氟喹诺酮类药物残留检测方法的研究进展

氟喹诺酮（fluoroguinolones,FQs）类药物作为强效的抗菌药被广泛地用于预防与治疗家禽的肠道、呼吸道等系统的细菌感染。但是人类食用含FQs类药物残留的食品会造成系统损伤及产生细菌耐药性,因此,建立灵敏、准确的检测FQs类药物残留的方法十分必要,包括对食物、血液、尿液等中的FQs类药物残留的检测。作者对近3年来国内外检测FQs类药物残留的最新研究方法进行了调研,主要包括电化学法、高效液相色谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用法、酶联免疫吸附法、荧光偏振免疫分析法、毛细管电泳免疫-激光诱导荧光检测法、上转换荧光共振能量转移法、表面等离子体共振传感器法及薄层色谱法等,对以上几种方法在检测FQs类药物残留中的具体应用分别进行了介绍,并分析了其优缺点,同时对今后FQs类药物残留检测方法的发展方向进行了展望。     

氟喹诺酮类药物在动物性食品中的残留检测研究进展

氟喹诺酮类 ( Fluoroquinolones,FQs)为一族人工合成的新型杀菌性抗菌药物 ,因其抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强、与其他抗菌药物无交叉耐药性、毒副作用小等特点而广泛用于动物和人类的多种感染性疾病的治疗。随着 FQs在食品动物中的广泛应用 ,其残留问题已引起广泛的关注。FQs残留除了其毒副作用对人直接危害外 ,更为严重的是动物性食品中残留较低浓度的药物容易诱导人类致病菌产生耐药性 ,从而不利于该类药物在人类疾病的治疗 ,因此必须十分重视 FQs在动物性食品中的残留问题。目前国内有关兽用 FQs在动物残留的研究报道很少 ,仅邱银生等 ( 1…     

动物性食品中氟喹诺酮类药物残留研究进展

氟喹诺酮类（Fluoroquinolones,FQs）物作为广谱高效抗菌药物在动物性食品中的应用相当普遍。但其对人及动物的药物残留危害问题亦日益凸显。本文综述了动物性食品中FQs残留的研究进展,包括残留危害、残留限量、休药期和检测方法,以期为进一步开展FQs残留检测的研究和监测提供借鉴。     

恩诺沙星完全抗原的制备及免疫抗体的检测

恩诺沙星（ENR）是动物专用的氟喹诺酮（FQs）类药物,主要用于治疗畜禽细菌性疾病和支原体感染。ENR进入畜禽机体后,在动物体内消除缓慢,半衰期长。自20世纪80年代以来,越来越多的试验结果证实动物或人类对FQs类药物可产生耐药性。我国对ENR的残留限量做了规定,要求动物肌肉中的残留量不得超过100ng／kg。因此,通过有效的技术手段对动物组织中的药物残留量进行检测是非常必要的。对ENR建立免疫学检测方法已有报道,但关于不同条件下合成完全抗原及其对抗体影响的报道很少。试验采用不同方法和条件耦联半抗原并对抗体进行筛选,进而对后续单抗的制备和检测方法的建立提供最佳条件。     

动物性食品中喹诺酮类药物残留检测方法研究

喹诺酮类（quinolones，QNs）是一大类具有1，4-二氢-4-氧代喹啉-3-羧酸结构的人工合成抗菌药物，对革兰阴性菌和阳性菌有抑制作用，因具有高效低毒、抗菌谱广、价格低廉、与其他抗菌药物无交叉耐药性等优点而广泛用于临床诊疗、动物疾病的预防。但近年来，滥用抗生素的问题日益突出，导致动物体内抗生素残留量过高，特别是对食用性动物滥用抗生素后，会引起动物体内菌群失调，耐药菌株大量繁殖，而且耐药菌株会通过食物链在人体内进行转移，从而使易感人群产生过敏反应、激素障碍变态反应。因此，对于生物体液和动物源性食品中QNs残留的检测越来越引起人们的关注。本文结合国内外研究喹诺酮类药物残留检测的相关文献，概括总结了该类药物的微生物法、酶联免疫法、高效液相色谱法、高效液相一串联质谱法、高效毛细管电泳分析法等主要检测方法，旨在为今后喹诺酮类残留物检测方法的研究提供一个重要依据。     

动物性食品中氟喹诺酮类兽药残留检测技术研究进展

氟喹诺酮类兽药是近年发展起来的一类广谱抗菌药,随着该类药物使用量的增多和人们对食品安全的关注,兽药残留问题越来越被人们所重视.用于氟喹诺酮类兽药残留检测的方法主要有微生物法、免疫分析法、液相色谱法、高效液相色谱法等.目前主要的检测方法是高效液相色谱法,但该方法样品前处理比较繁琐,不适合大量样品的快速检测;微生物法是一种抗菌药物残留检测的快速筛选方法,但该法的检测限量高于欧盟所规定的最低检测限量;免疫分析技术是以抗原抗体的结合反应为基础的分析技术,其特点是特异性强,简单、灵敏、快捷,可用于大量样品的快速检测.     

尼卡巴嗪的残留检测方法进展

尼卡巴嗪是一种广谱、高效、性能稳定的饲料添加剂,用于防治鸡、火鸡等禽类球虫病,对已产生耐药性的球虫,仍有显著疗效。然而,尼卡巴嗪残留对人体存在潜在的威胁,需对其进行残留监控。综述了尼卡巴嗪残留检测方法,包括高效液相色谱法,差示脉冲极谱法,分光光度法,气相色谱法,高效液相色谱串联质谱法以及免疫色谱法。     

抗球虫药尼卡巴嗪的残留检测方法进展

尼卡巴嗪是一种广谱、高效、性能稳定的饲料添加剂,用于防治鸡、火鸡等禽类球虫病,对已产生耐药性的球虫,仍有显著疗效。然而,尼卡巴嗪残留对人体存在潜在的威胁,需对其进行残留监控。目前,尼卡巴嗪残留检测方法很多,包括高效液相色谱法,差示脉冲极谱法,分光光度法,气相色谱法,高效液相色谱串联质谱法以及免疫色谱法。本文对这些方法加以综述。     

氟虫腈检测方法研究进展

氟虫腈是含氟吡唑类广谱性杀虫剂,活性高且应用范围广,但是其生物毒性对环境会产生危害。论文综述了目前国内外氟虫腈残留危害及其检测方面的研究方法和成果,用于氟虫腈药物残留检测的方法主要有气相色谱法、液相色谱-串联质谱法、高效液相色谱法、电子捕获和质谱检测的气相色谱法、酶联免疫吸附测定法等,在此基础上进行了合理的展望,以期为今后研究和开发新型氟虫腈药物残留检测方法提供参考。     

β-兴奋剂多残留酶联免疫吸附检测法的试验

克伦特罗(CL)和沙丁胺醇(SAL)属于β-兴奋剂,都可增强肌肉发育,减少脂肪沉积,常被非法用于肉用动物的养殖[1]以提高瘦肉率.由于β-兴奋剂在动物组织中会形成蓄积性残留,世界各国均禁止此类药物作为饲料添加剂用于肉用动物的生产.因此,必须要对β-兴奋剂在动物养殖过程中的非法使用进行监控和检测.目前,对沙丁胺醇的残留检测方法主要是气相色谱法、高效液相色谱法[2-4],分子印迹技术[5]等.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein