鹿茸多肽生长因子研究进展

鹿茸多肽生长因子是鹿茸的主要药效成分,由于具有多方面的药理作用正日益受到人们的关注,本文对近几年来鹿茸多肽生长因子,即胰岛素样生长因子、表皮生长因子、神经生长因子、转化生长因子的研究进展进行综述,以便对其进一步开发和利用。     

鹿茸化学成分与药理作用研究进展

对鹿茸的化学成分(氨基酸、脂肪酸、脂类、多肽类、多糖类、多胺类和无机元素)及药理作用(神经系统、生殖系统、免疫系统、心血管系统等)两方面进行综述,以便对鹿茸的进一步开发和利用。     

促渗剂对鹿茸多肽透皮吸收的影响及鹿茸多肽免疫活性检测

通过探讨不同质量浓度促渗剂月桂氮卓酮和冰片对鹿茸多肽透皮吸收的影响,优化出鹿茸多肽的给药方式,即通过口腔黏膜服用,为鹿茸运用于创伤、烧伤和美容提供依据。通过脾细胞增殖试验,检测鹿茸多肽的免疫活性。结果表明：（1）SDS-PAGE显示鹿茸酸粗提取物中含有不等量的蛋白质和多肽等,且多为大分子量多肽,但醇提多肽多为10000左右的某些小分子量多肽。（2）含5％月桂氮卓酮的醇提鹿茸多肽和含0．12％冰片的醇提鹿茸多肽比只含醇提鹿茸多肽溶液的累积透皮透过量多,说明促渗剂月桂氮卓酮和冰片能明显的增加醇提鹿茸多肽的透皮扩散速度和扩散的总量,而且0．12％冰片的促渗效率比5％月桂氮卓酮的促渗效果要高。（3）鹿茸多肽具有促进脾细胞增殖的活性,并存在剂量依赖性：醇提鹿茸多肽质量浓度从10mg／L上升到40mg／L时,对促进脾细胞增殖呈上升趋势,当质量浓度超过40mg／L时,增殖率增加不显著。     

鹿茸活性成分及其药理功能的研究进展

鹿茸是我国传统的名贵中药,它的化学成分和药理功能比较复杂。近年来,许多科学家对鹿茸的药理作用进行了深入研究,包括免疫增强、神经保护、生殖促进、抗骨质疏松、抗衰老、抗肝纤维化和抗关节炎等方面的药理作用。文章对鹿茸的活性成分及其药理作用的研究进展作一综述,旨在为进一步开发、利用鹿茸提供相应的理论依据。     

鹿茸多肽对小鼠肠道菌群的影响

为了了解鹿茸多肽对小鼠肠道菌群结构和数量的影响,笔者对小鼠灌胃不同剂量和不同天数的鹿茸多肽,利用T-RFLP及荧光定量方法观察肠道菌群结构和优势菌属变化。结果表明,鹿茸多肽能够促进肠道菌群结构的稳定,对肠道优势菌属(拟杆菌属、梭菌属)以及有益菌属(乳杆菌属)具有促进作用。表明鹿茸多肽能够调节小鼠肠道菌群,有益于优势菌和有益菌的定植,有助于机体的健康生长。     

鹿茸的化学成分及药理作用研究概述

鹿茸用于医疗保健的历史悠久,应用广泛。鹿茸化学成分复杂,药理广泛,本文就近年来对鹿茸的化学成分和药理作用的研究进行综述。鹿茸的化学成分主要有无机元素,蛋白质、多肽、氨基酸,脂质类,多胺类化合物,维生素,甾体类化合物,多糖类化合物,核酸、碱基成分等。对生殖系统、免疫系统、心血管系统、抗氧化和抗衰老、抗疲劳、抗肿瘤、神经系统、抗应激、肝脏、组织伤口愈合、骨质疏松症、减肥降脂等都有一定的作用。     

人参皂甙和鹿茸精制剂合用对种公牛精液品质的影响

前言人参皂甙是人参的有效成份,其药理作用主要为提高机体免疫能力,促进新陈代谢和壮阳生津等。鹿茸精是鹿茸的有效成份,具有壮阳活血和促进新陈代谢作用。本试验采用人参皂甙和鹿茸精制剂,     

鹿茸的药理作用及其研究进展

鹿是经济价值很高的动物,其主要产品鹿茸被称为"东北三宝"之一,是传统的名贵药材.近代科学研究证明,鹿茸具有调节机体新陈代谢和促进各种生理机能活动的作用.本文主要针对鹿茸在各方面的药理作用进行了阐述.     

梅花鹿茸多肽的药理活性研究

对提纯的鹿茸多肽所具有的免疫调节、抗疲劳、抗应激能力等药理活性进行了研究。结果表明,鹿茸多肽对机体的免疫功能、抗疲劳、抗应激能力均具有增强作用。     

鹿茸再生及其分子调节机理研究进展

鹿茸是唯一可以周期性完全再生的哺乳动物器官,这种再生起源于骨膜干细胞。鹿茸再生伴随着皮肤、血管和神经的快速生成,而且多种多肽和生长因子参与其中,组成了一系列复杂而精密的信号调控通路。作者综述了鹿茸再生过程的组织学及分子信号通路研究现状,以信号转导通路为研究重点揭示鹿茸再生之谜,为更好地了解哺乳动物器官再生机制提供参考。     

鹿茸Ca^2＋含量与塔里木马鹿收茸期的关系研究

为了确定不同年龄段塔里木马鹿鹿茸的最佳收茸时间,保证鹿茸的药用价值,试验选取老、中、青3个年龄段的塔里木马鹿各6头,采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法,分别测定不同生茸时期鹿茸中Ca2＋的含量。结果表明：青年组至6月17日鹿茸上段Ca2＋含量增加显著,确定其最佳收茸时间以6月17日为宜;中年、老年组的最佳收茸时期在6月3日左右,三者存在时间差异。     

Behavioural and heart rate responses to velvet antler removal in red deer

Heart rate and behaviour during and following velvet antler removal were monitored in yearling red deer stags to determine the extent to which this procedure was perceived by the deer to be aversive. Nine stags normally kept at pasture were habituated over 5 weeks to the following daily handling procedure. Each deer was fitted with a harness containing a heart rate monitor. It was then allowed to run through a fixed course in a deer yard, restrained for 40 s in a mechanical deer crush, and then confined for 3.5 h with the remainder of the group of stags in an indoor pen containing food and water. In Week 6, the deer were subjected to either restraint for 6 minutes (the control treatment) or removal of one velvet antler under local anaesthesia. Each velvet antler was removed on separate occasions, either on Days 1 and 2 (five deer) or Days 3 and 4 (four deer). The control treatment was applied to all deer when velvet antler was not being removed, and on Day 5. Heart rate and behaviour (time taken to enter the treatment area, and number of struggles made during restraint) were measured before and during treatment, and post-treatment activities were recorded at 0, 1 and 3 h (indoors), and at 6 and 9 h (at pasture). Heart rate was higher during the second velvet antler removal treatment than during the first, but lower during the second control treatment than the first (P<0.05). During velvet antler removal, stags struggled more, and after the treatment flicked their ears, shook their heads, and groomed themselves more than control stags (P<0.05). Stags whose velvet antler had been removed spent less time eating than control stags, and spent progressively more time sitting during the 3.5 h of confinement (P<0.05). However, during the paddock observation at 9 h post-treatment, stags which had had their velvet antler removed grazed more than control stags (P<0.05). The increase in heart rate over the two velvet antler removal treatments and the greater amount of struggling during velvet antler removal indicated that it was more aversive than the control treatment. Post-treatment differences in behaviour may have been due to pain following velvet antler removal.     

TMEM219基因可变剪切体相对表达量及其对鹿茸重量的影响

试验旨在研究TMEM219基因3种剪切体在不同重量鹿茸尖端的表达规律及TMEM219基因表达对鹿茸重量的影响,以期探究TMEM219基因对鹿茸生长发育的调控机理。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对TMEM219基因及其3种剪切体在同一重量组鹿茸的不同组织及不同重量组鹿茸的同一组织mRNA的相对表达水平进行检测,同时测定并比较不同产茸量梅花鹿的血清中胰岛素生长因子1（IGF-1）和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白3（IGFBP-3）的浓度。结果表明,TMEM219基因的3种剪接体在梅花鹿鹿茸的间充质及前成软骨组织（RP）、过渡组织（TZ）及软骨组织（C）中均有表达,TMEM219-918基因相对表达量极显著高于TMEM219-1005与TMEM219-1960基因（P<0.01）,TMEM219-1005与TMEM219-1960基因相对表达量无显著差异（P>0.05）;高重量组TMEM219基因表达量显著高于低重量组（P<0.05）;同时,高重量组个体血清中IGF-1浓度显著高于低重量组个体（P<0.05）,而IGFBP-3浓度显著低于低重量组个体（P<0.05）。结果提示,TMEM219基因高表达可能会促进鹿茸的生长,增加鹿茸重量;推测其可能的机理是TMEM219竞争性结合IGFBP-3,减少与其结合的IGF-1,加强IGF-1与IGF-1R的亲和力,进而提高IGF-1对鹿茸生长的促进作用。TMEM219基因可能成为影响鹿茸生长发育的候选基因,为提高鹿茸生长提供理论基础。     

Copper supplementation, velvet antler production and growth of rising 2-year-old red deer stags

AIMS: To investigate whether copper supplementation to rising 2-year-old red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) in winter and/or spring improved velvet antler weight, grade and financial value, and liveweight gain. METHODS: Rising 2-year-old red deer stags (n=142) on a commercial deer farm in Hawke's Bay were allocated to two groups on May 14, 1996. One group received 20 g boluses of copper-oxide wire particles. On August 15 each group was reallocated in a crossover design, each sub-group receiving either the same copper-oxide treatment or no treatment, to produce control, winter-only, winter-plus-spring, and spring-only copper treatment groups. Blood samples were collected for serum ferroxidase measurements from seven deer per group and all deer were weighed at 4-6-week intervals. Dates of antler casting and velvet removal, and velvet antler weight and grade were recorded, and the financial value of velvet calculated. Livers from a sample of deer slaughtered at the end of the trial mid-December were analysed to determine copper content. RESULTS: Supplementation with copper did not significantly alter velvet antler weight, daily velvet antler growth rate, days from casting to removal, grade or value, or stag liveweight gain. Serum ferroxidase concentrations averaged 10.0-23.7 IU/l in control deer. Copper supplementation increased mean serum ferroxidase concentrations by approximately 10 IU/l. Mean liver copper concentration in control deer was 99 micromol/kg and ranged from 194 to 386 micromol/kg in the three treated groups. CONCLUSION: Group mean serum ferroxidase concentrations of 10 IU/l and above are adequate for optimum velvet production and liveweight gain in rising 2-year-old stags.     

鹿茸蛋白的提取分离及其抗肿瘤活性

鹿茸粉脱脂后,用ＮａＣｌ－ＨＣｌ缓冲液（ｐＨ６）提取,应用ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－５０层析柱分离纯化后,获得鹿茸蛋白。给腹腔接种Ｓ１８０型小鼠口服鹿茸蛋白提取物,观察生存时间,结果表明,口服鹿茸蛋白的试验组与对照组生存时间相比,差异显著（Ｐ＜００５）。     

增茸素对塔里木马鹿茸形态组织的影响

塔里木马鹿鹿茸组织的形态学是研究鹿茸生长发育机制的基础.本研究以增茸素处理和自然生长的生长期为30和60 d的塔里木马鹿二茬鲜茸为材料,采用常规石蜡切片和HE染色等方法,对其茸皮层、未分化的间充质细胞层、成软骨细胞层和软骨细胞层进行组织形态学研究.结果显示:自然生长60 d的鲜茸茸皮组织切片中除了静脉数(8.56士2....     

外源褪黑素对鹿茸软骨细胞生长发育的影响

试验旨在探讨褪黑素对体外培养的鹿茸软骨细胞增殖、周期及凋亡的影响。利用甲苯胺蓝、茜素红S、阿利新蓝染色鉴定软骨细胞,采用外源添加褪黑素的方法,用不同浓度（0、400、800、1 200、1 600和2 000 pg/mL）、不同时间（24、48和72 h）处理鹿茸软骨细胞,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖。选取800 pg/mL褪黑素处理软骨细胞24 h,利用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期的分布及细胞凋亡情况,采用ELISA试剂盒检测细胞培养液中睾酮含量。结果显示,经不同浓度的褪黑素处理鹿茸软骨细胞不同时间后,800 pg/mL褪黑素处理鹿茸软骨细胞24 h细胞活力极显著增加（P<0.01）。软骨细胞经褪黑素处理后,与对照组相比,褪黑素处理组细胞G1期比例显著降低（P<0.05）;G2期比例极显著增加（P<0.01）,细胞被阻滞在G2期;褪黑素处理组细胞早期凋亡率无显著变化（P>0.05）,晚期凋亡率显著下降（P<0.05）;ELISA检测睾酮分泌水平均显著上升（P<0.05）。综上,外源添加800 pg/mL褪黑素可以促进鹿茸软骨细胞的增殖,抑制软骨细胞的晚期凋亡,促进睾酮的分泌;以上结果可为阐明褪黑素参与鹿茸生长发育机制提供参考。     

Welfare of farmed deer in New Zealand. 2. Velvet antler removal

This paper reviews published data on welfare aspects of stag restraint and velvet antler removal, and prevention of antler growth. Several studies of physical restraint and handling demonstrate behavioural and physiological changes both during and after velvet antler removal. Interpretations vary as to whether the act of velvet antler removal imposes a welfare cost additional to that of handling and restraint alone. Chemical restraint presents immediate and delayed welfare risks to the animal. Surgical removal of velvet antler can be achieved without acute pain using a high dose rate of local anaesthetic applied as a ring block, rather than as regional nerve blocks, provided the wait time is adequate. However, there is evidence of less than optimum reproducibility. Lignocaine hydrochloride produces rapid analgesia of short duration, whilst bupivacaine has a delayed onset, but longer duration of analgesia. Mepivacaine has a rapid onset and intermediate duration of analgesia. Mixtures of long and short-acting local anaesthetics provide rapid onset and long duration of analgesia. Present methods for electronic analgesia are aversive and not sufficiently effective. The efficacy and possible aversiveness of compression techniques for inducing analgesia of antlers are currently under evaluation. Post-operative pain and the need for its control have been insufficiently researched. Post-operative sequelae are uncommon, but include clostridial infection. Antler growth in most stags can be prevented by rubber-band application to the growing pedicle, although behavioural changes after ring application suggest this practice may be painful. The procedures used for velvet antler removal, and whether practices are acceptable on the balance of welfare costs and benefits, should be reviewed on an ongoing basis as science, using an increasing range of techniques and measures, provides more data about the welfare implications of this practice.     

Trial of an inactivated vaccine against egg drop syndrome 76 in New Zealand

There is a legal requirement to provide analgesia for velvet antler removal in New Zealand. Currently, this is achieved using local anaesthetic blockade, with or without systemically administered sedative/analgesic agents, or by compression in 1-year-old stags. Lignocaine hydrochloride 2% is most commonly used and is most effective when administered as a high-dose ring block. Combinations of various amino-amide local anaesthetic agents can achieve rapid onset and prolonged duration of analgesia, though concerns about drug residues and carcinogenic potential of a lignocaine metabolite have led to consideration of the amino-ester family of local anaesthetics as alternatives.

Systemically administered analgesics, including opioids, α2-adrenergic agents and ketamine provide dose-dependent sedation and analgesia. However, none are sufficient, alone or in combination, to produce surgical analgesia at currently recommended dose rates and when reversal agents are given, analgesic effects are usually reversed as well as sedation. Thus, local anaesthetic blockade is still indicated, though the potential for drug or drug-metabolite residues in velvet antler remains a concern.

The need for and effectiveness of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for post-operative analgesia requires investigation. Amitriptyline, locally administered K-opioid agonists, tramadol and other systemically administered agents may warrant future investigation for surgical and post-operative analgesia for velvet antler removal.