竹木混合纤维制备工艺研究

竹木混合纤维的制备直接关系到竹木复合中密度纤维板生 产工艺路线的选择。此项研究在比较分析竹、木纤维形态差异的基础上,考察了竹木片混合 磨浆的可行性和影响纤维质量的主要工艺参数。结果表明：在适宜的工艺条件下,可以采用 竹木片混合磨浆工艺制备用于中密度纤维板生产的竹木混合纤维;在实验室条件下,竹木片 混合比和磨浆时间对纤维质量影响显著。     

竹木混合纤维制备工艺研究

竹木混合纤维的制备直接关系到竹木复合中密度纤维板生产工艺路线的选择。此项研究在比较分析竹、木纤维形态差异的基础上,考察了笮木片混合磨浆的可行性和影响纤维质量的主要工艺参数。结果表明,在适宜的工艺条件下,可以采用竹木片混合磨浆工艺制备用于中密度纤维板生产的竹木混合纤维,在实验室条件下：竹木片混合比和磨浆时间和对纤维质量影响显著。     

竹木混合水泥刨花板工艺初步研究

研究了热压法制造竹木混合水泥刨花板工艺并对影响板材性能的因素进行探讨。结果表明:竹刨花水煮预处理后所制备的板材性能较好;本实验范围内,竹木混合水泥刨花板较合适的工艺参数为竹木比1∶3、灰木比4∶1、热压时间1～2min/mm板厚、CaCl2用量为灰重的5%、水灰比0.4。     

阻燃竹木复合板生产工艺研究

对阻燃竹木复合板的施胶工艺、阻燃剂和脲醛树脂胶粘剂的配制工艺及热压工艺进行了研究,结果表明:用设定的生产工艺可以生产出具有较好物理力学性能和燃烧性能的阻燃竹木复合板;生产阻燃竹木复合板时浸胶时间以10 min为宜,胶液固体含量以30%为宜;从生产实际和性能指标综合考虑,阻燃剂和脲醛树脂配比以2:10为宜;较佳的热压工艺参数为:热压压力2.8 Mpa,热压温度120℃,热压时间1.2 min/mm.     

竹木家具制作工艺

竹木家具的制作工艺,从材料的制作过程看,包含了竹材的加工工艺过程和木材的加工工艺过程;从家具的零部件构成看,包含了板式部件的加工和装配过程.本文以通用性和实用性为基本出发点,阐述了竹木家具的板件形态及其构成形式,提出了切实可行的新型竹木家具的制作工艺流程.     

竹木质高密度纤维板制造工艺研究

主要研究以毛竹及其下脚料为原料制造高密度纤维板的工艺.通过对主要工艺参数的优选,获得制造竹质或竹木质高密度纤维板的合适工艺,使生产出来的竹质或竹木质高密度纤维板性能指标达到或超过LY/T1611-2003地板基材用纤维板标准规定的技术指标.     

日本竹木家具设计的实用性特点分析

日本竹木家具历史文化底蕴深厚,值得深入研究和发展。通过分析传统日式竹木家具的风格特征,深入研究日本竹木家具的演变,并分析其材料和工艺以及实用性,为促进日本传统家具风格的继承和创新提供参考。     

高速激光防伪打印标机

激光打标机是一种集激光技术、计算机技术与精密机械技术于一体、具有高新技术含量、高附加值和广阔应用市场的高新技术产品。它是由激光在各种金属、非金属(纸、塑料、胶木、陶瓷等)材料上打上永久性的字符(包括中、英、数字等)、图案及条形码标记。     

竹木复合建筑混凝土模板的工艺研究

以火车集装箱底板加工剩余物为原料,经过去贴面、磨砂等简单的处理后与杨木单板重组成一种层层交错结构的竹木复合建筑混凝土模板。用单因素实验方法,分析不同热压工艺参数下的静曲强度、弹性模量、含水率,从而确定热压温度、压力、时间的工艺参数范围。用正交实验法测试静曲强度、弹性模量、湿态胶合强度、密度等性能,并进行了方差分析和平均值分析。结果表明:与传统建筑混凝土模板制备方法相比,该工艺省去了去竹青、竹黄、竹节和软化等复杂的竹片材料制备方法。成品的竹材加工剩余物的体积利用率占竹木复合建筑混凝土模板的80%以上,同时节约了生产成本。通过极差分析,热压工艺因素对静曲强度、弹性模量、湿态胶合强度的影响程度都是:热压压力>热压时间>热压温度。通过平均值分析,最优热压参数为:3 MPa、50 s·mm^-1、135℃。     

竹木篱墙的形式特征与布局特点探析———以历代《辋川图》为线索展开讨论

“篱”是上下结构,以“竹”字头与“离”组合成“篱”,拆解后可理解为运用竹木材料分离场地的内外。“篱墙”运用竹木材料来围合场地空间是中国传统营造的重要组成部分。但是在历经现代建筑浪潮特别是近20多年的城市发展进程中,传统的“竹木篱墙”的形象越来越少地出现在现代营造之中了。“竹木篱墙”本身而言,编造工艺众多,构造特殊,是物...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.