猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌PCR检测试剂盒的研制

根据GenBank中猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌apxⅣA基因序列,设计了1对引物,通过对PCR反应条件进行优化,研制了检测猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的PCR试剂盒。该试剂盒扩增的阳性条带为600 bp,特异性与敏感性结果显示,该PCR检测试剂盒的最低核酸检测量为50 CFU/mL,而对金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、副猪嗜血杆菌、大肠杆菌的扩增结果均为阴性。-20℃至少可保存12个月,且重复性良好。应用该PCR试剂盒对41份临床样本进行了检测,其PCR检测结果与细菌学检测结果相一致。结果表明,猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌PCR检测试剂盒能够对APP临床样品进行快捷、灵敏、准确的检测。     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌ApxⅡ-ELISA抗体检测试剂盒的研制与应用

根据胸膜肺炎放线杆菌ApxⅡ毒素的特点,建立了一种能够诊断猪传染性胸膜肺炎和进行免疫后效果评估的血清学方法ApxⅡ-ELISA.本研究将该诊断方法进一步研制成试剂盒,对其特异性、敏感性、重复性和稳定性进行了测试,与间接血凝试验试剂盒进行了对比研究,并用该试剂盒检测了来自中国、英国、丹麦、美国、加拿大和澳大利亚的临床猪血清1 453份.结果表明,ApxⅡ-ELISA试剂盒具有很高的特异性和敏感性;3批试剂盒的批内和批间的重复性良好(变异系数均<15%);试剂盒在2～8℃保存9个月,稳定性良好;ApxⅡ-ELISA试剂盒能够有效的诊断猪传染性胸膜肺炎,同时也可作为一种评价猪群免疫后免疫效果的有效方法.     

副猪嗜血杆菌抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立与应用

本试验采用121 ℃高压处理副猪嗜血杆菌4型和5型耐热蛋白,混合作为包被抗原,建立了检测副猪嗜血杆菌抗体的间接ELISA方法。通过对试验条件进行筛选优化,确定了最佳反应条件:抗原包被浓度为10 μg/mL,37 ℃包被2 h;封闭液选择含20 g/L脱脂奶粉的PBST,封闭30 min;血清的稀释度为1∶80;抗原抗体反应时间为45 min;酶标二抗稀释度为1∶12000,作用时间为30 min;底物显色时间为15 min。特异性、重复性和敏感性试验及对200份送检血清的检测结果表明,建立的间接ELISA方法特异性和重复性良好,敏感性比间接血凝试验高,对已知阴阳性血清的临床样本检测结果与国外ELISA试剂盒一致,可用于副猪嗜血杆菌的血清抗体检测和血清流行病学调查。     

副猪嗜血杆菌PCR检测方法的建立及应用

为建立一种快速鉴别诊断副猪嗜血杆菌的方法,本试验针对副猪嗜血杆菌infB基因序列,利用Premier5.0软件设计并合成了1对特异性引物,建立了针对副猪嗜血杆菌的PCR鉴别诊断方法,优化了退火温度,检测了该方法的敏感性和特异性,结果表明,本试验建立的PCR检测方法的最佳退火温度为49℃。敏感性试验表明,该PCR检测方法最低能检测到的DNA浓度为18.1×10-6μg/mL。通过特异性试验表明,本方法仅可由副猪嗜血杆菌中扩增出特异性条带,在金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌等病原菌中扩增不出相应的条带,表明该方法具有较高的特异性。同时,通过对本方法检测出的阳性样品infB序列分析发现,与GenBenk中公布的副猪嗜血杆菌infB序列同源性均在98.2%~99%。表明建立的方法灵敏度高、特异性强,可以应用于副猪嗜血杆菌的实验室诊断。     

溶血性曼氏杆菌PCR检测试剂盒的研制及初步应用

在溶血性曼氏杆菌PCR检测方法研究的基础上,进行溶血性曼氏杆菌PCR检测试剂盒的研究及初步应用.结果表明,试剂盒特异性好,批内和批间的试剂盒无差异;试剂盒在-20℃可保存30个月,4℃可保存12个月;应用试剂盒从1000多份临床样品中筛选分离到6株溶血性曼氏杆菌.     

鸡传染性鼻炎ＰＣＲ和阻断ＥＬＩＳＡ试剂盒的研制与应用

用鸡传染性鼻炎ＰＣＲ试剂盒可直接检测病料中的病的ＤＮＡ、可测出１pg的DNA和１０^2-10^3个细菌，这可疑病料的检出率是传统的细菌分离方法的２－３倍，可重复性好，特异性为１００％，在４℃可保存１２个月，在－２０℃可保存１５个月。阻断ＥＬＩＳＡ试剂盒可检测副鸡嗜血杆菌型特异性抗体，其种特异性为１００％，重复性好，试剂盒在３７℃可保存７d以上，４℃可保存１０个月，－２０℃可保存１年以上，用两个诊断试剂盒检验１５５份可疑病料、２１９１份血清，ＰＣＲ的阳性率为３２．３％；Ａ型抗体阳率为２７．４％，Ｃ型抗体阳性率为１１．５％。     

副猪嗜血杆菌培养条件优化

本试验对副猪嗜血杆菌的基础培养基成分、血清浓度、培养基pH值、保存条件进行优化筛选,旨在得出副猪嗜血杆菌的适宜培养保存条件,为副猪嗜血杆菌的发酵生产提供可靠的依据。通过试验得出,副猪嗜血杆菌的最佳培养保存条件：培养基起始pH值为7.3～7.5,成分为胰蛋白胨1.5%、大豆蛋白胨0.5%、NaCl 0.5%、酸水解酪蛋白0.5%、葡萄糖0.2%、5%新生牛血清和NAD 0.01%,用10%脱脂奶粉冻干保存在-20℃。     

副猪嗜血杆菌PCR检测方法的建立与初步应用

为了解副猪嗜血杆菌病在贵州对猪群的危害和流行规律、进一步开展副猪嗜血杆菌病的防治研究提供参考依据,特进行副猪嗜血杆菌PCR检测方法的建立与初步应用研究。根据副猪嗜血杆菌（HPS）16S rRNA基因序列设计1对引物,通过优化组合试验,对贵州省分离的HPS进行PCR扩增,扩增出长为650bp的目的基因片段,而大肠埃希氏杆菌、胸膜肺炎放线杆菌、猪链球菌、葡萄球菌等扩增结果为阴性。采用该方法对贵州发病猪群中350头疑似病例进行PCR检测,检出率为8％～49％。该方法检测副猪嗜血杆菌敏感性高、特异性好,可用于副猪嗜血杆菌的快速诊断。     

副猪嗜血杆菌和猪链球菌双重PCR方法的建立与应用

针对副猪嗜血杆菌和猪链球菌16S rRNA序列各设计1对特异性引物,分别能扩增出822 bp和294 bp的DNA片段,并据此建立了快速准确鉴别副猪嗜血杆菌和猪链球菌的双重PCR方法,临床试验证明该方法具有很好的特异性、敏感性,能对临床病料进行鉴别诊断.对161份临床样本检测结果显示,副猪嗜血杆菌的检出率为23.75%,猪链球菌的检出率为43.48%,二者混合感染率为9.94%.     

副猪嗜血杆菌ompP2基因的克隆、表达及间接ELISA抗体检测方法的建立

用PCR方法扩增副猪嗜血杆菌的外膜蛋白ompP2基因,序列测定结果表明扩增片段全长1 188bp。将扩增片段插入表达载体pET-32a,转化BL21进行诱导表达,SDS-PAGE电泳结果证实重组融合蛋白约为60 000,West-ern-blot结果表明重组表达蛋白具有免疫反应性。以纯化的重组蛋白ompP2作为抗原,建立副猪嗜血杆菌的抗体间接ELISA检测方法。通过试验确定最佳反应条件为抗原包被质量浓度4.75mg/L,4℃包被过夜,待检血清的稀释浓度为1∶40,阳性判断标准为D630大于0.383。特异性和重复性试验表明,建立的间接ELISA方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,可用于副猪嗜血杆菌的检测。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein