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1.
Many factors including management history, soil type, climate, and soil landscape processes affect the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC). The primary objective of this research was to determine the effects of no-tillage and tillage systems on the SOC content after 12 years of controlled treatments. A tillage experiment with three treatments (no-till (NT), chisel plow (CP) and moldboard plow (MP)) was initiated in the spring of 1989 in southern Illinois. The plot area was previously in a tall fescue hayland for 15 years and had a 6% slope. Maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) were grown in the plot area on a yearly rotation system starting with maize. Periodically, the SOC content of various soil layers, to a depth of either 30 or 75 cm, was measured and expressed on both a gravimetric and volumetric basis. After 12 years, the 0–15 cm surface soil layer of MP was significantly lower in SOC than the NT and CP plots. For all but 2 values, the significance of findings did not change with the form of expression (gravimetric versus volumetric). The surface layer (0–15 cm), subsoil (15–75 cm), and rooting zone (0–75 cm) of all treatments had reduction in SOC on a volumetric basis when compared to the pre-treatment values for sod. At the end of the 12-year study, the MP system had significantly less SOC in the surface layer, subsurface layer and rooting zone than the NT system at comparable depths. After 12 years of tillage under a maize–soybean rotation, the NT treatment sequestered or maintained more SOC stock (47.0 Mt ha−1) than the CP (43.7 Mt ha−1) and MP (37.7 Mt ha−1) treatments. The annual rate of SOC stock build up in the root zone (0–75 cm), above the MP system base, was 0.71 Mt ha−1 year−1 for the NT system and 0.46 Mt ha−1 year−1 for the CP system. For land coming out of the Conservation Reserve Program and returning to row crop production, NT and CP systems would maintain more SOC stock than MP system and reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere.  相似文献   

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3.
为探明不同耕作方式对土壤剖面结构、水分入渗过程等的作用机理,采集田间长期定位耕作措施(常规耕作、免耕、深松)试验中的原状土柱(0~100 cm)及0~10 cm、10~20 cm、…、90~100 cm环刀样、原状土及混合土样,通过室内模拟试验进行了0~100 cm土层土壤入渗过程和饱和导水率的测定,分析了不同土层的土壤有机碳含量、土壤结构特征及相互关系。结果表明:从土柱顶部开始供水(恒定水头)到水分全部入渗到土柱底部的时间为:常规耕作免耕深松;土柱土壤入渗速率和累积入渗量为:深松免耕常规耕作;土柱累积蒸发量为:常规耕作免耕深松。土壤的饱和导水率表现为:0~10 cm和50~60 cm土层,免耕深松常规耕作;20~50 cm和60~100 cm土层,深松免耕常规耕作。随土层的加深,0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和土壤有机碳含量均表现为先增加(10~20 cm)再降低的趋势。在0~40 cm土层和80~100 cm土层,均以深松处理0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量最高。在60 cm以上土层,土壤有机碳含量表现为:免耕深松常规耕作,而60 cm土层以下土壤有机碳显著降低,均低于4 g·kg?1,且在70 cm以下土层,常规耕作免耕深松。综上,耕作措施能够改变土壤有机碳含量,改善土壤结构,促进土壤蓄水保墒;深松更利于水分就地入渗,而免耕则更利于有机碳的提升和水分的储存,其作用深度在0~60 cm土层。  相似文献   

4.
免耕和秸秆还田对潮土酶活性及微生物量碳氮的影响   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
利用中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站玉米-小麦轮作保护性耕作定位试验平台,研究了全翻耕((T)、免耕((NT)、全翻耕+秸秆还田((TS)以及免耕+秸秆还田((NTS)处理分别对田间0 ~ 10、10 ~ 20和20 ~ 30 cm土层酶活性及土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响。结果表明:①在0 ~ 10和10 ~ 20 cm土层内,土壤碱性磷酸酶、转化酶、脲酶、脱氢酶活性为免耕处理大于全翻耕处理,有秸秆还田处理大于无秸秆还田处理,以NTS处理最高,T处理最低;在20 ~ 30 cm土层中,土壤碱性磷酸酶、转化酶、脱氢酶活性免耕处理大于全翻耕处理,土壤碱性磷酸酶、转化酶、脲酶活性有秸秆还田处理大于无秸秆还田处理。②在0 ~10和10 ~ 20 cm土层内,土壤微生物量碳、氮均为免耕处理大于全翻耕处理,有秸秆还田处理大于无秸秆还田处理;在20 ~ 30 cm土层中,微生物量碳以NTS处理最高,微生物量氮以TS处理最高;③4种处理下的土壤酶活性和微生物量碳、氮均随着土层的加深而减少,且在各土层中差异达显著水平。  相似文献   

5.
免耕的土壤适应性   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
本文对影响免耕的有利和不利条件进行了讨论 ,分析不同土壤对免耕的适应性  相似文献   

6.
不同施肥处理对设施土壤团聚体内颗粒有机碳含量的影响   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:7  
陈茜  梁成华  杜立宇  陈新之  王峰 《土壤》2009,41(2):258-263
以 19 年的设施蔬菜栽培长期定位试验土壤为材料,采用团聚体和土壤有机 C 物理分组方法,研究了长期不同施肥处理对团聚体内颗粒有机 C(POM C)含量变化的影响.结果表明,长期施肥使<53 μm 团聚体向微团聚体和大团聚体转化,有利于 POM C 的富集.长期施用有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理的土壤大团聚体内微团聚体之间的粗 POM 和单施无机肥处理的粗 POM 平均 C 含量要比不施肥处理高 6.97 倍和 4.8 倍.施肥对细 POM C 含量的影响没有明显规律,但土壤细 POM C 的含量远远大于粗 POM C.长期施用有机肥料或配施无机肥(除 AN 处理外)还提高了大团聚体包裹的微团聚体内(intra-mM)的和游离微团聚体内的(free intra-m)POM C 含量,而无机肥的施用却导致了二者 C 含量下降 22.5% ~ 21.1%.  相似文献   

7.
长期免耕旱作对冬小麦生长季土壤剖面有机碳含量的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
依托21a长期免耕秸秆还田定位试验,探究长期免耕加秸秆还田的田间管理方式对冬小麦生长季0−60cm土层内土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤活性有机碳(MBC、POC、DOC)的影响。试验共设长期免耕秸秆还田(NT)与常规耕作(CT)两种耕作模式,分析0−60cm土层内土壤总有机碳(SOC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)、土壤可溶性碳(DOC)含量的变化。结果表明,在0−20cm土层,NT处理SOC含量显著高于CT处理,其中0−5cm和5−10cm土层平均SOC含量分别增加了81.2 %和52.9 %,冬小麦不同生育期内土壤SOC含量变化不显著;在0−30cm土层内,与CT处理相比,NT显著改变了土壤MBC、POC及DOC在播种前、越冬前、拔节期、开花期和成熟期5个生育阶段的分布情况,且显著提高了5个生育阶段内土壤活性有机碳的含量(P<0.05),其中0−5cm土层内,土壤MBC、POC及DOC含量在各个时期相较于CT处理分别增长60.8%~161.4%、71.8%~141.1%和21.9%~104.4%。0−60cm土层内,两种耕作方式下的SOC、MBC、POC、DOC均随着土壤深度的增大呈下降趋势。说明长期免耕可提高耕作层土壤有机碳含量和小麦生长季活性有机碳的水平,这为旱地土壤有机碳的高效固存提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

8.
    
Tillage affects the ability of coarse-textured soils of the southeastern USA to sequester C. Our objectives were to compare tillage methods for soil CO2 flux, and determine if chemical or physical properties after 25 years of conventional or conservation tillage correlated with flux rates. Data were collected for several weeks during June and July in 2003, October and November in 2003, and April to July in 2004 from a tillage study established in 1978 on a Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudults). Conventional tillage consisted of disking to a depth of approximately 15 cm followed by smoothing with an S-tined harrow equipped with rolling baskets. Conservation tillage consisted of direct seeding into surface residues. Flux rates in conservation tillage averaged 0.84 g CO2 m−2 h−1 in Summer 2003, 0.36 g CO2 m−2 h−1 in Fall 2003, 0.46 g CO2 m−2 h−1 in Spring 2004, and 0.86 g CO2 m−2 h−1 in Summer 2004. Flux rates from conventional tillage were greater for most measurement times. Conversely, water content of the surface soil layer (6.5 cm) was almost always higher with conservation tillage. Soil CO2 flux was highly correlated with soil water content only in conventional tillage. In conservation tillage, no significant correlations occurred between soil CO2 flux and soil N, C, C:N ratio, pH, bulk density, sand fraction, or clay fraction of the surface 7.5 cm. In conventional tillage, sand fraction was positively correlated, while bulk density and clay fraction were negatively correlated with soil CO2 flux rate, but only when the soil was moist. Long-term conservation tillage management resulted in more uniform within- and across-season soil CO2 flux rates that were less affected by precipitation events.  相似文献   

9.
长期施肥红壤稻田有机碳演变规律及影响因素   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
利用1981年起设置的水稻土长期施肥定位试验,分析了CK(不施肥)、N(单施氮肥)、NPK(氮磷钾配施)、NPK2(2倍氮磷钾配施)和NPKM(有机无机肥配施)等施肥措施下土壤有机碳的演变规律及其与作物产量和土壤养分(全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾)的相关性.结果表明:试验30年后,各个处理的土壤有机碳含量均有上升,其中CK、N、NPK、NPK2和NPKM的土壤有机碳在试验30年分别比试验前增加18.95%、17.72%、23.36%、16.92%和32.68%.与CK处理相比,NPK、NPK2和NPKM处理的土壤有机碳平均提高了4.09%、4.03%和25.68%.土壤有机碳含量与水稻产量呈显著相关(P<0.001),相关系数r为0.410,这说明土壤有机碳含量的增加可以促进水稻增产.土壤有机碳与土壤养分中的碱解氮、速效磷和全磷含量均表现出极显著相关(P<0.001),相关系数r分别为0.452、0.559和0.487,但是与钾含量相关不显著.这表明:有机无机肥配施可以持续快速提高红壤性水稻土的有机碳含量,同时在有机无机肥配施过程中应适当增施钾肥,从而促进土壤肥力平衡和维持作物高产稳产,实现农业可持续性.  相似文献   

10.
    
The advantages of no-tillage (NT) over conventional tillage (CT) systems in improving soil quality are generally accepted, resulting from benefits in soil physical, chemical and biological properties. However, most evaluations have only considered surface soil layers (maximum 0-30 cm depth), and values have not been corrected to account for changes in soil bulk density. The objective of this study was to estimate a more realistic contribution of the NT to soil fertility, by evaluating C- and N-related soil parameters at the 0-60 cm depth in a 20-year experiment established on an oxisol in southern Brazil, with a soybean (summer)/wheat (winter) crop succession under NT and CT. At full flowering of the soybean crop, soil samples were collected at depths of 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 and 50-60 cm. For the overall 0-60 cm layer, correcting the values for soil bulk density, NT significantly increased the stocks of C (18%) and N (16%) and microbial biomass C (35%) and N (23%) (MB-C and -N) in comparison to CT. Microbial basal respiration and microbial quotient (qMic) were also significantly increased under NT. When compared with CT, NT resulted in gains of 0.8 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 (67% of which was in the 0-30 cm layer) and 70 kg N ha−1 yr−1 (73% in the 0-30 cm layer). In the 0-5-cm layer, MB-C was 82% higher with NT than with CT; in addition, the 0-30 cm layer accumulated 70% of the MB-C with NT, and 58% with CT. In comparison to CT, the NT system resulted in total inputs of microbial C and N estimated at 38 kg C ha−1 yr−1 and 1.5 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Apparently, N was the key nutrient limiting C and N stocks, and since adoption of NT resulted in a significant increase of N in soils which were deficient in N, efforts should be focused on increasing N inputs on NT systems.  相似文献   

11.
    
The response of the soil food web structure to soil quality changes during long-term anthropogenic disturbance due to farming practices has not been well studied. We evaluated the effects of three tillage systems: moldboard plow/rotary harrow (MP), rotary cultivator (RC), and no-tillage (NT), three winter cover-crop types (fallow, FL; rye, RY; and hairy vetch, HV), and two nitrogen fertilization rates (0 and 100 kg N ha−1 for upland rice, and 0 and 20 kg N ha−1 for soybean production) on changes in nematode community structure. Sixty-nine taxa were counted, total nematode abundance (ALL), bacterial feeders (BAC), predators (PRD), omnivores (OMN), and obligatory root feeders (ORF) were more abundant in NT than in MP and RC, but fungal feeders and facultative root feeders (FFR) were more abundant in RC than in NT and MP. Cover crop also influenced nematode community structure; rye and hairy vetch were always higher in ALL, BAC, FFR, ORF, and OMN than fallow. Seasonal changes in nematode community structure were also significant; in particular, as soil carbon increased, nematode abundance also increased. The relationship between nematode indices and soil carbon was significant only in NT, but not in MP and RC. In NT, with increasing soil carbon, enrichment index and structure index (SI) were positive and significant and channel index was negative. Bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with FFR and ORF. Seasonal difference in nematode community between summer and autumn was larger in an upland rice rotation than in a soybean rotation. Over the nine-year experiment, SI increased not only in NT but also in MP and RC, suggesting that repeated similar tillage inversions in agroecosystems may develop nematode community structures adapted to specific soil environmental conditions. Because NT showed the highest values of both SI and soil carbon, the increase of soil carbon in NT is expected to have a great impact on developing a more diverse nematode community structure.  相似文献   

12.
张迎春  王萍  刘亚龙  汪景宽 《土壤学报》2024,61(6):1628-1638
探讨长期种植作物对农田土壤有机碳的影响程度,对于早日实现农业“碳中和”与可持续发展具有重要意义。以Meta整合分析法定量分析长期种植作物下中国农田土壤有机碳含量的变化特征,并系统分析各类因素的影响程度。结果表明,中国长期种植作物耕层土壤有机碳含量整体提高了17.85%,但随土层加深有机碳增幅呈降低趋势。当海拔为200~600 m、温度为8~15 ℃和降水为600~1000 mm时土壤有机碳的积累程度最大。除pH和碱解氮外,随着初始土壤养分含量的增加,有机碳增幅呈下降趋势,其中土壤有机碳为0~10 g·kg-1、全氮为0~0.9 g·kg-1、速效磷为0~10 mg·kg-1、速效钾为0~75 mg·kg-1时有机碳增幅最大。中国相对温暖湿润的低海拔暖温带地区更有利于农田土壤有机碳的积累。随土层加深,长期种植作物对土壤有机碳增加的影响逐渐降低。除碱解氮外,初始养分越贫瘠的土壤越有利于有机碳的积累。在各类田间管理措施中,秸秆全量还田对促进土壤有机碳的积累最为有效。  相似文献   

13.
    
Soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), their ratio (MBC/SOC) which is also known as microbial quotient, soil respiration, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities were evaluated in a long-term (31 years) field experiment involving fertility treatments (manure and inorganic fertilizers) and a maize (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) rotation at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute near New Delhi, India. Applying farmyard manure (FYM) plus NPK fertilizer significantly increased SOC (4.5-7.5 g kg−1), microbial biomass (124-291 mg kg−1) and microbial quotient from 2.88 to 3.87. Soil respiration, dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities were also increased by FYM applications. The MBC response to FYM+100% NPK compared to 100% NPK (193 vs. 291 mg kg−1) was much greater than that for soil respiration (6.24 vs. 6.93 μl O2 g−1 h−1) indicating a considerable portion of MBC in FYM plots was inactive. Dehydrogenase activity increased slightly as NPK rates were increased from 50% to 100%, but excessive fertilization (150% NPK) decreased it. Acid phosphatase activity (31.1 vs. 51.8 μg PNP g−1 h−1) was much lower than alkali phosphatase activity (289 vs. 366 μg PNP g−1 h−1) in all treatments. Phosphatase activity was influenced more by season or crop (e.g. tilling wheat residue) than fertilizer treatment, although both MBC and phosphatase activity were increased with optimum or balanced fertilization. SOC, MBC, soil respiration and acid phosphatase activity in control (no NPK, no manure) treatment was lower than uncultivated reference soil, and soil respiration was limiting at N alone or NP alone treatments.  相似文献   

14.
为明确深松一体化播种下海河低平原区夏玉米农田土壤水热特性和微生物动态变化,于2012—2013年在河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所深州试验站,以玉米品种‘郑单958’为试验材料,设置夏玉米深松一体化播种和免耕播种两个处理,从玉米出苗开始,根据生育进程定期测定农田土壤水热特性和微生物状况。结果表明,深松一体化播种处理可提高土壤温度,并扩大温度日较差,玉米全生育期深松一体化播种处理比免耕播种处理土壤温度平均提高1.5%。免耕播种处理有利于表层土壤水分储蓄,而深松一体化播种处理有利于深层土壤水分储蓄。其中,在0~20 cm土层,免耕播种处理比深松一体化播种处理土壤含水量高17.5%;在40~100 cm土层,深松一体化播种处理比免耕播种处理含水量则提高9.2%。在0~40 cm土层中,深松一体化播种处理土壤中真菌数量、细菌数量、土壤微生物量碳和土壤有机碳含量2年平均分别增加26.8%、17.5%、23.5%和57.8%,均显著高于免耕播种处理;放线菌减少18.62%,显著低于免耕播种处理。整体来看,深松一体化播种可促进玉米农田真菌数量、细菌数量、土壤微生物量碳和土壤有机碳含量的增加,扩大土壤温度日较差,提高了土壤对水分的储蓄能力。这对改善海河低平原区夏玉米农田生产力,促进农田可持续利用,提高作物产量具有积极意义。  相似文献   

15.
免耕法对土壤结构影响的研究   总被引:23,自引:2,他引:23       下载免费PDF全文
通过对江苏省5大农区5个点连续免耕两年后土壤容重收缩性能和破碎强度的测定,结果表明:免耕能改善土壤结构和土壤排水通气状况。体变率与土壤〈0.01mm的物理性粘粒和〈0.001mm粘粒含量相关密切;常耕与免耕破碎强度的差值也与粘粒含量有一定的相关。  相似文献   

16.
长期施肥对土壤碳储量和作物固定碳的影响   总被引:28,自引:5,他引:28       下载免费PDF全文
孟磊  蔡祖聪  丁维新 《土壤学报》2005,42(5):769-776
利用长期定位试验研究有机肥、化肥以及有机肥和化肥混合施用对耕层土壤有机C储量变化和作物固定C的影响。处理包括化学肥料NPK不同组合。NPK、NP、NK、PK、全部施用有机肥(OM)、化学肥料氮和有机肥氮对半施用(1/20M)及不施肥(CK)七个处理。均衡施用N、P和K,显著提高土壤有机C储量,而养分缺乏的施肥,土壤有机碳大量损失。抵消N2O排放后,只有外源有机碳输入的OM和1/2OM具有净的碳固定。土壤有机碳储量变化(Y)与土壤有机碳输入量(X)符合线性方程Y=1.3231X-1942.7(r=0.9840, n=7)。作物固定碳量和可以返还到土壤的根茬和秸秆中有机碳量都以NPK、NP和1/2ON施肥处理最多。若固定于根茬和秸秆的碳返还到原施肥土壤,则这些处理的土壤有机碳储量最多。但从经济效益考虑,最佳的施肥方式为有机和化学肥料配合施用。  相似文献   

17.
为了解耕作措施对山地蔬菜种植的影响,改善山地土壤的生态环境,笔者通过田间小区试验研究了免耕及秸秆还田方式对山地土壤CO2含量及结球甘蓝的生长、发育和产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖和免耕相结合即有利于山地土壤呼吸产生CO2,又有利于山地蔬菜生长和产量、产值提高;免耕对土壤呼吸产生CO2影响不明显,但有利于蔬菜生长;深耕条件下增施秸秆,有利于土壤呼吸产生CO2,但对当季蔬菜的生长有一定的负面影响。  相似文献   

18.
长期施肥对土壤活性有机碳指标的影响   总被引:10,自引:3,他引:10  
以棕壤长期肥料定位试验地土壤为试材,研究和对比了不同施肥处理耕层土壤各项活性有机碳指标对长期施肥的响应。研究结果表明,长期施用化肥、有机肥以及有机肥配施化肥均显著改变了土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量。与此同时,土壤的轻组有机碳(LFOC)、易氧化有机碳(ROC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量亦对长期施肥产生与TOC基本一致的响应。相关分析结果表明,土壤的LFOC、ROC和MBC可以作为长期施肥对土壤TOC影响的评价指标,且三者的指示灵敏度依次为MBC>LFOC>ROC。  相似文献   

19.
长期施肥对黄壤有机碳平衡及玉米产量的影响   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
基于长期定位试验,以黔中典型黄壤为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析、可持续性指数、稳定性指数等方法对长期定位试验获取的数据进行分析和比较,以探讨长期不同施肥处理对黄壤有机碳含量、有机碳平衡量、玉米产量稳定性、可持续性及其相互关系的影响。结果表明:(1)与施化肥和对照处理相比,施有机肥处理土壤有机碳含量明显升高,按大小排序依次为:MMNPK1/2M+1/2NPK1/4M+3/4NPK;(2)施有机肥处理黄壤有机碳平衡量为正值,且随有机肥施用量增加而增加,相反,施化肥和对照处理均为负值,大小依次为:MNPK、M1/2M+1/2NPK1/4M+3/4NPKNPKNKNPN、CKPK,各处理差异显著;(3)有机肥与化肥配施、有机肥单施及氮磷钾化肥协调施用更有利于提高玉米产量,排序为:MNPK1/4M+3/4NPK、1/2M+1/2NPKNPK、MNPNK、PK、NCK;(4)适量有机肥与化肥配施可提高玉米产量稳定性和可持续性(可持续性指数0.6,变异系数0.3),其中,1/4M+3/4NPK处理玉米产量稳定性和持续性最好;(5)玉米年产量与黄壤有机碳平衡量相关度较高,而玉米可持续性、稳定性则主要受有机碳含量影响。综上,有机肥与化肥配施有利于黄壤有机碳含量提升、玉米维持高产稳产。按适量\"减肥\"原则,以25%有机肥配施75%氮磷钾化肥效果最佳。  相似文献   

20.
免耕对土壤团聚体特征以及有机碳储量的影响   总被引:12,自引:3,他引:12       下载免费PDF全文
以实施7年的中国科学院禹城综合试验站冬小麦夏玉米轮作免耕长期定位试验场为对象,研究免耕条件下土壤水稳性团聚体和有机碳储量的变化,为进一步评价免耕措施对黄淮海平原土壤结构和质量的影响提供科学依据。设置免耕(NT)、免耕秸秆不还田(NTRR)、常规耕作(CT)3种处理,分析土壤表层(0~20 cm)及深层(20~60 cm)水稳性团聚体分布特征、土壤有机碳以及团聚体有机碳的变化和相互关系。研究结果表明:由于减少了对土壤的破坏以及增加了秸秆还田和有机肥的施用,与常规耕作相比,NT和NTRR可提高表层土壤有机碳含量和储量、水稳性团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD),以及大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量。其中,秸秆覆盖比施用有机肥对表层土壤有机碳储量和0.25~2 mm团聚体有机碳储量的提高具有更显著的作用。与表层不同,深层土壤有机碳和大团聚体有机碳的含量和储量表现为NT相似文献   

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