抗虫杂交棉慈抗杂3号若干生育与生理特性的杂种优势研究

慈抗杂3号与两亲本和泗棉3号、中棉所29的若干生育与生理特性的杂种优势的研究结果表明,慈抗杂3号单株现蕾数比两亲本平均高14.75%,比泗棉3号(CK1)和中棉所29(CK2)分别高34.01%和15.04%;结铃高峰期日增铃数比父、母本分别高18.03%和16.60%,比CK1高28.57%,与CK2无显著差异。现蕾期叶绿素含量慈抗杂3号略高于亲本及CK1,比CK2显著低10.14%;初花期、盛花期和始絮期均高于亲本和对照。盛花期开始慈抗杂3号保持较高水平的SOD与POD活性,使其清除O 2与H2O2的活性氧能力明显提高;与此同时MDA含量显著低于亲本和对照。从而保证了生育中后期旺盛的营养生长和生殖生长。     

种植密度和EDTA对短季棉活性氧代谢及铃重的影响

采用裂区设计，研究了种植密度和ＥＤＴＡ对短季棉活性氧代谢和铃重的影响。结果表明，随密度上升，短季棉功能叶中ＳＯＤ活性、ＭＤＡ含量分别呈显著下降和增高趋势，幼蕾、花中ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性呈下降趋势。但密度在６万～９万株·ｈｍ－２范围内，随密度增加并不会导致幼蕾、花中ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ活性的显著下降。ＥＤＴＡ减缓了功能叶中ＳＯＤ活性下降和脂质过氧化产物的积累，提高叶绿素和蛋白质含量，延缓叶片衰老；增强幼蕾、花中ＳＯＤ和ＰＯＤ活性，具增铃增铃重的效果。同时，密度在９万株·ｈｍ－２时，ＥＤＴＡ的增铃重效应较佳，且总铃数和伏桃比例也高     

钙肥对金秋梨果实生理特性的影响

与健康果相比，金秋梨病果全钙、水提取态和1mol/L NaCl提取态钙含量减少，病果的N／Ca比、果胶甲脂酶（PEA）活性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化物酶（POD）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量较高。幼果期喷钙能显著增加平均单果重，降低发病率，改善果实品质，并可增加果实全钙，水提取态和1mol/L NaCl提取态钙组分，能降低果实N／Ca比、PEA、SOD、POD活性及MDA含量。     

不同短季棉品种衰老过程生化机理的研究

本文对中棉所16等5个短季棉品种大田栽培条件下的第10叶片和盆栽子叶附体或离体状态下某些生化变化作了研究。结果表明，中棉所16及姊妹系中427的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质降解慢、幅度小。超氧物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性强。中棉所10的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质降解快、幅度大。SOD、POD、CAT活性小     

低酚棉与普通陆地棉超氧物歧化酶及酯酶的比较研究

本文研究了低酚棉和普通棉萌发种子子叶和胚根超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性及其同工酶和酯酶(ER)同工酶,结果表明,低酚棉子叶中SOD活性比普通棉低,胚根SOD活性差异不显著,但子叶和胚根的SOD同工酶比普通棉多1～2条酶带.两个棉花类型间醋酶同工酶酶谱差异不显著.不同器官间,子叶SOD活性比胚根的低,其酯酶同工酶比胚根的多2条酶带.     

超低水分贮藏对几种高油分种子生理特性的影响

试验对超低水分贮藏的四种高油分种子生理特性变化进行了研究。结果表明,油菜、萝卜种子活力与浸泡液电导率呈负相关,而不同活力的芝麻种子浸泡液电导率间无显著差异。经50℃老化贮藏14天后,超低水分的油菜、萝卜种子能保持较高的脱氢酶活性(油菜种子水分:0.7%～3.3%,萝卜种子水分:0.9%～3.2%)和过氧化物酶活性(油菜种子水分:0.7%～2.8%.萝卜种子水分:0.9%～3.2%)。高温贮藏后,水分为1.2%～3.0%的油菜种子活力较强,具较高的超氧物歧化酶活性。油菜、萝卜、种子内源激素脱落酸(ABA)的含量随种子活力下降而显著上升,水分为5.1%(低活力)的油菜种子ABA含量是水分为1.2%(高活力)种子的3.7倍,萝卜种子胚中轴(胚本部)中ABA含量大大高于子叶中的含量,前者是后者的3～6倍。     

涝渍逆境下玉米叶片超氧物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性与抗涝性的关系

研究了夏玉米单交种苏玉１号及其亲本自交系叶片内活性氧酶性清除系统中的超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性与玉米抗涝性的关系。淹水过程中，耐涝的母本苏８０－１叶片中两种酶活性均比不耐涝的父本黄早四较少地受抑制，丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的积累量也较少。表明两亲本自交系间耐涝性的差异与其抵御活性氧毒害能力的强弱有关。杂交种（Ｆ１）则显示体内清除系统对涝渍的耐受性与其母本相仿，由于兼具生长的优势，因而     

棉花杂种一代和二代SOD酶和POD酶活性及光合特性的研究初报

对４个杂交棉组合一代和二代不同发育时期ＳＯＤ酶和ＰＯＤ酶活性及光合特性进行了研究。结果表明，杂种Ｆ１和Ｆ２盛花期叶绿素含量因组合不同有差异，ａ／ｂ值均在２．８左右；盛花期光合速率同一组合世代或不同组合世代差异不明显，结铃期Ｆ１光合速率比Ｆ２大，光合作用能力强，不同组合世代子棉产的大小与净光合速率呈高度正相关。Ｆ１和Ｆ２盛花期ＳＯＤ酶和ＰＯＤ酶活性分别接近平均水平，但组合世代间有差异。结铃期ＳＯＤ酶活性Ｆ１比Ｆ２平均略高，比盛花期稳定上升，ＰＯＤ酶活性Ｆ１比Ｆ２明显升高.     

稀土对水分胁迫下棉花幼苗膜脂过氧化作用的影响

稀二元素能明显增加聚已二醇(PEG)水分协迫下棉花叶片的相对含水量,减少水分的丢失,提高其保水能力。稀土处理的棉花叶片,超氧物歧化酶、过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性增加,其中超氧物歧化酶活性与稀土浓度呈正相关。膜脂的过氧化声物丙二醛含量减少,质膜透性降低,提高了棉花的抗旱性。     

清除活性氧酶类对棉花早熟不早衰特性的遗传影响

本研究对父本短季棉早熟早衰类型品种中棉所１０号、母本晚熟类型辽棉７号、子代早熟不早衰类型中棉所１６进行了清除活性氧毒害的酶类ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ、ＣＡＴ等进行了分析。母本中棉所１０号ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ、ＣＡＴ活性小,不能及时清除体内活性氧的危害,致使未老先衰,过早丧失光合能力,造成低产;父本辽棉７号的ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ、ＣＡＴ的活性前期强后期稳而不降,致使晚熟;子代中棉所１６结合了两者优点,生长特性早熟不早衰,青枝绿叶吐白絮、高产稳产,其生化特点与其特性较一致,ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ、ＣＡＴ活性强,后期平稳下降,使其早熟不早衰。说明清除自由基酶类在早熟不早衰特性育种中有良好的遗传影响和选择效果     

Effects of Enhanced Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Physiological Characteristics of Nitrogen Metabolism in Cotton Seedlings(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on the physiological characteristics of nitrogen metabolism were examined in two transgenic Bt cotton cultivars, 29317 and 29312, under hydroponic conditions. UV-B was artificially applied via filtered lamps at three levels: 0(CK), 2.7 and 5.4 kJ·m^-2·d^-1. Our results showed that UV-B radiation decreased shoot dry weight, but had no impact on root dry weight accumulation. At 2.7 kJ·m^-2·d^-1 UV-B radiation, no significant difference in total nitrogen content compared with the control was observed. However, high levels of UV-B radiation at 5.4 kJ·m^-2·d^-1 significantly increased the total nitrogen content. Further physiological studies revealed that UV-B radiation upregulated nitrate reductase activity, glutamine synthetase activity, protease activity, and peptidase activity. Higher contents of soluble protein and total free amino acids were induced by UV-B radiation. The results suggested that UV-B radiation promoted protein synthesis and degradation, which accelerated nitrogen metabolism in cotton seedlings. Enhanced nitrogen metabolism may be a protective response to UV-B radiation damage.     

打顶后涂抹萘乙酸对海岛棉根系活力及丙二醛含量的影响

为了揭示新疆棉花栽培技术中“打顶”措施与棉花早衰问题之间的关系,在水培条件下研究了低氮(1.0×10-3 mol·L-1)和高氮(4.0×10-3 mol· L-1)两种供氮水平下,不打顶、打顶、打顶后涂抹羊毛脂和打顶后涂抹羊毛脂+萘乙酸处理对棉花功能叶丙二醛含量和根系活力的影响.结果表明:在两种供氮水平下,棉花打顶、打顶后涂抹羊毛脂和涂抹羊毛脂+萘乙酸处理比不打顶处理根系活力增幅分别为94.4％～110.0％、55.9％～85.7％和51.5％～147.4％,差异显著;丙二醛(MDA)含量增幅分别为12.0％～17.3％、5.2％～6.5％和9.7％～10.9％,差异不显著.打顶和打顶后涂抹萘乙酸可促进棉花根系生长,提高根系活力和总吸收面积.     

光合作用信号途径调控陆地棉矮化的机理研究

【目的】了解光合作用信号途径基因调控陆地棉矮化的机理。【方法】以现蕾期陆地棉矮化突变体LA-1及其近等基因系LH-1茎尖为材料,通过同位素标记相对和绝对定量(Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation, i TRAQ)结合液相质谱串联(LC-MS/MS)的定量蛋白质组学技术及定量反转录-聚合酶链式反应(Quantitative reverse-polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR)技术,分析两种材料中蛋白水平及m RNA水平基因表达情况,并通过生理生化方法检测两种材料光合能力差异。【结果】光合作用信号途径差异表达蛋白PsbO、PsaE、PsaH、PetF-1、PetF-2在LA-1中表达量下调,PetC和delta表达量上调。m RNA水平,除delta基因在两种材料中表达量无显著差别外,其它基因与蛋白水平具有同样的表达趋势。现蕾后,LA-1的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(Cond)显著小于LH-1,蒸腾速率(Tr)极显著小于LH-1,而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)无显著差异。与LH-1相比,LA-1的实际光化学效率(Y_Ⅱ)、光系统Ⅱ(PS Ⅱ)的潜在活性(F_v/F_0)显著减少,叶绿素荧光非光化学猝灭(NPQ)显著增大。【结论】陆地棉矮化突变体LA-1的矮化与光合作用信号途径存在相关性,为进一步研究LA-1矮化的分子机理及棉花的矮化育种提供基础。     

Regulatory Mechanism of the Photosynthetic Pathway in Dwarfed Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

[Objective] Here, we examined the mechanism of the photosynthetic pathway in dwarfed upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). [Methods] The upland cotton dwarf line LA-1 and the near-isogenic line LH-1 were used as research materials. We screened for dwarf-related differentially expressed genes at protein and mRNA levels by applying the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation method in combination with LC-MS/MS quantitative proteomic technology and quantitative reverse-polymerase chain reaction. The difference in the photosynthetic abilities between the two materials were detected using physiological and biochemical methods. [Results] An analysis on the differential expression of proteins encoded by photosynthetic system elements revealed that PsbO, PsaE, PsaH, PetF-1 and PetF-2 were down-regulated, while PetC and delta were up-regulated in LA-1. The expression trends of the mRNA levels were the same as at the protein levels, except for those of the delta gene. The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in LA-1 were lower than those LH-1, but the intercellular CO₂ concentration was not significantly different after budding. This indicated that the non-stomatal factor led to a decreased net photosynthetic rate in LA-1. Chlorophyll fluorescence detection revealed that the actual photosynthetic efficiency and potential photochemical activity of photosystem II in LA-1 were significantly decreased, while non-photochemical quenching was significantly increased. [Conclusion] The dwarfism of LA-1 is related to the photosynthetic pathway, and the results lay a foundation for exploring key dwarf-related genes and the molecular basis for dwarfism in upland cotton.     

氮素水平对棉花幼苗生长和光合特性的影响

为研究氮素水平对棉花幼苗生长和光合特性的影响,测定了营养液培养下棉苗的生长指标、叶绿素含量及光合作用参数等指标.结果表明:棉花幼苗地上部干重、叶绿素a+b、叶绿素a/b、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、PSⅡ的潜在活性、PSⅡ光化学最大效率均随氮浓度的增加呈先升高后降低趋势.棉花幼苗生长的最适宜氮浓度为4 mmol·L-1;随处理时间延长,处理间差异先增加后减少,处理第12天时,除根冠比外,各指标均与氮浓度极显著相关;气孔导度和净光合速率对氮素的响应最为灵敏;鲁棉研28各光合指标下降程度大于银瑞361和农大棉8号,3个品种对氮素敏感性依次为:鲁棉研28＞银瑞361＞农大棉8号.     

海岛棉棉铃发育过程中糖与纤维素含量变化

 以两个主栽海岛棉品种新海21提高系和新海28（YX-193和XH-28）为材料,在南疆膜下滴灌条件下于2006和2007年对海岛棉棉铃发育过程中糖与纤维素含量的变化进行了研究。结果表明,随铃龄的增长,铃壳、种子和纤维中糖含量变化呈单峰曲线,即自花后快速上升,21～28 d达到最大值,随后迅速下降,到吐絮期降至最低;纤维素于花后14 d左右开始大量合成,含量至吐絮期达最大值;纤维中可溶性固形物含量随着铃龄增加不断减小。棉铃不同部位的可溶性糖、还原糖含量及转移率表现为纤维＞种子＞铃壳。YX-193铃壳、种子两种糖的转移率较XH-28略高,说明它“装载”和“转运”能力强,有利于纤维发育。     

QTL analysis for early-maturing traits in cotton using two upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crosses

Making use of the markers linked closely to QTL for early-maturing traits for MAS (Marker-assisted selection) is an effective method for the simultaneous improvement of early maturity and other properties in cotton. In this study, two F₂ populations and their F_2:3 families were generated from the two upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crosses, Baimian2 × TM-1 and Baimian2 × CIR12. QTL for early-maturing traits were analyzed using F_2:3 families. A total of 54 QTL (31 suggestive and 23 significant) were detected. Fourteen significant QTL had the LOD scores not only > 3 but also exceeding permutation threshold. At least four common QTL, qBP-17 for bud period (BP), qGP-17a/qGP-17b (qGP-17) for growth period (GP), qYPBF-17a/qYPBF-17b (qYPBF-17) for yield percentage before frost (YPBF) and qHFFBN-17 for height of first fruiting branch node (HFFBN), were found in both populations. These common QTL should be reliable and could be used for MAS to facilitate early maturity. The common QTL, qBP-17, had a LOD score not only > 3 but also exceeding permutation threshold, explaining 12.6% of the phenotypic variation. This QTL should be considered preferentially in MAS. Early-maturing traits of cotton are primarily controlled by dominant and over-dominant effects.     

水分胁迫对棉花幼苗水分利用和光合特性的影响

以转基因棉花品种农大棉8号和鲁棉研28号为材料进行盆栽试验,设置正常处理(CK)、轻度胁迫(LS)、中度胁迫(MS)、重度胁迫(SS)和极度胁迫(ES)5个水分处理。结果表明:随着水分胁迫程度的加重,棉花幼苗的生长受到明显的抑制,2个品种的叶片相对含水率、叶水势、净光合速率(Pn)、光能利用率(LUE)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ光化学量子效率(φPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)呈下降趋势;气孔限制值(Ls)、水分利用率(WUE)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)呈上升趋势。两品种的Pn和NPQ的MS、SS和ES与CK相比差异显著,不同测定时期各胁迫处理的平均Pn比CK分别下降了11.5%、18.1%、32.1%和38.1%;平均NPQ比CK上升了24.1%、50.9%、79.4%和145.1%。表明棉花幼苗期持续轻度水分胁迫对叶片光合能力无显著影响,但高于中度的持续水分胁迫会造成叶片光合能力下降和光抑制加重。     

几种陆地棉腋芽快速繁殖的研究

以陆地棉的三个品种 (系 )棕色棉 ( X0 0 7)、绿色棉 ( X0 0 8)和白色棉 coker31 2为材料 ,进行不同培养条件下棉花幼苗腋芽快速繁殖的比较试验。分析了不同棉花品种 (系 )基因型、不同培养基类型、以及不同无菌苗苗龄对腋芽快速繁殖的影响因子 ,初步建立了陆地棉腋芽的诱导、伸长、生根、壮苗和移栽的技术体系 ,并将该技术体系在转acs B基因彩色棉品系的扩繁上得到了较理想的应用