3种抗球虫药对兔斯氏艾美尔球虫的敏感性试验

为比较3种抗球虫药物对兔斯氏艾美尔球虫病的疗效,将20只家兔随机分成5组,Ⅰ组为球虫血痢散,Ⅱ组为兔血痢灵,Ⅲ组为球虫血痢清,Ⅳ组为不感染、不给药空白对照组,Ⅴ组为感染不给药对照组。用药组饲喂含抗球虫药3 d后,人工感染卵囊5×105个/只,定期临床观察,分析每克粪便卵囊数的变化,记录增重,并对每组兔做解剖观察。结果表明,球虫血痢清无抗药性,球虫血痢散为中度抗药,兔血痢灵为完全抗药。     

几种药物对兔球虫病的疗效试验

选用40只45日龄左右、严重自然感染兔球虫的日本大耳白兔,随机分成5组,即兔球灵组(1500mg/kg)、地克珠利组(2mg/kg)、拉沙洛菌素组(150mg/kg)、氯苯胍组(300mg/kg)、不给药对照组,分别将药物按一定比例混匀在饲料中,制成颗粒料让兔自由采食,以比较其对兔球虫病的治疗效果.通过临床观察,分析每克粪便卵囊数的变化,记录增重,计算饲料转化率并对每组兔剖杀作剖解观察.结果表明:兔球灵、地克珠利和拉沙洛菌素对抑制兔球虫卵囊产生,减轻肠道病理损害,降低幼兔死亡率,保护兔只增重和提高饲料转化率的作用极显著优于氯苯胍(P＜0.01);氯苯胍抗球虫效果较差,与不给药对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05);但较长时间连续使用拉沙洛菌素对兔有较大的毒副作用.试验证明氯苯胍不宜单一长期使用,应选用新型高效抗球虫药或变换用药或联合用药.     

中药"球康"对E.tenella感染鸡肠道CD4+和CD8+T细胞的影响

本试验采用免疫组化方法检测球虫感染鸡肠道组织中CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞数量,探讨中药“球康”抗球虫的作用机理。试验共设不感染不给药组、不感染给“球康”组（2％拌料）、感染给“球康”组和感染不给药组共4组。感染球虫后第2、4、5、7和9天,每组随机捕杀4只鸡,采取盲肠中段进行检测。结果,雏鸡感染球虫后,盲肠组织中CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞数量显著高于不感染组,感染给中药“球康”组鸡CD4＋T细胞数量在第2,4,5和9天均高于感染不给药组,在第4天和第5天差异显著（P＜0．05）;CD8＋T细胞数量在第2,5,7和9天高于感染不给药组,第5天差异显著（P＜0．05）,第7天达到最高峰。说明中药“球康”通过增加球虫感染鸡肠道黏膜CD4^＋、CD8^＋T细胞数量,提高细胞免疫水平,以增强机体对球虫的抑杀作用。     

球痢清等药物对人工感染兔肠球虫病的治疗比较试验

４８只３０日龄大耳白杂种兔，试验接种感染兔肠球虫的５种混合孢子化卵囊，将球痢清Ｉ、球痢清Ⅱ、莫能霉素和氯苯胍分别拌在饲料中饲喂，以比较其抗兔肠球虫的效果。通过临床观察，分析克粪便卵囊数的变化，记录增重、计算饲料转化率和对每组扑杀兔作病理组织学检查，结果表明：球痢清抑制卵囊产生、减轻肠道病变、增重及饲料转化率的效果明显，与莫能霉素相近，并显著优于氯苯胍。氯苯胍效果较差，几乎与接种不给药组相同。无显著性差异。因此说明氯苯胍不宜单一继续使用。应引入新的高效抗球虫药，并指导正确使用抗球虫药物。     

抗兔球虫中药对球虫感染兔血液生化指标的影响

选取40日龄左右的32只日本大耳白封闭群实验用兔,随机分成4组,分别设为感染不给药组、中药组、地克株利组和不感染不给药组。每只试验兔分别在感染前（0 d）和感染后7 d、14 d和21 d通过耳静脉采血,测定TP、ALB、TG等17项血清生化指标。研究结果表明,抗球虫中药复方制剂对TG、ALT、ALP生化指标具有一定的调节作用。     

青蒿提取物治疗兔球虫病效果评价

试验旨在探究青蒿素对兔球虫病的治疗效果。试验利用超声波提取法提取青蒿的有效成分青蒿素,选择30只1～2月龄健康兔为靶动物,随机分为6组,每组5只兔。空白对照组不感染不用药;青蒿提取物低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组试验兔每日分别喂服5、10、15 g/kg青蒿粉末提取后的浓缩物;妥曲珠利组试验兔每日喂服托曲珠利0.4 mL/kg;并设立感染不用药对照组。试验期15 d。通过人工感染孢子化兔球虫卵囊,应用球虫卵囊计数法计算每克粪便中卵囊数量;计算抗球虫指数,对青蒿提取物高剂量组与妥曲珠利组抗球虫效果进行评价。结果显示,各时间段各用药组幼兔粪便中兔球虫卵囊数均显著低于感染不用药对照组（P<0.05）,说明各用药组的药物均具有一定的抗球虫作用。试验第15 d时,青蒿提取物高剂量组与妥曲珠利组在幼兔粪便中的兔球虫卵囊数差异不显著（P>0.05）,但显著低于其他用药组（P<0.05）。青蒿提取物高剂量组和妥曲珠利组的抗球虫指数（ACI）均大于180。研究表明,青蒿素可作为化学类抗球虫药物的替代药物应用于兔球虫病的临床治疗。     

斯氏艾美耳球虫感染兔肝脏组织超微结构观察

为了给兔斯氏艾美耳球虫感染的有效防治方法和途径提供理论依据,试验通过孢子化的斯氏艾美耳球虫卵囊口服感染6只2~3月龄的无球虫新西兰兔,6只不感染兔为阴性对照组,30 d后,对其肝脏、胆管以及十二指肠进行超微结构观察比较。结果表明:肝脏、胆管以及十二指肠均出现显著病变,器官和细胞结构严重破坏。肝脏组织中肝细胞结构破坏,细胞器消失,可清晰地观察到斯氏艾美耳球虫的超微结构;胆管上皮细胞亦有部分细胞器消失;十二指肠微绒毛断裂、脱落。说明斯氏艾美耳球虫感染兔后,对兔的消化器官造成了极大的损害。     

中药和化学抗球虫药对兔球虫病的疗效对比试验

目的为比较中药和化学抗球虫药对兔球虫病的疗效。方法50只家兔随机均分为5组,Ⅰ组为无感染不用药空白对照组,Ⅱ~Ⅴ组各兔均感染,Ⅱ组为不用药对照组,Ⅲ组为中药组,Ⅳ组为地克珠利组,Ⅴ组为氯苯胍组,用药组饲喂含药饲料3天,兔人工感染混合球虫卵囊1×105个,观察效果。结果中药组与地克珠利组和氯苯胍组的抗球虫指数(AC I)分别为195、186和158,说明中药的抗球虫效果明显优于化学药物,两种化学药物中,地克珠利仍属高效抗球虫药,但氯苯胍的AC I仅为158,为低效抗球虫药;Ⅲ组家兔平均增重210.4 g,经t检验,与Ⅰ组、Ⅳ组比较差异显著(P<0.05),与Ⅱ组、Ⅴ组比较差异极显著(P<0.01)。结论本试验表明,中药对家兔球虫病有防治作用,并有促进家兔生长的作用。     

中药复方禽球灵抗鸡柔嫩艾美球虫的效果

采用人工感染发病方法，观察了中药复方禽球灵抗鸡柔嫩艾美球虫的效果。结果表明，lOg／kg禽球灵对柔嫩艾美球虫的感染有较好的预防效果。抗球虫指数(ACI)达151．48，血便分数较感染不给药组降低了48．22％，料肉比较感染不给药组降低了26．29％。     

球痢清等药物对人工感染兔肠球虫病的疗效观察

４８只３０日龄的大耳白杂种兔，试验接种感染兔肠球虫的５种混合的孢子化卵囊，将球痢清Ⅰ、球痢清Ⅱ、莫能霉素和氯苯胍分别拌在饲料中饲喂以比较它们的抗兔肠球虫的效果。通过临床观察，分析克粪便卵囊数的变化，记录增重、计算饲料转化率和对每组扑杀兔作病理组织学检查，结果表明：球痢清在抑制卵囊产生，减轻肠道病变、增重及饲料转化率方面效果明显，与莫能霉素相近，并显著优于氯苯胍．氯苯肌效果较差，几乎与接种不给药组相同，无显著性的差异。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -