青岛口岸植物检疫及截获疫情概况

近年来,随着国际贸易的不断发展,青岛口岸从国外进口的大豆、大麦、木材、水果、苗木等植物产品日益增多,对山东的农林等多种产业的发展起到了重要的促进作用,但与此同时也增加了国外危险性有害生物传入的风险,给检验检疫工作提出了挑战。     

郁金香病害的发生与综合防治措施

郁金香属百合科郁金香属多年生鳞茎草本植物,又称洋荷花、草麝香、牡丹百合等,是风靡世界的切花之一,用作花篮、花束和插瓶等装饰品制作,每年的销售量十分巨大,种植者经济效益高。随着产业结构的调整,江苏省许多地方形成郁金香鲜切花基地,但在生产过程中,我们发现每个环节都有可能受到真菌、细菌、病毒病的危害,从而影响到植株的正常生长,降低切花的品质和观赏性,严重时会造成毁灭性危害。因此,防治郁金香病害的发生及发展,是切花生产者首先要考虑的问题。现将郁金香生产中常见的病害发其防治方法介绍如下,以便与广大读者共飨。     

农药的安全应用与农业可持续发展

分析了化学农药在贵州省应用的现状、存在的问题以及加入WTO后所面临的机遇和挑战,根据未来农药发展的趋势,结合贵州省实际,提出了安全合理使用化学农药的方法和策略,促进农业可持续发展。     

澳大利亚对我国带天然树干的人造植物的检疫要求

澳大利亚是世界主要农产品生产国，也是与其它大陆隔绝的海岛型国家。由于隔绝的环境和缺少外来病虫害的冲击，澳大利亚的植物种群对外来病虫害缺乏抗性和免疫力，因此，澳大利亚在植物检疫管理方面有许多独到的地方，现介绍其对我国带天然树干的人造植物的检疫要求，希望能对我们的检疫工作起一些参考借鉴作用。     

值得关注的澳门园林植物害螨——木槿瘿螨

木槿瘿螨是一种严重危害园林植物的害螨,对澳门的行道树的生长造成严重的影响。国内尚无该螨的危害报道,经调查,在珠海的园林植物上也未发现该螨。因此,应该对两地苗木特别是园林植物的调运和分销加强监管,以防止该螨扩散到大陆。     

卫士牌等6种手动喷雾器田间试验效果比较

施药器械是防治农作物病虫害的重要机具,其质量的好坏、性能的优劣和使用喷施技术直接关系到病虫防治效果以及农药的有效利用率,而且对施药人员、农产品质量和环境的安全也至关重要。都匀市是一个西部欠发达县级市,农民经济收入较低,农民对农业生产投入不足,施药器械的更新换代滞后。据调查,目前都匀市农村中农户拥有的施药器械,大多仍然是背负式手动喷雾器,有近70%的仍属旧式的工农-16型手动喷雾器,由于性能落后、质量较差,且使用年限大都超过3—5年,在施药中,“跑、冒、滴、漏”问题严重。     

杂草稻的发生及其控制措施

杂草稻的发生与耕作方式、栽培方式等因素有关.杂草稻不仅严重影响水稻的产量,而且降低水稻的商品价值.应采取预防、调整耕作栽培方式以及化学防除的杂草稻综合防治措施对杂草稻进行积极的控制.     

品茶与品酒——中法饮食文化异曲同工

中国的茶文化和法国的葡萄酒堪称世界两绝，中国的茶文化和法国的酒文化虽然各自有着自己的渊源，但中国人品茶与法国人品酒，却有着颇多相似的情趣。     

我国农药药械市场2007年概况及2008年展望

1 农业形势及农作物重大病虫害发生情况 2007年是实施"十一五"规划的第2年.中央一系列的政策继续向农业倾斜.农业部提出了发展现代农业的"十大行动"计划,各级植物保护技术推广部门,进一步加大了对农作物有害生物的防控力度,全力服务于发展现代农业"十大行动"计划的实施,各项工作进展顺利.     

大棚金瓜萎蔫症的田间诊断及防治

由病原物致病使植株萎蔫的病害有枯萎病、立枯病、疫病、白绢病、根腐病、根结线虫病、病毒病、青枯病,它们共同的特征是植株的根和茎基部受害,这也是田间诊断的依据;生理性萎蔫主要是大气环境或土壤性质等因素引起。应采取“预防为主,综合治理”的植保方针和使用无公害化农药相结合的应急防治措施。     

Perspectives on transgenic,herbicide‐resistant crops in the United States almost 20 years after introduction

Herbicide‐resistant crops have had a profound impact on weed management. Most of the impact has been by glyphosate‐resistant maize, cotton, soybean and canola. Significant economic savings, yield increases and more efficacious and simplified weed management have resulted in widespread adoption of the technology. Initially, glyphosate‐resistant crops enabled significantly reduced tillage and reduced the environmental impact of weed management. Continuous use of glyphosate with glyphosate‐resistant crops over broad areas facilitated the evolution of glyphosate‐resistant weeds, which have resulted in increases in the use of tillage and other herbicides with glyphosate, reducing some of the initial environmental benefits of glyphosate‐resistant crops. Transgenic crops with resistance to auxinic herbicides, as well as to herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase and hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, stacked with glyphosate and/or glufosinate resistance, will become available in the next few years. These technologies will provide additional weed management options for farmers, but will not have all of the positive effects (reduced cost, simplified weed management, lowered environmental impact and reduced tillage) that glyphosate‐resistant crops had initially. In the more distant future, other herbicide‐resistant crops (including non‐transgenic ones), herbicides with new modes of action and technologies that are currently in their infancy (e.g. bioherbicides, sprayable herbicidal RNAi and/or robotic weeding) may affect the role of transgenic, herbicide‐resistant crops in weed management. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

甘氨酸法制备草甘膦工艺改进

为了实现甘氨酸法合成草甘膦工艺中溶剂回收的便捷、经济化,并减少氯甲烷等副产物的排放,采用在酯化反应完成后直接从该无水体系中回收溶剂的工艺方法。结果表明,改进后的工艺在不影响草甘膦收率和品质的前提下,不仅可以回收98%以上的溶剂,而且回收后的溶剂可在不进行任何处理的情况下直接循环套用;同时可回收40％ ~63%的三乙胺,并使酸化水解时可以减排50％ ~81%的氯甲烷。相应地,草甘膦吨生产成本可下降10％ ~15%,并可有效降低环境污染。     

Glyphosate: a once-in-a-century herbicide

Since its commercial introduction in 1974, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] has become the dominant herbicide worldwide. There are several reasons for its success. Glyphosate is a highly effective broad-spectrum herbicide, yet it is very toxicologically and environmentally safe. Glyphosate translocates well, and its action is slow enough to take advantage of this. Glyphosate is the only herbicide that targets 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), so there are no competing herbicide analogs or classes. Since glyphosate became a generic compound, its cost has dropped dramatically. Perhaps the most important aspect of the success of glyphosate has been the introduction of transgenic, glyphosate-resistant crops in 1996. Almost 90% of all transgenic crops grown worldwide are glyphosate resistant, and the adoption of these crops is increasing at a steady pace. Glyphosate/glyphosate-resistant crop weed management offers significant environmental and other benefits over the technologies that it replaces. The use of this virtually ideal herbicide is now being threatened by the evolution of glyphosate-resistant weeds. Adoption of resistance management practices will be required to maintain the benefits of glyphosate technologies for future generations.     

Herbicide‐resistant weed management: focus on glyphosate

This review focuses on proactive and reactive management of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) weeds. Glyphosate resistance in weeds has evolved under recurrent glyphosate usage, with little or no diversity in weed management practices. The main herbicide strategy for proactively or reactively managing GR weeds is to supplement glyphosate with herbicides of alternative modes of action and with soil‐residual activity. These herbicides can be applied in sequences or mixtures. Proactive or reactive GR weed management can be aided by crop cultivars with alternative single or stacked herbicide‐resistance traits, which will become increasingly available to growers in the future. Many growers with GR weeds continue to use glyphosate because of its economical broad‐spectrum weed control. Government farm policies, pesticide regulatory policies and industry actions should encourage growers to adopt a more proactive approach to GR weed management by providing the best information and training on management practices, information on the benefits of proactive management and voluntary incentives, as appropriate. Results from recent surveys in the United States indicate that such a change in grower attitudes may be occurring because of enhanced awareness of the benefits of proactive management and the relative cost of the reactive management of GR weeds. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Saflufenacil efficacy on horseweed and its interaction with glyphosate

Saflufenacil is a new herbicide on the market and its effectiveness on horseweed, several populations of which have evolved resistance to glyphosate, is not clear. In this research, the effect of adjuvants on the control of horseweed with saflufenacil in the field, the effect of the interaction between glyphosate and saflufenacil on glyphosate‐resistant and glyphosate‐susceptible horseweed and the patterns of uptake and translocation of glyphosate applied alone and in combination with saflufenacil in horseweed were evaluated. The addition of methylated seed oil to saflufenacil provided the best control of horseweed, with crop oil concentrate being intermediate in effect and non‐ionic surfactant ranking as the least‐effective adjuvant. The interaction between glyphosate and saflufenacil was additive with regards to the control of glyposate‐resistant horseweed. The glyphosate‐susceptible horseweed population absorbed 6–13% more ¹⁴C‐glyphosate than the glyphosate‐resistant population. The addition of saflufenacil reduced ¹⁴C‐glyphosate translocation in both the glyphosate‐resistant and the glyphosate‐susceptible horseweed populations by at least 6%; however, due to the exceptional efficacy of saflufenacil, these reductions did not reduce the level of control. Saflufenacil holds great potential as an alternative control option for glyphosate‐resistant horseweed and is a valuable tool in the management of resistant weeds.     

类黄酮在草甘膦诱导的苦荞膜脂过氧化中的作用

研究了草甘膦对苦荞类黄酮次生代谢的影响及类黄酮与草甘膦作用下膜脂过氧化伤害的关系，以探讨植物类黄酮代谢的意义及在草甘膦伤害中的作用机制。结果表明，分别用浓度为0．1、0．3、1mmoL／L的草甘膦处理苦荞幼苗，苦荞类黄酮代谢受到明显抑制，处理3天时类黄酮含量比对照分别下降58．1％、65．8％和76．5％。草甘膦处理导致苦荞膜脂过氧化加剧，0．1mmoL／L草甘膦处理使苦荞相对电导率增加275．4％、丙二醛（MDA）含量增加134．1％、超氧自由基O2^-产生速率增加121．7％，且随草甘膦浓度升高而增加幅度加大，说明草甘膦伤害与膜脂过氧化程度有关。0．3mmoL／L草甘膦处理后再用0．1mmoL／L类黄酮物质芦丁处理，电解质外渗下降34．2％，MDA含量下降51．1％，O2^-产生下降33．9％，明显减轻了草甘膦的伤害，这说明草甘膦作用下类黄酮含量的下降与草甘膦对苦荞组织伤害有一定的关系。     

抗草甘膦杂草的抗性机理研究进展

草甘膦因其独特而优异的理化特性,自上市起便受到广泛的关注,现在已经成为全世界应用最广的除草剂之一.但是随着草甘膦抗性杂草的不断出现,草甘膦的应用前景受到严峻的挑战.文章综述了草甘膦生产及应用现状、草甘膦作用机理和草甘膦抗性杂草的发展,重点阐述了草甘膦抗性杂草的抗性机理.最后对如何通过延缓草甘膦抗性杂草的出现,保护草甘膦提出建议.     

Simulating evolution of glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum I: population biology of a rare resistance trait

Despite frequent use for the past 25 years, resistance to glyphosate has evolved in few weed biotypes. The propensity for evolution of resistance is not the same for all herbicides, and glyphosate has a relatively low resistance risk. The reasons for these differences are not entirely understood. A previously published two‐herbicide resistance model has been modified to explore biological and management factors that account for observed rates of evolution of glyphosate resistance. Resistance to a post‐emergence herbicide was predicted to evolve more rapidly than it did to glyphosate, even when both were applied every year and had the same control efficacy. Glyphosate is applied earlier in the growing season when fewer weeds have emerged and hence exerts less selection pressure on populations. The evolution of glyphosate resistance was predicted to arise more rapidly when glyphosate applications were later in the growing season. In simulations that assumed resistance to the post‐emergence herbicide did not evolve, the evolution of glyphosate resistance was less rapid, because post‐emergence herbicides were effectively controlling rare glyphosate‐resistant individuals. On their own, these management‐related factors could not entirely account for rates of evolution of resistance to glyphosate observed in the field. In subsequent analyses, population genetic parameter values (initial allele frequency, dominance and fitness) were selected on the basis of empirical data from a glyphosate‐resistant Lolium rigidum population. Predicted rates of evolution of resistance were similar to those observed in the field. Together, the timing of glyphosate applications, the rarity of glyphosate‐resistant mutants, the incomplete dominance of glyphosate‐resistant alleles and pleiotropic fitness costs associated with glyphosate resistance, all contribute to its relatively slow evolution in the field.     

抗草甘膦杂草及其检测方法发展现状

草甘膦在世界范围的多年大量使用已经引起了抗草甘膦杂草的产生。本文针对全球迄今为止发现的21种抗草甘膦杂草的发生、发展状况进行了论述。探讨了抗草甘膦杂草抗药性检测方法,分别从整株生物测定及生物化学等方面介绍了抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的研究现状,为抗草甘膦杂草检测方法的发展及其抗性监测方法的建立提供参考。