pH值和温度对燕麦蛋白溶解与聚集特性的影响

为研究燕麦蛋白的理化性质,本研究采用碱提酸沉法提取燕麦蛋白,并分析不同pH值与温度对燕麦蛋白溶解性、ζ-电位和粒径分布的影响。结果表明,在等电点附近(pH值5.0),燕麦蛋白的表面电荷数最低,蛋白粒度较大,溶解性和乳化性较低。当pH值远离等电点时,燕麦蛋白的表面电荷增加,蛋白粒度逐渐减小,溶解度升高,乳化性也随之升高;随着温度升高(55～95℃),燕麦蛋白聚集体解离,粒度变小,溶解度增加,稳定性变好;温度进一步升高(121、130℃),燕麦蛋白重新聚集形成粒径较大的聚集体,溶解度降低,稳定性变差。本研究结果为燕麦蛋白资源的利用提供了重要的理论指导。     

Quality of Fats in Cookies as Affected by Storage and Addition of Oat Flakes

Changes in fats extracted from cookies stored for three or five weeks and containing different levels of oat flakes (10, 20, 30%) were investigated. The fats used for baking differed in fatty acid (FA) composition and contained 17.6–57.6% saturated (SFA), 0.8–46.8% trans FA (TFA), and 0.6–6.6% polyunsaturated FA (PUFA). Oat flakes were steam stabilized and were in the middle of their shelf‐life. Oat flakes contained 9.5% lipids in which linoleic acid (C 18:2 9c 12c) predominated, amounting to 42.7%. Increasing the content of oat flakes and the storage time of cookies resulted in increased values of primary and secondary fat oxidation products. Highest increases in PV values were found in cookies stored for three or five weeks, especially with a high content of oat flakes (30%). Secondary lipid oxidation products measured by AnV values increased with the time of storage. Highest increases in hydrolytic and oxidation products were associated with higher content (6.6%) of PUFA in utilized fats. Regarding the degree of oxidation, it appears safe to add as much as 30% of oat flakes to cookies when the storage time does not exceed three weeks.     

Effect of Nutrim Oat Bran and Flaxseed on Rheological Properties of Cakes

Cake shortening contents were replaced with Nutrim oat bran (OB) and flaxseed powder, and the effects of these substitutions on the physical and rheological properties of cakes were investigated. Cakes with shortening replaced up to 40% by weight possessed a volume similar to that of the control cake produced with shortening. Replacement using Nutrim OB and flaxseed powder revealed significant color changes in both the cake crust and crumb. At high levels of substitution, the cake crust became lighter, while the crumb darkened. At >40% by weight substitution with either Nutrim OB or flaxseed, the cakes displayed increased hardness; however, cohesiveness and springiness increased gradually with increasing substitution. Increased substitution with Nutrim OB caused an increase in the measured shear viscosity and oscillatory storage and loss moduli of the cakes. Increased substitution with flaxseed caused decreases in these rheological parameters. Additional rheological experiments were performed to elucidate changes in the formulations during the baking process and indicated an increase in the elasticity of the baked batter with decreasing shortening.     

铽对辣根叶肉细胞内矿质元素含量的影响

稀土（RE）在工业、农业、能源、军事、医药及环境等各领域的广泛应用,使其进入生态系统,从而成为影响生命系统的重要元素。然而,近百年来,世界各国科学家对RE作用于生物体的机理,尤其是作用于细胞（生命体结构和功能单元）的机理,困惑已久。众所周知,细胞内矿质元素为细胞生长发育提供物质基础。鉴此,本文以RE元素铽（Tb）为探针,以辣根叶肉细胞（去壁原生质体）为研究对象,采用X-射线衍射     

Effect of Hydrolyzing Enzymes on Wheat Bran Cell Wall Integrity and Protein Solubility

Wheat bran contains good quality protein, but given its location inside aleurone cells, this protein has restricted digestibility. The aim of this work was to liberate and solubilize wheat bran proteins via cell wall degradation by using carbohydrate‐hydrolyzing and proteolytic enzymes without causing extensive protein hydrolysis. Bran incubated with water (without added enzymes) for 16 h increased the solubilized organic nitrogen content from 14.0 to 42.8%. Enzymes with solely carbohydrate‐hydrolyzing activity increased the water‐soluble pentosan and reducing sugar contents but did not significantly increase protein solubilization or protein release from the aleurone cells. Enzymes with proteolytic activity significantly increased the solubilization of protein to 58.2% already at 4 h. Significant protein hydrolysis was detected with a high dosage of protease. However, based on light microscopy, the enzymatic treatment mainly modified the proteins in the subaleurone layer, and it was less effective on proteins inside the aleurone cells. With optimized protease treatment (3 h, 35°C, and 550 nkat/g), effective protein solubilization (>48%) without extensive protein hydrolysis (free amino nitrogen content <45 mg/L) was achieved. In conclusion, intensive solubilization of proteins in the subaleurone layer of wheat bran is possible by using exogenous enzymes with proteolytic activities.     

土壤施硒对茶树叶片硒及矿质元素含量的影响

以茶树为试材,亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠为硒源,采用土壤沟施的方式,进行田间试验,研究茶树叶片总硒、有机硒及K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe含量变化规律。结果表明,土壤施硒可显著提高叶片总硒和有机硒含量,叶片总硒含量随着施肥浓度增加显著升高,随着采样时间延长,先升高后降低,在施肥后5个月达到最大值。茶树对Se(VI)的吸收和转运能力远高于Se(IV),硒酸钠处理叶片总硒含量是亚硒酸钠处理的10.4~25.3倍。茶树吸收无机硒后大部分都转化为较为安全的有机硒,有机硒占总硒比例为91.6%~96.2%。土施不同浓度硒肥,叶片K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Fe含量呈现出波动式升降变化的特点,施硒显著提高嫩叶Zn含量,并显著降低老叶Ca、Fe含量,对叶片K、Mg含量无显著影响。     

镉胁迫对玉米幼苗抗氧化酶系统及矿质元素吸收的影响

通过水培实验研究了在10-6、10-5、10-4mol·L-1浓度下,Cd2＋胁迫对玉米幼苗抗氧化酶系统、丙二醛（MDA）含量、Cd积累及矿质元素吸收的影响,同时讨论了Cd2＋毒害的作用机理。结果表明,中、低浓度（10-6、10-5mol·L-1）Cd2＋胁迫下,玉米幼苗MDA含量与对照组相比没有显著变化;高浓度（10-4mol·L-1）Cd2＋胁迫后,MDA含量显著升高（P〈0.05）。Cd2＋胁迫初期,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均升高;随着胁迫时间的延长,除叶片中SOD和CAT活性略有上升外,其他抗氧化酶活性逐渐下降,高浓度组抗氧化酶活性下降最明显。植物吸收的Cd主要积累在根部,Cd2＋胁迫能干扰玉米对Fe、Cu、Zn、Mg等养分的吸收。     

温度对EGCG和柠檬酸活化土壤硅铝铁锰的影响

通过浸提试验研究了温度对浓度均为5 mmol/L的表没食子儿茶素没食子酸脂(EGCG)和柠檬酸活化漂洗水稻土和黄壤矿质元素的影响。结果表明:随温度升高,EGCG和柠檬酸对2种土壤Si、Al、Fe和Mn的活化量均不同程度增加,表明EGCG和柠檬酸活化土壤矿质元素的能力在高温季节将得以增强。相同温度下,从元素间比较来看,EGCG和柠檬酸对2种土壤元素的活化量大小均为AlSiFe(Mn),表明EGCG和柠檬酸作用下土壤Al较Si、Fe和Mn更易活化;柠檬酸对2种土壤Fe、Mn的活化量均为FeMn,而EGCG对漂洗水稻土为FeMn,对黄壤则为MnFe;从土壤间比较来看,EGCG和柠檬酸对2种土壤Si的活化量均为漂洗水稻土黄壤,对Al、Fe和Mn的活化量则为黄壤漂洗水稻土;从酚与酸的比较来看,柠檬酸对2种土壤Si、Al、Fe的活化量均显著高于EGCG,表明柠檬酸比EGCG对土壤Si、Al和Fe有更强的活化能力。     

铅胁迫对向日葵幼苗矿质元素吸收和积累的影响

以不同浓度铅胁迫的向日葵整株幼苗为试验材料,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定3个不同基因型向日葵中大量元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg)和微量元素(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn)的含量。结果表明:不同浓度铅胁迫下3个基因型植株中的矿质元素累积量有明显的不同。首先,相同浓度铅胁迫下不同基因型向日葵幼苗对矿质元素吸收和积累的表现不同;其次,不同浓度铅胁迫下相同基因型向日葵幼苗对矿质元素的吸收和积累存在显著的差异(Cu、Zn元素除外)。     

Removal of Heavy Metals from Soil Components and Soils by Natural Chelating Agents. Part II. Soil Extraction by Sugar Acids

Aqueous solutions of the natural chelatingagents D-gluconic acid and D-glucaric acid (D[+]-saccharic acid) were tested for their ability to remove heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu,Ni, Pb, Zn) from a soil polluted by long-term application of sewage sludge. Batch equilibrium experiments were performed undervariation of fundamental process parameters, i.e. pH value, sugaracid concentration, batch solution volume, solid:liquid ratioand number of treatment cycles.The extractability of heavy metals was low under near-neutral andslightly basic pH conditions. It increased drastically between pH12.0 and 13.0. Pb and Cu were preferentially extracted metals.Compared with the extraction efficiency of pH adequate puresodium hydroxide solutions, the sugar acids enhanced thesolubilisation of Pb and Cr especially. The metal depletion fromsoil was the highest when applying 20 or 50 g L^-1 solutionsof the chelating agents. Under strongly basic conditions solid:liquid ratios of 1:10 or 1:20 were proofed to be advantageous.Except Ni, multi-step extraction improved the metal removalstrongly. This effect was the greatest for Cr extraction. Underoptimised conditions the following metal extraction degrees wereachieved with strongly alkaline D-gluconic acid solutions: Ni 43%%, Cr 60%%, Cd 63%%,Zn 70%%, Pb 80%%, and Cu 84%%.     

CaCO_3对Cd和几种营养元素在红壤-黄豆系统中的调控作用

利用盆栽试验,通过研究CaCO3施用对Cd在红壤-黄豆系统中的迁移与分配和对几种营养元素在土壤以及黄豆叶片中含量变化的影响,探讨了CaCO3对Cd和几种营养元素在红壤-黄豆系统中的调控作用。结果表明,CaCO3施用能提高土壤pH值和交换态Ca含量,显著降低土壤交换态Cd含量,有效抑制黄豆植株对Cd的吸收和转运,从而达到修复土壤Cd污染的目的。同时,随着CaCO3施用量的增加,土壤交换态K,Mg,Zn,Mn等营养元素含量下降,黄豆叶片中这些元素含量也同时降低。CaCO3施用虽然能够降低土壤Cd的活性,有效抑制土壤Cd向植物地上部分迁移,显著降低黄豆各器官的Cd含量,但是黄豆叶片中营养元素含量下降的现象应该引起人们的注意。     

Effects of Acid Mist and Ascorbic Acid Treatment on the Growth,Stability of Leaf Membranes,Chlorophyll Content and Some Mineral Elements of Carthamus tinctorius,the Safflower

Safflower shoots were sprayed with either HNO₃,HCl and H₂SO₄ acid solutions of pH 2.0 ordistilled water as a control and then sprayed with 0and 100 mg L^-1 ascorbic acid solutions. In theabsence of ascorbic acid, membranes of leaf discsexcised from acid misted plants were more injured bydehydration (40% polyethylene glycol, P.E.G.) andheat (51 °C) stress than those taken fromunmisted plants. Safflower plants sprayed with HCl andH₂SO₄ solutions had lower contents ofchlorophyll (Chl.), soluble sugars (S.S.),hydrolysable carbohydrates (H.C.), soluble proteins(S.P.); total free amino acids (T.A.A.) and producedless biomass in their shoot and root systems than theunacidified control. The reverse held true in theplants received HNO₃ solution. Proline contentincreased with exposure to an HCl acid mist of pH 2.0.An acid spray of pH 2.0 did not affect shoot Na⁺,K⁺ and Mg²⁺ content but reduced theircontents in the root. Shoot and root Ca²⁺contents were substantially lower in acid sprayedplants than in the unsprayed analogues. Ascorbic acidtreatment counteracted the deleterious effects of acidmist on the parameters tested, effectively protectingthe plant membranes from dehydration and heat stressinjury. Ascorbic acid protection was more pronouncedin plants that received HCl solution (e.g. chlorophyllcontent was about three-fold higher than that ofascorbic acid untreated analogues) in contrast toeither HNO₃ or H₂SO₄ treated plants.The effects of single factors, acid mist (pH),ascorbic acid (A.A.) and their interaction (pH × A.A)on the parameters tested were statisticallysignificant. The coefficient of determination(η²) indicated that: (1) acid mist (pH) hada dominant role in affecting the stability of leafmembrane to dehydration stress, Chl content, shootlength and dry mass production, shoot S.P. and H.C.,and root S.S., S.P., T.A.A., Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺contents. (2) The effect of ascorbic acid (A.A.) wasdominant for shoot Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ andproline contents as well as for root H.C. (3) Theshare of pH × AA. interaction was dominant for thestability of leaf membrane to heat stress, root dryweight, shoot S.S., T.A.A. and root Na⁺ content.(4) The role of pH and A.A. was equally dominant inaffecting root length.     

Effect of Extrusion on Hypocholesterolemic Properties of Rice,Oat, Corn,and Wheat Bran Diets in Hamsters

Brans from rice, oats, corn, and wheat were cooked in a twin-screw extruder at either high or low energy input, and their cholesterol-lowering effects were compared with those of unprocessed brans when fed to four-week-old male golden Syrian hamsters (n = 10 per treatment) for three weeks. Peanut oil was added to oat, corn, and wheat bran during the extrusion process to match the oil content of rice bran. Diets contained 10% total dietary fiber, 10.3% fat, 3% nitrogen, and 0.3% cholesterol. Plasma and liver cholesterol and total liver lipids were significantly lower with low-energy extruded wheat bran compared with unprocessed wheat bran. Extrusion did not alter the hypocholesterolemic effects of rice, oat, or corn brans. Plasma and liver cholesterol levels with corn bran were similar to those with oat bran. Relative cholesterol-lowering effects of the brans, determined with pooled (extruded and unextruded) bran data, were rice bran > oat bran > corn bran > wheat bran. Rice bran diets resulted in significantly lower levels of total plasma cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with all other brans. Total liver cholesterol and liver cholesterol concentrations (mg/g) were significantly lower with high-energy extruded rice bran compared with the cellulose control group. Plasma cholesterol and total liver cholesterol values with low-energy extruded wheat bran were similar to those with rice bran (unextruded or extruded) diets. Lowered cholesterol with rice bran diets may result in part from greater lipid and sterol excretion with these diets. Results with low-energy extruded wheat bran suggest that this type of processing may improve the potential for lowering cholesterol with wheat bran products.     

Responses in Some Growth and Mineral Elements of Mono Maple Seedlings to Enhanced Ultraviolet-B and to Nitrogen Supply

The effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) and nitrogen supply on the growth and mineral elements of mono maple (Acer mono Maxim) seedlings were studied in open semi-field conditions. Mono maple is a common species in reforestation processes in the southeast of the Qinhai-Tibetan Plateau of China. The experimental design included two levels of UV-B treatments (ambient UV-B, 11.02 KJ/m²/day; enhanced UV-B, 14.33 KJ/m²/day) and two nitrogen levels (0; 20 g N/m²/a). No visible symptoms of nutrient deficiency were observed in seedlings grown under enhanced UV-B radiation during the experiment. However, there was visible damage of enhanced UV-B radiation on leaves. Enhanced UV-B significantly reduced plant height and biomass of plants, and changed biomass allocation between organs under supplemental nitrogen supply, which lead to a decrease in root/shoot ratio. On the other hand, nitrogen supply significantly increased plant height and biomass under ambient UV-B, whereas it reduced root mass and root weight ratio, and increased stem mass and stem weight ratio under enhanced UV-B. In addition, enhanced UV-B radiation and nitrogen supply significantly affected the concentration and allocation of most nutrients in various organs, and nitrogen supply could changed the effects of enhanced UV-B on mineral element in plant parts to some extent, which may have significant impacts on nutrient cycling and may lead to the disorder of nutrient balanced and influence the growth of plants.     

钙镁泥对不同土壤pH及部分元素有效性的影响

通过恒温培养试验,探究不同用量钙泥、镁泥对砖红壤、红壤以及石灰性褐土的改良效果。结果表明:不同用量钙泥、镁泥均不同程度地提高了土壤pH值,且以镁泥对砖红壤pH值的增幅最大;低量钙泥、镁泥提高了红壤、石灰性褐土有效P含量,高量镁泥提高了砖红壤有效P含量;3种土壤水溶性钙、镁和活性铁、铝、锰含量均随钙泥、镁泥添加量的增加而增加,这主要与钙泥、镁泥本身的性质有关。相关性分析表明,钙泥、镁泥处理不同土壤的pH值、有效P、水溶性Ca和Mg以及活性Fe、Al、Mn含量均存在一定的相关性。总体来说,镁泥对土壤pH、有效P含量影响大于钙泥,而钙泥对土壤中水溶性Ca、Mg和活性Fe、Al、Mn含量影响较镁泥大。钙泥、镁泥对酸性土壤具有良好的改良效果。     

氮肥运筹对寒地水稻籽粒植酸、蛋白质和矿质元素的影响

为探究寒地水稻优质栽培的氮肥施用方式,以粳稻品种垦粳7号和垦粳8号为试验材料,通过2年(2017-2018年)田间试验,设置4种氮肥运筹方式:习惯施肥(T1,施氮量150 kg·hm^-2,基肥:蘖肥:穗肥=6:3:1)、氮肥后移1(T2,施氮量150 kg·hm^-2,基肥:蘖肥:穗肥=4:3:3)、基于T2的减氮施肥(T3,施氮量135 kg·hm^-2,基肥:蘖肥:穗肥=4:3:3)和氮肥后移2(T4,施氮量150 kg·hm^-2,基肥:蘖肥:穗肥=5:3:2),其中以T1为对照,研究氮肥运筹对寒地水稻籽粒植酸、总蛋白质及组分、矿质元素含量的影响及其互作效应。结果表明,氮肥、品种对水稻籽粒中植酸含量的影响均达显著或极显著水平。与T1相比,T2、T3和T4水稻籽粒中植酸含量平均分别显著降低了31.92%、48.94%和21.28%;T2、T3和T4水稻籽粒中清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白以及总蛋白质含量均增加,且T2作用效果更明显,分别较T1显著提高了0.14、0.10、0.45和0.60个百分点(2017年两品种均值);T2和T3的醇溶蛋白含量略有降低,T4则略有增加,但与T1差异均不显著;T2和T3水稻籽粒中Cu、Mn、Fe、Ca、K、Zn含量均增加,且T2增加更明显,T4水稻籽粒中各矿质元素含量变化则无明显规律。通过分析氮肥运筹下水稻籽粒植酸含量与蛋白质、8种矿质元素含量的相关性可知,植酸含量与总蛋白质、清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白以及Cu、Mn、Fe、Zn、Ca、Mg、K含量均呈负相关,其中与球蛋白含量和2018年Zn和Ca含量呈显著负相关。综上所述,氮肥平衡分配能降低水稻籽粒中植酸含量,增加总蛋白质和矿质元素含量,有效改善蛋白质组分,从而提高稻米营养品质。本研究结果为寒地稻米的优质栽培的氮肥运筹方式提供了理论依据。     

叶面过量施硒对玉米产量、硒和矿质营养元素含量的影响

为了明确过量施硒对作物生长的毒害效应,为合理施用硒肥提供依据,本研究在田间条件下探究了叶面过量施硒对糯玉米京科糯2000和普通玉米郑单958两个品种产量、硒含量和矿质营养元素含量的影响。结果表明,叶面喷硒量(亚硒酸钠)≤0.2 g·L^-1时,京科糯2000植株生物量和籽粒产量与对照(不喷硒)相比持平或略有增加,未表现出毒害效应;京科糯2000在叶面喷硒量≥0.5 g·L^-1时,郑单958在叶面喷硒量≥0.1 g·L^-1时,其植株生物量和籽粒产量均明显降低;随着叶面喷硒浓度的增加,两品种玉米籽粒硒含量均逐步增加,郑单958产量和籽粒硒含量的变化幅度高于京科糯2000。叶面喷硒可显著提高玉米籽粒锌和铁的吸收量,对铜、磷、镁和钙的吸收基本无影响,但抑制硼的吸收。总体来看,过量施硒抑制2个不同品种玉米生长,造成产量下降,但可提高籽粒硒、锌和铁的营养水平。本研究对玉米微量元素营养调控具有一定的借鉴指导意义。     

Effects of Commercial Processing on Antioxidants in Rice Bran

Rice bran contains high amounts of beneficial antioxidants including tocopherols, tocotrienols, and oryzanols. Current rice milling technology produces rice bran from different layers of the kernel caryopsis. Under current practices, these layers are combined and then steam‐extruded to form a stabilized rice bran pellet that is storage‐safe prior to oil extraction. Each of these rice bran intermediates can vary in antioxidant content. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in selected antioxidants in rice bran from both long‐ and medium‐grain rice during commercial milling and bran processing. Rice bran collected from various milling breaks of a commercial system had varying antioxidant levels. Bran collected after milling break 2 had the highest levels of tocopherol and tocotrienol. Oryzanol concentration was significantly higher in outer bran layers. Results also indicate that the long‐grain rice bran averaged ≈15% more antioxidants than the medium‐grain rice bran.     

不同浓度螯合剂和浸提时间对土壤磷素提取效果研究

为确定螯合剂活化土壤磷素的最佳浓度和最优浸提时间,参考水肥一体化技术,在室内浸提条件下,研究了不同浓度(0,0.05,0.1,0.25,0.5,1.0g/L)乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和柠檬酸螯合剂(pH=4)在不同浸提时间(1,12,24,48,72h)下对粮田、菜田土壤和有效磷被钝化后菜田土壤中磷素提取效果。结果表明:EDTA和柠檬酸在粮田土壤上对磷素提取中最佳条件为螯合剂浓度0.05g/L,浸提时间12h。EDTA和柠檬酸在菜田土壤、明矾钝化和混合钝化(明矾∶白云石为1∶1)菜田土壤上提取磷素的最佳条件为螯合剂浓度0.5g/L,浸提时间12h;而在白云石钝化土壤中则为螯合剂浓度0.5g/L,浸提时间1h。总体来看,柠檬酸的活化提取磷素效果优于EDTA,尤其是在采用明矾和白云石钝化的土壤上。