关于森林消防装备建设的思考

基于森林消防装备建设对我国森林防火工作的重要性,分析了我国森林消防装备业存在的起步晚、起点低、规模小、发展缓慢等问题,认为其产业规模、技术水平目前仍处在较低阶段,还远不能满足森林防火的现实需求.针对性地提出了加大资金投入,尽快实现森林消防装备转型升级;加大研发力度,推动前沿技术和前沿装备的开发引进;加大扶持力度,吸引和鼓励高资质企业参与森林消防装备生产;加大管理力度,加快森林消防装备质量标准建设等建议.     

美国森林航空消防发展特点及对我国的启示

森林航空消防是利用飞机预防和扑救森林火灾的方法和手段,美国森林航空消防的发展走在世界前列。从林火管理理念、航空消防管理体制、航空消防装备、航空消防标准4个角度,分析美国森林航空消防发展过程中的具体做法和特色经验,提出我国要加强野火管理和应用、多渠道增加机源、加强标准化体系建设3个方面的建议,旨在推进我国森林航空消防高质量发展。     

实现森林消防特种车辆科学管理的主要对策

森林消防特种车辆建设是扑火装备机械化的重要组成部分,是专业扑火队实施快速机动和完成扑火任务的重要保证。本文通过对我国专业扑火特种车辆装备配备、使用和管理现状的深入调查研究,分析了其存在的主要问题,提出了森林消防特种车辆合理配备、科学管理的主要对策。     

广东森林消防输水灭火装备及其应用

文章介绍了广东省森林消防队伍使用的输水灭火装备的种类、型号、技术性能及使用方法。根据广东省森林消防以水灭火技术应用的现状,提出森林消防以水灭火装备的保养维护、森林消防队伍建设和输水灭火装备发展的问题和建议。     

舒兰市加强森林消防队伍建设的实践与经验

介绍了吉林省舒兰市森林消防队伍建设现状及所采用的一些做法.其做法包括:强化森林消防基础设施建设；不断更新森林消防装备配备,优化管理森林消防队伍.     

森林消防手套的研制

我国是森林火灾严重的国家之一 ,每年都有成千上万的人参与林火扑救。为了避免或减少扑火人员双手受到的伤害 ,提高扑火工作效率 ,研制森林消防手套是十分必要的。森林消防手套是森林扑火人员在进行扑救森林火灾作业时 ,防止双手烧 (灼 )伤的个人防护用品。经过几年来的不断改进 ,目前所生产的森林消防手套已成为我国森林扑火人员必须配戴的安全防护装备 ,并深受广大扑火人员的好评。1　研究方案的确定目前 ,我国林区扑火使用的工具为风力灭火机、二号工具和森林灭火手泵等。在扑火时扑火人员距离火源大约 1～ 2 m左右 ,所承受的辐射温度大…     

森林航空消防在森林火灾扑救中的作用分析

森林航空消防是森林火灾扑救中不可替代的重要组分。通过分析森林航空消防在2017年和2018年春季发生在内蒙古自治区东部林区的森林火灾扑救中的具体应用,总结了现阶段限制森林航空消防优势发挥的主要因素,提出了我国森林航空消防应急能力提升的应对措施和建议。     

海淀区举行山地森林灭火战法演练及消防装备展示活动

2013年11月15日，海淀区森林防火指挥部调动武警、公安、地方三方消防力量在凤凰岭地区进行了一场别开生面的山地森林灭火战法及消防装备展示活动。这次演练．海淀区森林防火指挥部调集了森警机动支队、凤凰岭公安消防中队与镇属专业扑火队三方消防力量，出动消防人员300余人，其中森警机动支队出动兵力150人、凤凰岭公安消防中队出动40人、海淀区专业扑火队120人。这是海淀区近10年来规模最大．出动警力、人力最多的一次森林扑火演练。活动中展示了包括背负式高压细水雾灭火机、SP-05森林灭火水雾喷射器等在内目前我国森林防火中较为先进的山地灭火、野外宿营、应急通信、特种车辆、警用器械、抢险救灾等6大类近70种各式装备，其中高压细水雾灭火机是在我市森林防火工作中首次运用，它具有灭火效率高和安全环保等优良特性，在扑灭地表火及小型树冠火中发挥着重要作用。     

大流量高射程森林消防泵的设计与试验

针对我国缺少大流量、高射程、便携式的森林消防装备的现状,设计了流量大于340 L/min,垂直射程大于160 m,质量不超过15 kg的森林消防泵.该泵采用三级提压技术提升其流量和射程性能,通过动力计算和发动机设计实现了质量轻的要求,并运用CFD方法中的Fluent软件对森林消防泵进行了流场模拟和结构优化设计.试验结果显示,森林消防泵流量、扬程、质量等指标达到了预期的要求,能够满足森林消防实际的需要.     

国家林业局森林防火办公室关于表彰全国森林防火专业队伍建设先进单位的决定

各省、自治区、直辖市森林防火办公室：全国森林消防专业队伍建设现场会以来,在地方政府和林业主管部门的正确领导下,各地大力加强森林消防专业队伍建设,队伍数量、扑火装备都有了很大增加和提高,机动作战和扑火能力也大大增强,为及时扑救森林火灾,保护国家森林资源...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.