中国鹿科动物染色体研究进展

染色体是生物细胞内遗传物质的主要携带者,其在细胞水平上对生物的性状进行控制,在生物进化过程中对物种的形成起到了重要的作用。近年来,随着细胞遗传学研究方法的不断进步,对鹿科动物染色体的研究也逐渐深入。作者回顾了近年来国内外鹿科动物染色体的研究进展,同时结合国内鹿科动物现状,提出了鹿科动物染色体研究中存在的问题及进一步研究方向。     

磺胺二甲基嘧啶在鸡体内的代谢动力学研究

近年来,药物的代谢动力学研究进展很快,已有磺胺嘧啶、磺胺-6-甲氧嘧啶、周效磺胺等对多种动物的药代动力学研究和磺胺嘧啶钠对鸡的药代动力学研究的报道。本试验对12只星杂288健康母鸡进行了口服磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM_2)的代谢动力学研究。旨在为临床应用此药提供可靠依据。现报告如下:     

浅析蜂毒治疗高血压病的机理

1 蜂毒的降压作用蜂毒具有明显的降血压作用,能适应治疗高血压要降压的需要。蜂毒在降低动脉压的同时,具有扩张血管的能力,使脑血容量增加。给动物注射蜂毒后引起低血压,主要是由于溶血卵磷脂促使内源性组织胺从组织中释放出来的缘故。专家研究证实:蜂毒中的蜂毒肽、MCD-肽和PL     

兽用中药配方颗粒研究进展

近年来,中兽药在现代畜禽养殖、对抗动物疫病、调节改善动物免疫力方面都发挥了重要的作用,但是其在畜禽给药途径和生物利用度方面还存在一定不足。畜禽消化系统的不同导致给药方式必然存在不同,兽用中药配方颗粒使用方便,而且生物利用度高于中药散剂。目前尚无兽用中药配方颗粒的相关研究,本文对兽用中药配方颗粒的研究进展进行归纳总结,以期为兽用中药配方颗粒的开发利用提供依据。     

车前子的生理功能及其在动物养殖和生产中的应用

车前子是我国中医治疗中常见的一味中草药，富含多种活性物质，具有抗氧化、止泻利尿、清热解毒、抗炎消肿等生理功能。近年来，车前子被越来越多地应用于动物生产。文章将对车前子的活性物质、生物学功能以及其在动物生产中的研究进展进行综述，进而为车前子在畜牧业中的应用提供一定的参考。     

MiRNA在动物病毒性疾病中的研究进展

MiRNA是近年来科学家在许多真核生物中发现的一类长度约为21nt的并且能时序调控发育进程的小分子非编码单链RNA分子。目前已证实miRNA在生物体的生长、发育和疾病发生等过程中发挥着重要作用,在生物体内通过与靶基因的3′UTR区结合来控制靶基因的表达,以此来调控发育进程。动物的病毒性疾病有很多,对动物机体的正常发育生长有很大的影响,对畜牧业造成了巨大的损失。本文综述了miRNA在一些常见动物病毒性疾病中的最新研究进展。     

噬菌体控制致病性大肠杆菌的研究进展

大肠杆菌是引起细菌类食物中毒的主要原因之一,近年来,由大肠杆菌引起的食品安全事件频发,严重危害人类健康。各国科学家相继从肉类、蔬菜水果和牛奶等食品,或养殖场中分离得到了一些血清型的致病性大肠杆菌,其中最常见、流行最广泛的有O157:H7,K88,K99,O149等。然而,由抗生素滥用导致的耐药菌株出现,以及在动物饲养方面,抗生素种类和用量上的限制,使得人们对致病性大肠杆菌的控制更加困难。噬菌体是细菌的天敌,具有感染并裂解细菌的功能,与抗生素相比,噬菌体制剂具有特异性强、自我增殖快、研发时间短等优点,因此近年来噬菌体作为控制致病性大肠杆菌的研究受到广泛关注。本文就噬菌体在致病性大肠杆菌的生物防控方面的应用研究进展作一综述,以期为噬菌体及其制剂在保障动物性食品安全及动物疾病治疗领域的深入研究提供一定的参考。     

Fru.G提取物对大鼠长期毒性的研究

栀子提取物(Fru.G提取物)中含有十几种环烯萜甙类化合物,具有护肝、利胆、降压、镇静、止血、消肿等作用,在中医临床常用于治疗黄疸型肝炎、扭挫伤、高血压、糖尿病等疾病。目前,关于Fru.G提取物对动物长期毒性的研究报道较少。齐云等[1]认为,对新药慢性毒性试验研究的3个周期是1个月、2个月、3个月。本研究在于探讨Fru.G提取物对动物长     

绿脓杆菌研究进展

绿脓杆菌存在于环境和正常畜禽体内,是一种条件致病菌。近年来,随着动物疾病研究的深入,有关绿脓杆菌感染的报道也越来越多。从病原学、流行病学、发病机理、临床学等方面对绿脓杆菌的研究进展进行了综述,以期为控制绿脓杆菌的感染奠定基础。     

大蒜制剂在兽医临床上的应用

在兽医临床上,针对不同动物疾病,利用紫皮大蒜的不同制剂,灵活、合理的联合用药,对临床上常见的不同动物的细菌性疾病和反刍动物消化系统疾病进行治疗效果观察,从而得出了合理的治疗方案和给药途径。     

牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽对高血压大鼠体内降压效果研究

目的：观察牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽对应激性高血压大鼠（stress induced hypertensive rats,SIHR）和正常Wistar大鼠的降压效果,并与降压药物厄贝沙坦（irbesaran）和卡托普利（Captopril）的作用效果进行比较。方法：采用木瓜蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶水解制备牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽,分别以20 mg/kg、40 mg/kg和60 mg/kg剂量的牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽一次灌胃,每隔2 h测量SIHR收缩压（SBP）,连续测量8 h;长期实验持续6周,每天60 mg/kg一次灌胃,每隔1周测量SBP一次。结果：SIHR给予牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽后,血压均显著下降（P〈0.05）,并均在灌胃后3-6 h达最低,血压下降最大幅度为（27±5.13）mmHg,呈现一定的量效关系;而正常大鼠给予牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽后血压无显著变化,服用厄贝沙坦和卡托普利后血压则保持显著下降的趋势。长期灌胃牦牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽可使SIHR血压明显下降（P〈0.05）,并且降压效果稳定。结论：牛乳酪蛋白降血压肽对SIHR有明显的体内降压效果,长期服用可稳定血压,对正常大鼠血压无明显影响。     

Association between initial systolic blood pressure and risk of developing a uremic crisis or of dying in dogs with chronic renal failure

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether high systolic blood pressure (SBP) at the time of initial diagnosis of chronic renal failure in dogs was associated with increased risk of uremic crisis, risk of dying, or rate of decline in renal function. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. ANIMALS: 45 dogs with spontaneous chronic renal failure. PROCEDURE: Dogs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups on the basis of initial SBP (high, intermediate, low); Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards methods were used to estimate the association between SBP and development of a uremic crisis and death. The reciprocal of serum creatinine concentration was used as an estimate of renal function. RESULTS: Dogs in the high SBP group were more likely to develop a uremic crisis and to die than were dogs in the other groups, and the risks of developing a uremic crisis and of dying increased significantly as SBP increased. A greater decrease in renal function was observed in dogs in the high SBP group. Retinopathy and hypertensive encephalopathy were detected in 3 of 14 dogs with SBP > or = 180 mm Hg. Systolic blood pressure remained high in 10 of 11 dogs treated with antihypertensive drugs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that initial high SBP in dogs with chronic renal failure was associated with increased risk of developing a uremic crisis and of dying. Further studies are required to determine whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship between high SBP and progressive renal injury and to identify the risks and benefits of antihypertensive drug treatment.     

Identification of an antihypertensive peptide derived from chicken bone extract

A novel angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide was isolated and purified from chicken bone extract by enzymatic digestion. The peptide was defined as an ACE inhibitor, and it demonstrated antihypertensive activity following oral administration to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The results of this study suggest that peptides derived from an extract of chicken bones, administered orally, have the ability to reduce the blood pressure of SHRs significantly over a short period of time (3 h). Moreover, the blood pressure then remains low for 3 h. This peptide derived from chicken bones may therefore have great value as a short‐term remedy for chronic conditions such as high blood pressure. The amino acid sequence of the peptide was YYRA (Tyr‐Tyr‐Arg‐Ala), which was the origin of the Ig heavy chain V region (27–30 position). The IC₅₀ value of its synthetic peptide was 33.9 μg/mL. We suggest that the ACE inhibitory and antihypertensive peptides derived from chicken bone extract may contribute to develop physiologically functional foods or improve food functionality.     

兽用非甾体抗炎药的应用现状

动物疼痛和炎症可影响其健康状况、养殖场经济效益等,预防和治疗动物疼痛、炎症具有重要意义。非甾体抗炎药可以减少动物疼痛和炎症的发生。近几年对非甾体抗炎药在动物中的应用研究越来越多,同时非甾体抗炎药的一些新功能被发现。论文对兽医常用非甾体抗炎药物的应用研究进展做一综述,以期为非甾体抗炎药在动物中的合理使用以及进一步研究提供参考。     

Studies on anesthetized and nonanesthetized slaughter swine. 1. Blood pressure]

The blood pressure of pigs for slaughter were measured. Onset of electric anaesthesia was followed by blood pressure rise of about 25 per cent. Peak values of 100 per cent in excess of the original pressure were recorded in some cases. Termination of the electric stimulus, generally, was followed by sudden blood pressure drop. The original pressure usually was reached ten seconds from the debleeding puncture. With continued debleeding, it stayed at 75 mm Hg after 50 seconds on average. Extraordinary high rise in blood pressure in response to electric stimulation usually was followed by rapid pressure drop, whereas in cases with moderate rise at the time of anaesthesia the subsequent decline was at slower rates.     

大蒜素生理功能及在反刍动物上的应用

大蒜素是一种从大蒜中提取的含硫化合物，具有安全性高、无残留、不产生耐药性、抗菌谱广、无配伍禁忌等优点。大蒜素的生理功能包括降低血糖和血压、抗氧化、增强免疫力和抑制有害细菌等，并且在动物生产中发挥着维持动物肠道健康、改善肠道菌群、调节脂肪沉积等作用。作为饲料添加剂的大蒜素主要为化学合成类型。首先合成二烯丙基二硫醚，再通过氧化反应合成大蒜素，在实验室中大蒜素还可以通过过氧化氢、过氧邻苯二甲酸镁或氯代苯甲酸氧化二烯丙基二硫化物来合成。在实际生产中，大蒜素对反刍动物有促生长、提高饲料消化率、改善瘤胃发酵等诸多功能。大蒜素还可以通过抑制瘤胃内产甲烷菌活性和减少产甲烷菌数量来降低瘤胃甲烷产量。作者主要介绍了大蒜素的合成、理化特性及其生理功能，并阐述了在反刍动物中应用大蒜素的研究成果，以期为大蒜素在反刍动物生产中的应用提供参考。     

Physiological Function of Allicin and Its Application in Ruminants

Allicin is a sulfur compound extracted from garlic,which has the advantages of high safety,no residue,no drug resistance,wide antibacterial spectrum,no incompatibility and so on.The physiological functions of allicin include reducing blood sugar and blood pressure,anti-oxidation,enhancing immunity and inhibiting harmful bacteria,and plays a role in maintaining animal intestinal health,improving intestinal flora and regulating fat deposition in animal production.Allicin,as a feed additive,is mainly of chemical synthesis type.Diallyl disulfide is synthesized at first,and then allicin is synthesized by oxidation reaction.Allicin can also be synthesized by hydrogen peroxide,magnesium peroxy phthalate or chlorobenzoic acid oxidizing diallyl disulfide in the laboratory.In actual production,allicin can promote the growth of ruminants,improve feed digestibility,improve rumen fermentation.Allicin can also reduce rumen methane production by inhibiting the activity of methanogenic bacteria in the rumen and reducing the number of methanogenic bacteria.The authors mainly introduced the synthesis,physical and chemical properties and physiological functions of allicin,and expounded the research results and prospects of the application of allicin in ruminants,in order to provide reference for the better application of allicin in ruminant production.     

运输应激对动物机体影响的研究现状

运输应激是指动物机体在运输途中禁食、环境变化、颠簸、心理压力等应激源的综合作用后所产生的适应性和防御性反应。本文从行为变化、神经内分泌的变化、物质和能量代谢的变化、免疫功能的变化及生产性能的变化等方面综述了运输应激对动物机体的影响,旨在为运输应激的相关研究和畜牧生产实践提供理论参考。     

Uncertainty in the “detection times” for drugs in horses

There are three major sources of uncertainty in the times for which drugs can be detected in a horse's blood or urine. First, horses are treated with drugs at one million-fold different doses, and they eliminate these doses at rates that vary about 300-fold. Second, the sensitivity of the tests that the analyst uses to detect these drugs can vary up to 100-fold or more. Third, horses treated with exactly the same doses of drugs can “spread out” or distribute the plasma levels of these drugs about50-fold in a skewed or irregular manner. In this distribution, a large proportion of horses show lowerblood levels of drugs, but a small proportion of horses show relatively much higher blood levels of drugs. Beyond this, the different pH (acidity) values of urine samples can cause urinary levels of drugs to vary by at least 200-fold. These factors cause large uncertainties concerning the blood or urinary levels of drugswhich are found even after the same doses of the same drug. These uncertainties result in considerable technical difficulties for the regulatory process of medication control.     

兽医临床上常见黄牛异常发情的防治措施

随着农业机械化不断地推广,二牛抬杠式的原始农业耕作方式逐渐退出了农业生产。取而代之的农业机械化耕作,以前用来耕地的黄牛用途逐渐变成了产犊为主,农田里不见了黄牛耕作的身影,山坡不见了放牛人。取而代之的是舍饲圈养,肉牛以集约化育肥为主的养殖方式。通过对兽医临床遇到的病例统计发现,母牛的异常发情病例逐渐增多,高达30%~40%。作者根据实际兽医临床工作发现一个规律,一到冬季产犊季,母牛难产增多;母牛产犊后农户就会天天用玉米糊糊饲喂,瘤胃积食也会增多,冬季青贮饲草料价格高,资源匮乏,担心母牛产犊后掉膘,乳汁分泌不足,在这个过程中,很多母牛就会出现虚胖,犊牛腹泻,母牛伤食泻瘤胃酸中毒,最主要的是产犊后的母牛长期大量精料饲喂导致母牛体质偏胖,在中兽医诊断上就属于一种寒湿瘀滞的体质,卵泡不发育或者是发育不良。再加上畜主长期不正确的使用各种兽药,造成滥用药,致使动物机体损伤养殖业是一个需要倾注大量心血的行业,天道酬勤,养殖场户的辛勤付出才能换来牛羊的牧草丰富,茁壮生长,动物防疫工作者的辛勤付出才能换来动物群体的健康稳定,畜牧兽医工作者与农户一起服务于动物从配种到出栏。