progression more clearly, we have carried out a systematic study of the pathogen localization by GUS staining of inoculated tomato seedlings, at 24-hour intervals from 0 days post-inoculation (dpi) to 5 dpi. In both inoculation methods, pathogen colonization was observed at 1 dpi at the apical meristem as well as the cotyledon leaves, where the disease initiates. As the disease progressed, colonization by the pathogen towards the lower region of the shoot was observed. Disease consistency and pathogenicity magnitude were observed to be higher using the leaf inoculation method than the root inoculation method. Several R. solanacearum transposon-induced mutants that were reduced in virulence by root inoculation but virulent by leaf inoculation were obtained. Using GUS staining, it was observed that these mutants were unable to localize in the shoot region when inoculated in the root. Our study indicates that the apical meristem and the cotyledon leaves are the first regions to be colonized in inoculated tomato seedlings, which might explain the disease initiation from this region.     

植物疫苗鄂鲁冷特对番茄青枯病的田间防治效果

为了明确植物疫苗鄂鲁冷特对番茄育苗及其田间青枯病防治效果的影响,在番茄育苗基质中添加植物疫苗,测定处理后种苗株高、根系长度及出苗率;在田间种植共设疫苗袋装、沟施、浇灌及生防菌剂、化学农药和清水对照6个处理,对根系土壤的养分含量、植株的生物学性状及青枯病发病率进行研究。结果表明,植物疫苗处理分别能使番茄植株株高、根系长度和出苗率提高13.71%、68.20%和56.66%;疫苗袋装和沟施处理的番茄根系土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾和交换性钙含量均显著高于其它处理;疫苗袋装、沟施和浇灌均能显著提高番茄植株的株高、花数和产量,其中疫苗袋装处理效果最好,番茄产量最高为99.55 t/hm~2,对不同生育期的平均防治效果最高为93.47%。表明植物疫苗鄂鲁冷特的应用能育出壮苗,降低青枯发病率,提高产量。