南岭山地森林群落冠层结构与立木多度的关系

林冠是森林与外部环境相互作用最直接与最活跃的界面层,影响着森林的物理环境和生物环境。采用半球面摄影技术(Hemispherical Photography)、典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA)和Kruskal-Wallis分析定量研究了森林群落冠层结构与立木分布及多度的关系。结果表明:(1)基于10 000 m2调查样地,南岭山地森林群落共有立木47科81属143种,枯立木多来源于林冠上层大树;(2)CCA排序结果显示,冠层结构各参数与立木分布均有一定相关性,叶面积指数、林冠开度与立木分布的关系尤为密切;(3)立木多度与活立木多度在林下散射光分组变量间差异显著(P<0.05),枯立木多度在林冠开度分组变量间的差异性显著(P<0.05),立木多度随林下直射光增强而减少。叶面积指数和林冠开度通过影响林下光照条件进而影响立木,尤其是枯立木的形成和多度。     

模拟林冠损伤对藜蒴栲群落林下植被生物多样性的影响

以2008年冰雪灾害对森林生态系统的破坏为背景,通过人工去除林冠层保留树干模拟森林的机械损伤,研究粤北小坑流域藜蒴栲群落林下植被的变化.结果表明:(1)试验1.5年后,去除林冠层、林下添加枯枝落叶的处理,林下灌木、草本科、种及乔木幼苗种的数量显著增加(P＜0.05);去除林冠层且地表枯落物层保持不变的处理,林下草本科、种数量增加显著,乔木幼苗及灌木科、种差异不显著(P＞0.05);林下添加枯枝落叶,林冠层不做处理,林下植被各生活型物种数有所减少,但差异不显著.(2)去除林冠层后,一些阳生种如野桐、山乌桕、山苍子、红紫珠、蕨状苔草、广东蛇葡萄等大量入侵并占据优势地位,林下植被盖度显著提高.(3)去除林冠层在短期内可显著增加林下植被生物多样性,添加枯落物对林下植被生物多样性影响不显著.     

不同干扰背景下森林地表植被分布的多元分析

在4个不同干扰条件下的林分分别设置1 hm2样地(100 m×100 m)进行野外取样,对东莞市不同干扰背景下森林地表植被组成及其影响因子进行研究。结果表明,除趋势对应分析(DCA)可以明显地把4大类型分开,而典范对应分析(CCA)显示总光照立地因子、林冠开度、土壤pH值和土壤电导率对该地区地表植物群落及物种分布有着重要影响,在总光照立地因子较高、林冠开度较大、土壤pH值较高以及土壤电导率较低的地段,地表植物的多度也相对较高。土壤有机质对该地区地表植被的分布格局也有着重要影响。MRPP分析表明,地表植被物种组成与林分类型、林冠开度(OCO)、直射光立地因子(FDSF)、散射光立地因子(FISF)、叶面积指数(ILAI)、总光照立地因子(FTSF)、土壤pH值、土壤电导率(REC)、土壤有机质(mSOM)、土壤速效氮(mAvN)以及土壤速效钾(mAVK)等环境因子密切相关(p0.05)。指示种分析(ISA)表明,叶面积指数、林冠开度、林下光照因子的潜在指示种共有6种,2种为蕨类植物,1种为非禾本科草本植物,1种为禾本科草本,1种为草质藤本植物,1种为灌木。土壤因子共有15种潜在指示种,4种为蕨类植物,2种为非禾本科草本植物,1种为禾本科草本,4种为木质藤本植物,1种为草质藤本,2种为灌木。本研究探讨了影响地表植被组成和分布的多种因素及地表植被对这些环境因子的响应,找出了作为特定环境指示信号的指示植物,并提出了森林经营管理、生物多样性保育、退化生境恢复重建的对策。     

间伐后环境的改变对植物多样性的影响

以河北省围场县境内华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,通过对其间伐林分和未间伐林分林下灌草的调查以及林下光照条件、土壤理化性质的测定,分析其测定指标的相关关系对林下灌草生长的影响。结果表明,间伐后2年,Shannon多样性指数的提高与林冠覆盖度与土壤毛管空隙度存在极显著相关性。林冠覆盖度与土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度及土壤容重存在显著相关性(P<0.05)。而总孔隙度与毛管孔隙度及土壤容重存在极显著相关性(P<0.01),与土壤非毛管孔隙度则存在显著相关(P<0.05)。针对主成分分析而言,光照及其土壤孔隙度与土壤的营养元素共同影响着林下草本的多样性,但是根据之前对各项指标的方差分析中发现,土壤中的营养元素含量之间并不存在显著性差异,因此,对林下草本多样性短期影响的主要因素为光照(林冠覆盖度、林冠均匀度)和水分(土壤毛管含量)。     

城市森林群落林冠结构与林下光环境的关系

城市森林群落是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,研究城乡梯度下城市森林群落林冠结构与林下光环境的关系对提高广州城市森林质量、创建珠三角国家森林城市群具有重要意义。采用经典群落学调查方法和半球面影像技术,定量研究了城市森林群落林冠结构对林下光环境的影响,并筛选出对林下光环境影响较强的林冠结构因子。结果表明:1)市区、近郊和远郊森林群落的林冠结构参数没有遵循同一变化模式。3个城市森林群落林冠层的胸径在不同区域间差异不显著(P 0.05),但树高、林冠开度与叶面积指数在不同区域间均呈极显著差异(P 0.001)。2)沿城乡梯度,3个城市森林群落林下直射光、林下散射光和林下总光照的差异性均达到极显著水平(P 0.001),林下散射光与林冠结构的关系更密切。近郊和远郊的冠层林下光环境特征相似,均与市区差异显著。3)沿城乡梯度,城市森林群落林冠结构对林下光环境的影响不一致。胸径和树高对林下光环境无影响,林冠开度的影响较小,但叶面积指数的影响较大。     

修枝对川西亚高山不同林龄云杉人工林生物多样性的短期影响研究

以不同修枝强度(自地面向上1 m修枝,2 m修枝和不修枝)对20 a、30 a和40 a林龄云杉人工林林下灌草为研究对象,通过典型抽样法和收获法获取和分析了不同修枝强度影响下各林龄云杉人工林林下灌草的生物量和生物多样性指标,分析了修枝对川西亚高山云杉人工林林下灌草生物量和生物多样性的影响。结果表明,修枝在短期(1 a)内对林下灌草会产生一定的影响,与生物量相比,林下灌草生物多样性的反应更为敏感,即修枝促进了20 a生、30 a生人工云杉林林下灌木的Shannon-Weiner指数,30 a生云杉人工林的Simpson指数也显著增加。相比之下,1 m修枝对林下灌木多样性的促进作用更强。     

西天目山不同海拔高度蕨类植物资源调查与分析

为探明浙江西天目山不同海拔高度蕨类植物资源的分布状况,采用样方调查法对西天目山5个海拔高度路边、林下的蕨类植物群落进行调查和分析。结果表明:在5个海拔高度共调查到蕨类植物28种,隶属14科20属;在不同海拔高度蕨类植物种类存在明显的空间差别[1],不同生境样方中优势和弱势蕨类种类也不同。(1)海拔302.5 m处,路边、林下样地分别有蕨类11种、5种,江南卷柏(Selaginella moellendorffii Hieron)为优势种,紫萁(Osmunda japonica Thunb)、阔羽贯众(Cyrtomium yamamotoi Tagawa)、普通假毛蕨(Pseudocyclosorus subochthodes(Ching)Ching)为弱势种;(2)海拔476 m处,路边、林下样地分别有蕨类3种,裸叶鳞毛蕨(Dryopteris gymnophylla(Bak.)C.Chr)为优势种,阔羽贯众为弱势种;(3)海拔624.5m处,路边、林下样地分别有蕨类2种、5种,欧洲蕨(Pteridium aquilinum(L.)Kuhn)为优势种,芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma(Thunb.)Berhn)、蕨萁(Botrychium virginianum(L.)Sw)为弱势种;(4)海拔870 m处,路边、林下样地分别有蕨类2种、6种,中华金星蕨(Parathelypteris chinensis Ching ex Shing)为优势种,海金沙(Lygodium japonicum(Thunb.)Sw)为弱势种;(5)海拔1100 m处,路边、林下样地分别有蕨类5种,翠云草(Selaginella uncinata(Desv.)Spring)为优势种,紫萁、凤丫蕨(Coniogramme japonica(Thunb.)Diels)和鳞柄短肠蕨(Allantodia squamigera(Mett.)Ching)为弱势种。研究结果可为西天目山地区蕨类植物资源的保护、开发和利用提供有价值的信息。     

异质光环境下云南红豆杉的构型与叶构件水分特征

对全光照、林隙、林冠3种光照环境下6年生云南红豆杉的构型和叶水分特征研究结果表明:云南红豆杉的构型在不同光照条件下存在显著的可塑性变化,叶构件的水分特征也有不同程度的差异。全光环境下的云南红豆杉树体高大、树冠开阔,圆满度为0.97(约为林冠下的两倍);全光下的总体分枝率为8.57,显著大于林隙的6.40和林冠下的4.81;全光中的1级枝长度、枝倾角、叶倾角等构型指标都显著大于林隙和林冠下的;3种光环境下各枝级的叶片分配存在明显的差异,全光下枝条的叶片数量是林隙的2.77倍,是林冠下的6.88倍,但它们都是1级枝的叶最多;叶构件的水分饱和亏缺有随着光照强度减弱而增大的趋势,组织密度、相对含水量、干鲜比则随着光照减弱而减小,表明叶片的抗旱保水和抵御水分胁迫的能力随着光照强度的增强而变大。云南红豆杉为适应不同光环境,在形态和生理方面都做出适应性调整。     

海南霸王岭橡胶林林下植物多样性特征研究

为了解海南霸王岭橡胶林林下植物多样性特征,在海南热带雨林国家公园管理局霸王岭分局选取总面积为10 400m²的橡胶林样方进行调查,应用物种丰富度指数(S)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)、Simpson指数(P)分析不同环境条件下霸王岭分局橡胶林林下植物多样性特征。结果显示：1)霸王岭分局橡胶林林下植物在此次调查中共记录到110科309属478种,其中有100余种是以往海南橡胶林林下植物未曾记录过的物种,如烟斗柯(Lithocarpus corneus)、饭甑青冈(Quercus fleuryi)、子凌蒲桃(Syzygium championii)等森林演替中期或后期种;2)霸王岭分局橡胶林林下植物多样性受不同环境条件共同影响,在海拔为400～600m、坡度为21°～30°、郁闭度>0.8的条件下各物种多样性指数最高,在坡向上没有明显规律;3)不同的管理方式对橡胶林林下植物多样性的影响差异显著,物种多样性指数的变化趋势一致,即正常经营管理<疏于经营管理<放弃经营管理;4)正常经营管理到放弃经营管理的橡胶林林下植物组成逐渐从演替早期物种过...     

间伐对云杉人工中幼林生物多样性的影响研究

为研究不同间伐强度对云杉人工林林下植被生物多样性的影响,在川西亚高山的米亚罗林区以不同林龄(20 a、30 a、40 a)的云杉人工林为研究对象,对其进行不间伐(即对照)、弱度间伐和中度间伐3种处理,在间伐1 a后,分析林下灌草层的生物多样性指标,结果表明1)20 a生的云杉人工林林下植被的生物多样性受弱度间伐和中度间伐的影响不大;2)中度间伐会显著降低30 a生和40 a生云杉人工林林下草本层的Shannon-Weiner指数;3)弱度间伐会显著增加40a生的灌木层的Shannon-Weiner指数和Simpson指数。研究表明,在短期1 a内,间伐对30 a生和40 a生的云杉人工林的林下植被的生物多样性具有一定的影响。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.