Residual activity of clomeprop and its downward movement under laboratory conditions

The relationship between the behavior of clomeprop ([ RS ]-2-[2,4-dichloro- m -tolyloxy]propionanilide) and its residual phytotoxic activity in the soil was investigated in the laboratory with special emphasis on the concentration in the soil water. The phytotoxic activity of clomeprop on radish seedlings ( Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula cv. Akamaruhatsukadaikon), as the test plant, became greater with time after application but the inhibition was different between the two soils, which had different properties. The amount of 2-(2,4-dichloro-3-methylphenoxy)propionic acid (DMPA), a hydrolyzed and active metabolite of clomeprop, in the soil water and total soil increased with time, corresponding to the decrease in the amount of clomeprop under non-water leakage conditions. The residual phytotoxic activity of clomeprop in the soil was more highly correlated with the concentration of DMPA in the soil water than with the amount of DMPA in the total soil. In addition, a leaching column test was conducted with clomeprop and DMPA. The DMPA easily moved downward and the concentration in the soil water in the upper layer decreased with time after application. It is supposed that the downward movement of DMPA was one of the factors influencing the lasting effect of clomeprop in the field.     

Residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid in soil and its concentration in soil water under different soil moisture conditions

The relationship between the residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid (2-chloro- N -[2-ethoxyethyl]- N- [2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propenyl] acetamide) on rice ( Oryza sativa cv. Kiyohatamochi) seedlings and its behavior in soil was investigated under different moisture conditions. The phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid on the shoot growth of rice seedlings in soil was higher in 80% soil moisture content than in 70% and 60% soil moisture contents. The phytotoxic activity in soil in 70% and 80% soil moisture conditions decreased with the increasing time after application, but the phytotoxic activity was slight in 50% soil moisture conditions at any given time after application. The residues of pethoxamid in soil water, the amount adsorbed on soil solid, and the amount in total soil was reduced with the time after application in a similar manner among these soil moisture conditions. The residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid on the shoot growth of rice seedlings in soil was more highly correlated with the concentration in soil water than with the amounts adsorbed on soil solid and in total soil. The partition coefficients between the amounts of pethoxamid adsorbed on soil solid and its concentration in soil water were similar among the soils with different moisture conditions at each day, and the partition coefficient increased with the time after application. These results suggested that the residual phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid in soil depends on the decreasing concentration of pethoxamid in soil water with time, except in low soil-moisture conditions, which were insufficient for seedling growth.     

Residual thenylchlor concentration in soil water and its phytotoxic activity in soil

The phytotoxic activity of soil-applied thenylchlor (2-chloro- N -[3-methoxy-2-thenyl]-2',6'-dimethylacetanilide) on the growth of rice seedlings and its behavior in two different types of soil, Ryugasaki soil and Tsukuba soil, after application was investigated with emphasis on the concentration in the soil water. The greatest inhibition of thenylchlor on the growth of rice seedlings was found immediately after application to both the Ryugasaki and Tsukuba soils. The phytotoxic activity decreased with time in both soils. However, the rate of decrease in phytotoxic activity was slower in the Ryugasaki soil than in the Tsukuba soil. The concentration of thenylchlor in soil water, the amount adsorbed on the soil solid, and the amount in the total soil reduced with time after application to both soils. The amount of thenylchlor adsorbed on the soil solid phase was more persistent than that in the soil water in both soils and the concentration in the soil water was higher in the Ryugasaki soil than in the Tsukuba soil at any given time. The residual phytotoxic activity of thenylchlor on the growth of the rice seedlings in the soil was highly correlated with its concentration in the soil water but not with the amount in the total soil. These results suggested that the residual phytotoxic activity of thenylchlor in the soil is determined by its concentration in the soil water after application.     

Factors affecting phytotoxic activity of allelochemicals in soil

Allelopathy is the inhibitory or stimulatory effect of a plant (donor) on other plants (receivers) through the chemicals released from the donor plant to the environment, mostly into the soil. These chemicals may reach the receiver plants in various ways, including leaching from plant foliage, exudation from the roots, and decomposition of dead residue of the donor plants. However, allelopathy in soil is a complicated phenomenon that is affected by soil condition, growth condition of the donor and receiver plants and climatic condition. Allelochemicals in soil are adsorbed on soil solids, and metabolized by chemical and biological reactions during the movement in soil. This behavior is affected by various soil factors, such as soil texture, organic and inorganic matter, moisture and organisms, which affect the phytotoxic activity in soil. If an allelochemical can directly affect the growth of receiver plants in soil, then the allelochemical might be present in the soil water so that it is directly available for absorption by the plant. Thus, it is suggested the concentration of an allelochemical in soil water is a dominant factor directly determining the phytotoxic activity in soil, and the concentration is controlled by soil factors that affect the behavior of adsorption, desorption and degradation in soil.     

Phytotoxic activity of clomeprop in soil and concentration of its hydrolysed metabolite DMPA in soil water

The relationship between the fate of clomeprop in soil and its phytotoxic activity on the growth of radish (Raphanus sativus) seedlings was investigated in the laboratory. The phytotoxic activity of clomeprop in sea sand was much higher than in non-autoclaved soil, and the phytotoxic activity in non-autoclaved soil was higher than in autoclaved soil. The phytotoxic activity of 2-(2,4-dichloro-3-methylphenoxy)propionic acid (DMPA), a hydrolysed metabolite of clomeprop, was higher than that of the latter under both soil conditions. Clomeprop was adsorbed on soil to a greater extent than DMPA. The concentration of clomeprop in soil water of non-autoclaved soil decreased with increase of the DMPA concentration in the soil water in a time-dependent manner. It is suggested that the phytotoxic activity of clomeprop applied to soil is induced mostly by the DMPA concentration in soil water after hydrolytic degradation by soil microbes. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Behavior of pyriftalid in soil and its phytotoxic activity on Echinochloa oryzoides seedlings emerging from various soil depths

The phytotoxic activity of pyriftalid ([RS]‐7‐[4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐ylthio]‐3‐methyl‐2‐benzofuran‐1[3H]‐one) on barnyard grass (Echinochloa oryzoides) seedlings emerging from various depths in the soil was investigated in relation to its behavior in the soil. The growth of the barnyard grass seedlings in the soil mixed with pyriftalid was inhibited, depending on the concentration of the herbicide in the soil water but not on the amount in the total soil. A topmost pyriftalid‐treated layer was formed by applying the herbicide to the soil surface under water‐leakage conditions. The concentration of pyriftalid in the soil water and the amount that was adsorbed on the soil solid decreased with time, but the decrease was more marked in the pyriftalid concentration in the soil water than in the amount that was adsorbed on the soil solid. The emergence time of barnyard grass in the soil was faster in the seeds that were located in the shallower soil layer, compared to the deeper soil layer. The growth inhibition of the barnyard grass seedlings emerging from the shallower soil layer was greater than that of the barnyard grass seedlings emerging from the deeper soil layer after the soil surface application of pyriftalid. It is suggested that the emergence timing from the different soil depths is an important factor affecting the herbicidal activity of pyriftalid when it is applied to the soil surface under paddy field conditions.     

Restoration of tuber production by exposure to unshaded daylight in Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi shaded during the early tuber formation period

The loss of final tuber weight of Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi by shading during the early tuber formation period (TFP) is overcome by exposure to unshaded daylight thereafter (late TFP). In the present study, the growth parameters that contribute to the dry matter increase (DMI) per day of tubers in the late TFP were examined. DMI of the tuber during the late TFP was determined by that of the whole plant and the ratio of the DMI of the tuber to that of the whole plant during this period. The ratio of the DMI of the tuber to that of the whole plant during the late TFP was significantly correlated with the DMI of the whole plant during the first 14 days of the late TFP. During the late TFP after the exposure to unshaded daylight, DMI of the whole plant correlated with the surface area of the stem (SAS) and net assimilation ratio (NAR), and the SAS correlated with the stem dry weight (DW) and specific stem-surface area (SSA). SSA negatively influenced NAR, but NAR was increased by unshading. During the late TFP after shading, the effect of the decrease of the stem DW due to shading on the DMI of the whole plant was mitigated by the large SAS and high NAR. These results indicate that the growth parameters that contribute to the DMI of tuber during the late TFP after exposure to unshaded daylight are SAS and NAR just after unshading, and SSA during this period.     

Phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid in soil under different moisture conditions

The phytotoxic activity of soil-applied pethoxamid [2-chloro- N -(2-ethoxyethyl)- N -(2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanyl) acetamide], (TKC-94), on the plant growth of rice ( Oryza sativa cv. Kiyohatamochi ) seedlings as an assay plant in soil was investigated under different soil moisture conditions. The phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid mixed with soil on the shoot and root growth of rice seedlings was uppermost under the highest soil moisture condition and it decreased with declining soil moisture content, while the inhibition was greater on the root growth than the shoot growth. The amount of pethoxamid adsorbed on soil solid and the concentration of pethoxamid in soil water from soil applied with this herbicide were not influenced by the soil moisture content. In addition, the phytotoxic activity on the growth of rice seedlings in sea sand culture applied with the soil water from the herbicide-applied soil was not influenced by the soil moisture content. In the sea sand culture, the phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid was significantly reduced in negative water potential as the concentration of polyethylene glycol-6000 added to the water increased. It is suggested that the phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid in the soil primarily depends on the concentration in soil water, but the phytotoxic activity was affected by soil moisture through the effect on absorption of this herbicide by rice seedlings.     

Control of Aspergillus growth and aflatoxin production using natural maize phytochemicals under different conditions of water activity

The effects of the natural phytochemicals trans-cinnamic acid (CA) and ferulic acid (FA) alone at concentrations of 1-25 mM and in 16 combinations (M: mixtures) on growth and aflatoxin B(1) production by Aspergillus flavus Link and A. parasiticus Speare were evaluated. Studies on growth rate and aflatoxin B(1) production were carried out in vitro in relation to a water activity a(w) of 0.999, 0.971, 0.955 and 0.937. Overall, CA at concentrations of 10 and 20 mM and FA-CA mixtures M3 (20 + 5 mM respectively), M8 (25 + 5 mM), M9 (1 + 10 mM), M10 (10 + 10 mM), M11 (20 + 10 mM), M12 (25 + 10 mM), M13 (1 + 20 mM), M14 (10 + 20 mM), M15 (20 + 20 mM) and M16 (25 + 20 mM) were the treatments most effective at inhibiting growth of the four species assayed. All strains were much more sensitive to all natural phytochemicals tested on growth rate at a(w) = 0.937. CA and the FA-CA mixtures M1 (1 + 1 mM respectively), M4 (25 + 1 mM), M5 (1 + 5 mM), M6 (10 + 1 mM), M7 (20 + 1 mM), M8 (25 + 5 mM), M9 (1 + 10 mM), M10 (10 + 10 mM), M11 (20 + 10 mM), M12 (25 + 10 mM), M13 (1 + 20 mM), M14 (10 + 20 mM), M15 (20 + 20 mM) and M16 (25 + 20 mM) completely inhibited aflatoxin B(1) production by all strains at a(w) = 0.999, 0.971, 0.955 and 0.937. Decreased aflatoxin B(1) levels in comparison with the control were observed with FA at 1, 10, 20 and 25 mM with the strains RCM89, RCM108 and RCM38 at a(w) = 0.971, 0.955 and 0.999 respectively. The data show that CA and FA can be considered as effective fungitoxicants for A. flavus and A. parasiticus in in vitro assay. The information obtained is part of an ongoing study to determine their application at the storage level.     

不同供水条件对温室小型西瓜苗期根区土壤水分、温度及生理指标的影响

以小型西瓜"黑美人"为试验材料,在日光温室内进行了灌溉试验研究,试验设置1.25Ep(Ep为两次灌水时间间隔内的蒸发皿蒸发量)、1.0Ep、0.75Ep和0.5Ep四个供水处理,以探求不同供水条件对温室小型西瓜根区土壤水分变化、土壤温度、西瓜的形态指标、水分生理指标和光合生理指标的影响,并采用DPS分析软件对数据进行了...     

秸秆还田及蚯蚓活动对小麦-玉米轮作下土壤水分运移的影响

为探讨关中平原小麦-玉米水分高效利用的栽培技术方式,采用田间定点观测方法,研究秸秆还田+接种蚯蚓处理对土壤含水量的影响。设置CK(对照)、S₁(秸秆还田3 000 kg·hm^-2)、S₂(秸秆还田6 000 kg·hm^-2)、E(接种蚯蚓)、S₁E(秸秆还田3 000 kg·hm^-2+接种蚯蚓)、S₂E(秸秆还田6 000 kg·hm^-2+接种蚯蚓)共6个处理。结果表明：各处理较CK处理均提高了土壤含水量,S₁、S₂、E、S₁E、S₂E处理下土壤含水量分别增加0.21%～27.47%、0.43%～32.85%、1.00%～15.53%、3.25%～36.52%、2.97%～51.24%。CK、S₁、S₂、E、S₁E、S₂E处理下土壤含水量分...     

Differential safening activity of dymron and fenclorim on pretilachlor injury in rice seedlings in soil

The safening activity of dymron [1-(α,α-dimethylbenzyl)-3-( p -tolyl)urea] and fenclorim [4,6-dichloro-2-phenylpyrimidine] on the phytotoxic activity of pretilachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl- N- (2-propoxyethyl)acetanilide] on rice seedlings was examined in both water and soil culture. The safening activity of fenclorim in water culture was greater than that of dymron, whereas the activity of fenclorim in soil was lower than that of dymron. The fenclorim concentration in soil water was lower than that of dymron at all times when determined after the application at the same concentrations. The phytotoxic activity of pretilachlor and the safening activities of dymron and fenclorim were well correlated with the concentration of each in soil water but not with the amount in total soil. The adsorption of fenclorim on soil solids was greater than those of dymron and pretilachlor. It was suggested that both the phytotoxic activity of pretilachlor and the safening activities of dymron and fenclorim were dependent on their concentrations in soil water, which were primarily dominated by the adsorption on soil.     

二甲基二硫的生物活性评价及对土壤养分的影响

采用室内生物活性测定方法,评价二甲基二硫(dimethyl disulfide,DMDS)对土壤病原线虫和土传病原菌的毒力,比较不同浓度药剂处理对土壤理化性质和土壤呼吸的影响,为探究DMDS作为新型土壤熏蒸剂提供切实可行性的依据。结果表明:DMDS熏蒸对土传病原线虫和镰刀菌属的LD_(50)分别为4.743 mg/kg和1.513 mg/kg,可见DMDS对病原线虫和镰刀菌有良好的生物活性。对土壤理化性质进行数据分析发现:DMDS能显著增加土壤铵态氮含量,抑制硝化作用过程,减少NO~-_3-N的产生,提高植物可吸收态氮素水平。DMDS处理的土壤有机质含量和电导率均显著高于对照土壤,而土壤pH和速效钾含量较对照均有降低。此外,熏蒸土壤中有效磷含量较对照减少,但两者无显著差异。对DMDS熏蒸后土壤进行底物诱导呼吸试验,表明DMDS能够在试验初期抑制土壤微生物生物量。本试验结果可为指导DMDS的科学使用提供理论依据及对土壤微生物活性的影响作出科学评价。     

干旱胁迫下NaCl对棉花幼苗抗氧化酶活性及水分特征的影响

测定干旱与0、50、100和200 mmol·L-1NaCl组合条件下棉花叶片抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,分析土壤盐分对棉花耐旱性的影响。结果表明,单一干旱处理的棉花幼苗SOD、CAT活性和总抗氧化力在处理后的前21d大幅升高随后又快速下降,POD活性则持续升高,而50～200 mmol·L-1NaCl溶液浇灌的盆栽棉花幼苗在干旱期间SOD、POD、CAT活性和总抗氧化力的变幅明显小于单一干旱;同时,单一干旱棉花幼苗叶片MDA含量明显高于前者,说明NaCl溶液浇灌土壤减弱了干旱胁迫对棉花幼苗的伤害程度。另外,盆土用50～200 mmol·L-1NaCl溶液浇灌后显著提高了土壤的保水能力,增加了植株对Na+的吸收和积累,使叶片渗透势比单一干旱降低了17.5%～40.1%,从而有利于维持较高的细胞膨压,缓解干旱胁迫对棉花的不利影响。     

Effects of biochar on water movement characteristics in sandy soil under drip irrigation

Biochar addition can improve the physical and hydraulic characteristics of sandy soil. This study investigated the effects of biochar on water holding capacity and water movement in sandy soil under drip irrigation. By indoor simulation experiments, the effects of biochar application at five levels (0%, 1%, 2%, 4%and 6%) on the soil water retention curve, infiltration characteristics of drip irrigation and water distribution were tested and analyzed. The results showed thatbiochar addition rate was positively correlated with water holding capacity of sandy soil and soil available water. Within the same infiltration time, with an increasing amount of added biochar, the diffusion distance of the horizontal wetting front (HWF) tended to decrease, but the infiltration distance of vertical wetting front (VWF) initially declined and then rose. The features of wetted bodies changed from "broad-shallow" to "narrow-deep" type. The relationship between the transport distance of HWF and VWF and the infiltration time was described by a power function. At the same distance from the point source, the larger was the amount of added biochar, the higher was the soil water content. Biochar had a great influence on the water content of the layer with biochar (0-200mm) and had some effects at 200-250mm without biochar; but had less influence on the soil water content deeper than 250mm. For the application rate of biochar of 4%, most water was retained within 0-250mm soil layer. However, when biochar application amount was high (6%), it would be helpful for water infiltration. During the improvement of sandy soil, biochar application rate of 4% in the plow layer had the best effect.     

豫西旱坡地长期保护性耕作土壤酶活性及其与肥力关系

为探讨多年保护性耕作下土壤酶活性及其与土壤肥力的关系,对豫西旱区坡耕地定位试验第7年保护性耕作的土壤酶活性以及土壤养分进行了测定和分析.结果表明:深松覆盖和免耕覆盖能够提高3种酶活性,特别是能明显提高0～10 cm土层土壤酶活性,其中脲酶活性增加最多.脲酶与有机质、全磷、速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮呈显著或极显著相关关系,转...     

水分胁迫下不同化学物质浸种对小麦发芽及幼苗生长的影响

室内用PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫培养实验研究了不同水分条件下不同化学物质浸种对小麦种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:GA浸种显著地提高了小麦的发芽势、发芽指数和苗高,MnSO4及含有MnSO4的化学物质浸种降低了其发芽率和发芽指数.PP333和MnSO4单独浸种显著提高了小麦的根系干重,但二者的混合处理的小麦根系干重却有所降低.在水分胁迫情况下,用化学物质浸种可以有效地防止水分不足对苗高的影响.GA+MnSO4处理的小麦在水分胁迫后,根系干重及干物质累积量有明显的提高,说明在水分胁迫条件下,利用GA+MnSO4处理具有促进根系生长,培育小麦壮苗的突出作用.     

不同保水材料对内蒙古黄土高原旱作玉米幼苗生长及土壤贮水特性的影响

为明确内蒙古旱作区不同保水材料的蓄水保墒效果和缓解土壤水分缺乏对玉米苗期生长的制约效应,本试验于2011年在内蒙古清水河县设聚丙烯酸钾PAA （A1）、聚丙烯酰胺PAM （B1）、腐植酸（C1）、膨润土（D1）和不施保水材料（CK ）5个处理,2012年为A2、B2、C2、A1、B1、C1、D1和CK 8个处理（1表示保水材料只施入1年,2表示连续施入2年）,分析其对玉米苗期生长、土壤的保水特性以及作物产量的影响。结果表明：2011年各处理总体表现为A1＞B1＞D1＞C1＞CK ,不同保水材料均能提高玉米出苗率并缩短玉米整体出苗时间,同时将玉米出苗时间提前1～2 d。2012年各保水材料均对玉米苗期生长及土壤保水性起到促进作用,总体表现为A2＞B2＞C2＞D1＞A1＞B1＞C1＞CK ,分别较CK玉米出苗率提高了9．87％、7．28％、5．71％、5．41％、4．41％、3．13％和1．26％;株高日增量提高了15．67％、14．93％、13．43％、11．94％、11．94％、8．21％和0．00％;鲜重提高了38．84％、34．52％、28．80％、25．17％、21．93％、13．67％和2．48％;苗期0～20 cm土壤贮水量平均提高了30．07％、28．16％、16．26％、15．62％、8．50％、7．97％和2．34％;玉米产量提高了25．15％、22．45％、19．05％、15．05％、14．17％、12．88％和5．37％。综合各指标及年际变化可知,D1处理在第二年的总体效果优于A1、B1和C1,具有较好的长效性。     

基于HYDRUS-2D的雨水集聚深层入渗系统土壤水分运移模拟

为了解雨水集聚深层入渗(RWCI)系统土壤水分的入渗规律,设置不同灌水量(10 L、21 L和36 L)和RWCI设计坑深(40 cm和60 cm)的室内土箱试验,观测不同灌水量与不同水头变化情况土壤含水率变化和土壤湿润锋在径向和垂直方向上运移过程,依据非饱和土壤水动力学理论,建立HYDRUS-2D变水头边界条件土壤水分二维入渗模型。通过与实测数据对比,结果表明模型模拟值和实测值具有较好一致性:垂向湿润锋相对均方差(R_E)、平均绝对误差(MAE)和纳什系数(NE)分别为0.019、0.011 cm和0.994,径向湿润锋R_E、MAE和NE分别为0.018、0.851 cm和0.977,土壤含水率R_E、MAE和NE分别为0.188、0.016 cm~3·cm~(-3)和0.916。相比于设计深度为40 cm的RWCI系统, 60 cm RWCI系统在不同灌水量下能够更有效地增加果树根系分布层的土壤含水率,增加土壤水分入渗深度;相同灌水量下RWCI系统设计深度的径向湿润锋分布间无明显差异,而垂直方向的分布具有明显差异;RWCI系统在相同的设计深度下,随着灌水量增大湿润锋在垂向与径向的运移距离差异逐渐增大。