Stable oxygen-hydrogen isotopes reveal water use strategies of Tamarix taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert,China

Tamarix taklamakanensis,a dominant species in the Taklimakan Desert of China,plays a crucial role in stabilizing sand dunes and maintaining regional ecosystem stability.This study aimed to determine the water use strategies of T.taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert under a falling groundwater depth.Four typical T.taklamakanensis nabkha habitats(sandy desert of Tazhong site,saline desert-alluvial plain of Qiemo site,desert-oasis ecotone of Qira site and desert-oasis ecotone of Aral site)were selected with different climate,soil,groundwater and plant cover conditions.Stable isotope values of hydrogen and oxygen were measured for plant xylem water,soil water(soil depths within 0–500 cm),snowmelt water and groundwater in the different habitats.Four potential water sources for T.taklamakanensis,defined as shallow,middle and deep soil water,as well as groundwater,were investigated using a Bayesian isotope mixing model.It was found that groundwater in the Taklimakan Desert was not completely recharged by precipitation,but through the river runoff from snowmelt water in the nearby mountain ranges.The surface soil water content was quickly depleted by strong evaporation,groundwater depth was relatively shallow and the height of T.taklamakanensis nabkha was relatively low,thus T.taklamakanensis primarily utilized the middle(23%±1%)and deep(31%±5%)soil water and groundwater(36%±2%)within the sandy desert habitat.T.taklamakanensis mainly used the deep soil water(55%±4%)and a small amount of groundwater(25%±2%)within the saline desert-alluvial plain habitat,where the soil water content was relatively high and the groundwater depth was shallow.In contrast,within the desert-oasis ecotone in the Qira and Aral sites,T.taklamakanensis primarily utilized the deep soil water(35%±1%and 38%±2%,respectively)and may also use groundwater because the height of T.taklamakanensis nabkha was relatively high in these habitats and the soil water content was relatively low,which is associated with the reduced groundwater depth due to excessive water resource exploitation and utilization by surrounding cities.Consequently,T.taklamakanensis showed distinct water use strategies among the different habitats and primarily depended on the relatively stable water sources(deep soil water and groundwater),reflecting its adaptations to the different habitats in the arid desert environment.These findings improve our understanding on determining the water sources and water use strategies of T.taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert.     

郁金香病害的发生与综合防治措施

郁金香属百合科郁金香属多年生鳞茎草本植物,又称洋荷花、草麝香、牡丹百合等,是风靡世界的切花之一,用作花篮、花束和插瓶等装饰品制作,每年的销售量十分巨大,种植者经济效益高。随着产业结构的调整,江苏省许多地方形成郁金香鲜切花基地,但在生产过程中,我们发现每个环节都有可能受到真菌、细菌、病毒病的危害,从而影响到植株的正常生长,降低切花的品质和观赏性,严重时会造成毁灭性危害。因此,防治郁金香病害的发生及发展,是切花生产者首先要考虑的问题。现将郁金香生产中常见的病害发其防治方法介绍如下,以便与广大读者共飨。     

Assessment of river basin habitat quality and its relationship with disturbance factors: A case study of the Tarim River Basin in Northwest China

The status of regional biodiversity is determined by habitat quality.The effective assessment of habitat quality can help balance the relationship between economic development and biodiversity conservation.Therefore,this study used the InVEST model to conduct a dynamic evaluation of the spatial and temporal changes in habitat quality of the Tarim River Basin in southern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China by calc ulating the degradation degree levels for habitat types that were caused by threat factors from 1990 to 2018(represented by four periods of 1990,2000,2010 and 2018).Specifically,we used spatial autocorrelation analysis and Getis-Ord Gi*analysis to divide the study area into three heterogeneous units in terms of habitat quality:cold spot areas,hot spot areas and random areas.Hemeroby index,population density,gross domestic product(GDP),altitude and distance from water source(DWS)were then chosen as the main disturbance factors.Linear correlation and spatial regression models were subsequently used to analyze the influences of disturbance factors on habitat quality.The results demonstrated that the overall level of habitat quality in the TRB was poor,showing a continuous degradation state.The intensity of the negative correlation between habitat quality and Hemeroby index was proven to be strongest in cold spot areas,hot spot areas and random areas.The spatial lag model(SLM)was better suited to spatial regression analysis due to the spatial dependence of habitat quality and disturbance factors in heterogeneous units.By analyzing the model,Hemeroby index was found to have the greatest impact on habitat quality in the studied four periods(1990,2000,2010 and2018).The research results have potential guiding significance for the formulation of reasonable management policies in the TRB as well as other river basins in arid areas.     

Long-term variations in runoff of the Syr Darya River Basin under climate change and human activities

In this study,we analyzed the hydrological and meteorological data from the Syr Darya River Basin during the period of 1930–2015 to investigate variations in river runoff and the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff.The Syr Darya River,which is supplied by snow and glacier meltwater upstream,is an important freshwater source for Central Asia,as nearly half of the population is concentrated in this area.River runoff in this arid region is sensitive to climate change and human activities.Therefore,estimation of the climatic and hydrological changes and the quantification of the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff are of great concern and important for regional water resources management.The long-term trends of hydrological time series from the selected 11 hydrological stations in the Syr Darya River Basin were examined by non-parametric methods,including the Pettitt change point test and Mann-Kendall trend tests.It was found that 8 out of 11 hydrological stations showed significant downward trends in river runof f.Change of river runoff variations occurred in the year around 1960.Moreover,during the study period(1930–2015),annual mean temperature,annual precipitation,and annual potential evapotranspiration in the river basin increased substantially.We employed hydrological sensitivity method to evaluate the impacts of climate change and human activities on river runoff based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration.It was estimated that human activities accounted for over 82.6%–98.7%of the reduction in river runoff,mainly owing to water withdrawal for irrigation purpose.The observed variations in river runoff can subsequently lead to adverse ecological consequences from an ecological and regional water resources management perspective.     

水稻僵苗的原因及防治对策

水稻秧苗僵苗的症状表现是植株矮小,叶片细瘦,直立不披散,稻丛呈簇立状,根细而稀,新根少。根据秧苗初期因僵苗程度不同,长相长势有所区别,大致可分3个阶段：发僵,为黄化阶段,叶色较淡,矮小萎黄,锈根多,白根少,呈现出营养不良的症状;以后随着生理缺磷程度的加重,进入蓝化阶段，叶色暗绿发蓝，有的黄中带红，叶片沿纵脉呈环状卷曲，老根直伸向下，根毛稀少，这是由于生理缺磷影响能量代谢，使光合作用产物的运输受到严重阻碍导致的；僵苗严重时为红化阶段，老叶变红色，其余叶片除最新抽出叶呈全绿色外，均有不同程度的叶尖枯焦，远看苗色发红。     

实施植物检疫行政许可中的问题及改进建议

国内农业植物检疫（以下简称植物检疫）是以法律法规为依据、检疫技术为后盾、植物检疫行政许可和执法监督为保障来控制农业有害生物传播、蔓延、危害,达到促进农产品流通,保护农业生态,确保农业生产高产、优质、高效的目的。植物检疫行政许可在植物检疫工作中起着关键的作用。现把江山市2005年以来贯彻实施《行政许可法》和农业部有关农业行政许可规定过程中的有关情况概述如下。     

Spatiotemporal variation of forest land and its driving factors in the agropastoral ecotone of northern China

As an important natural resource,forest land plays a key role in the maintenance of ecological security.However,variations of forest land in the agropastoral ecotone of northern China(AENC)have attracted little attention.Taking the AENC as an example and based on remote-sensing images from 2000,2010 to 2020,we explored the spatiotemporal variation of forest land and its driving factors using the land-use transfer matrix,spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial error model.The results showed that from 2000 to 2020,the total area of forest land in the AENC increased from 75,547.52 to 77,359.96 km² and the changes were dominated by the transformations among forest land,grassland and cropland,which occurred mainly in areas with the elevation of 500-2000 m and slope of 15°-25°.There was obvious spatial agglomeration of forest land in the AENC from 2000 to 2020,with hot spots of forest land gathered in the southern marginal areas of the Yanshan Mountains and the low mountainous and hilly areas of the Loess Plateau.The sub-hot spots around hot spots moved southward,the sub-cold spots spread to the surrounding areas and the cold spots disappeared.The spatiotemporal variation of forest land resulted from the interactions of natural environment,socioeconomic and policy factors from 2000 to 2020.The variables of average annual precipitation,slope,terrain relief,ecological conversion program and afforestation policy for barren mountains affected the spatial pattern of forest land positively,while those of annual average temperature,slope and road network density influenced it negatively.     

Emergy-based study on eco-economic system of arid and semi-arid region: a case of Gansu province, China

Taking Gansu province as a model case,this study provides an integrated analysis on the eco-economic system of arid and semi-arid region based on emergy synthesis theory. Through calculating the values of renewable emergy flow,non-renewable resources,imported emergy,exported emergy,waste emergy,and total emergy during the period of 1978-2007,the performance of Gansu eco-economic system was analyzed. The results indicated that the renewable emergy flow within the province basically remained steady state which was estimated at 2.99×1022 solar emjoules (sej) from 1978 to 2007. The imported emergy and exported emergy were estimated at 3.75×1017 sej and 2.99×1020 sej in 1978 and increased to 1.07×1022 sej and 1.44×1022 sej respectively in 2007. The nonrenewable emergy flow was estimated at 1.62×1022 sej and increased to 1.85×1023 sej,with annual growth rate of 8.7%,while the estimated total emergy was 4.58×1022 sej in 1978 and increased to 2.11×1023 sej in 2007,with annual growth rate of 5.41%. Our results indicate a deteriorate situation between economic development and environmental protection in the region. The rapid economic growth in the past thirty years was based on a great consumption of nonrenewable resource and caused continuous decrease in the capacity of sustainable development. The environmental loading ratio was 0.53 in 1978,increased to 6.06 in 2007,indicating a rapid degradation of the regional environment quality. We calculated that the actual population was 1.53 times the renewable resource population in 1978,increased to 7.06 times in 2007. During the period of 1978-2007,the emergy rose from 2.45×1015 sej/(capita·a) to 8.07×1015 sej/(capita·a). Our analysis revealed that the emergy density presented a trend of gradual increase,and then the emergy currency ratio in Gansu decreased from 7.08×1013 sej/Chinese Yuan to 7.82×1012 sej/Chinese Yuan.     

Spatial heterogeneity for grain size distribution of eolian sand soil on longitudinal dunes in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert

The grain size composition, distribution characteristics and spatial variation of eolian sand soil on distinct positions across two longitudinal dunes and interdune areas were studied by means of conventional grain size analysis and geostatistical methods. In the study, 184 samples of eolian sand soil from the 0-30cm layer were systemically collected and measured from two longitudinal dunes and interdunes in the southern Gurbantunggut Desert. The results show that the dominant grain sizes are fine and very fine sands, and the differences of grain size compositions between the distinct geomorphologic positions are significant. The contents of clay and silt are highest on the interdune areas and lowest on the crests, and higher on the leeward slopes than on the windward slopes. The contents of very fine and fine sands are highest on the windward slopes and lowest on the crests. The contents of medium, coarse and very coarse sands are lowest on the interdune lands, and highest on the crests, and are identical on the two slopes. The coarser sizes (φ1) and mean sizes (Mz) for eolian sand soil all have a varying tendency from fine to coarse sizes with interdune area → leeward slope → windward slope → crest, and the sorting (σ) are poorly to well sorted. The results of geostatistical analysis reveal that φ1, Mz and σ values are moderately to strongly spatially autocorrelated. The values of the spatially correlated ranges are φ1<σ相似文献   

我国农药药械市场2007年概况及2008年展望

1 农业形势及农作物重大病虫害发生情况 2007年是实施"十一五"规划的第2年.中央一系列的政策继续向农业倾斜.农业部提出了发展现代农业的"十大行动"计划,各级植物保护技术推广部门,进一步加大了对农作物有害生物的防控力度,全力服务于发展现代农业"十大行动"计划的实施,各项工作进展顺利.     

嗜线虫致病杆菌YL001菌株代谢产物的抑菌活性

从陕西杨凌土样中筛选得到一株昆虫病原线虫,从其体内分离到它的共生菌嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdusnematophilus,编号为YL001,为明确其代谢产物的抑菌活性,本试验采用抑制菌丝生长速率法、抑制孢子萌发法、组织测定法和盆栽试验法系统测定了其发酵液对植物病原真菌的抑制作用。结果表明,在离体条件下该菌株发酵液对供试的15种植物病原真菌菌丝生长均有一定的抑制作用,对番茄灰霉病菌和辣椒疫霉病菌的抑制作用最强,EC50分别为53.54和90.39mg·L-1;对供试的6种植物病原真菌孢子萌发均有一定的抑制作用,其中对番茄灰霉病菌和烟草赤星病菌孢子萌发有较强的抑制作用,EC50仅分别为16.97和21.87mg·L-1;组织法测定中,发酵液稀释10倍后,对番茄灰霉病的保护效果为74.98%,治疗效果为63.50%;对盆栽番茄灰霉病的保护效果为65.11%,治疗效果为54.64%。显微观察表明,YL001菌株的发酵液可使菌丝生长形态异常、变形萎缩,甚至断裂。     

不同时期嫁接感染甘薯病毒病害SPVD对甘薯产量的影响

以苹果腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、柑橘炭疽病菌与白菜黑斑病菌为供试菌,采用生长速率法测定25种中药材甲醇粗提物的抑菌活性。结果表明,在浓度为5．0 mg／mL 时,大部分中药材的甲醇粗提物对至少一种植物病原真菌都表现出不同程度的抑制活性,其中知母、青蒿、细辛与白鲜皮对3种供试植物病原菌的抑制率大于75％,而茜草与姜黄对4种供试植物病原菌的抑制率均在80％以上,具有广泛的抑菌谱。进一步采用系统溶剂法得到的茜草不同溶剂萃取物中,水饱和正丁醇相抑菌活性明显优于石油醚及乙酸乙酯相,表明茜草抑菌活性成分主要为中等及大极性化合物。     

茜草等25种中药材对5种植物病原真菌的抑制活性

以苹果腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、柑橘炭疽病菌与白菜黑斑病菌为供试菌,采用生长速率法测定25种中药材甲醇粗提物的抑菌活性。结果表明,在浓度为5.0mg/mL时,大部分中药材的甲醇粗提物对至少一种植物病原真菌都表现出不同程度的抑制活性,其中知母、青蒿、细辛与白鲜皮对3种供试植物病原菌的抑制率大于75%,而茜草与姜黄对4种供试植物病原菌的抑制率均在80%以上,具有广泛的抑菌谱。进一步采用系统溶剂法得到的茜草不同溶剂萃取物中,水饱和正丁醇相抑菌活性明显优于石油醚及乙酸乙酯相,表明茜草抑菌活性成分主要为中等及大极性化合物。     

壳寡糖对干旱胁迫下信前胡生长及叶片生理特性的影响

以信前胡盆栽幼苗作为研究材料,通过测定信前胡的株高、叶面积、生物量、含水量、根冠比和叶片抗旱相关的生理指标,研究了5、10、15 mg·L^-1和2 mg·L^-1的壳寡糖(Chitooligosaccharide,COS)溶液处理对干旱胁迫下信前胡生长和叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明,不同浓度壳寡糖对干旱胁迫下信前胡生长均有不同程度的促进作用,且随壳寡糖浓度的增加,各生长指标均表现出先增后降的趋势,均有一定的最适浓度。与单纯干旱处理相比,5、10、15 mg·L^-1和20 mg·L^-1壳寡糖处理信前胡的单株叶片数分别提高了32.5%、50.8%、29.3%和6.3%,均达到了显著水平（P<0.05）;10 mg·L^-1和15 mg·L^-1壳寡糖处理信前胡的单株平均叶面积分别提高了27.3%和20.8%,均达到了显著水平（P<0.05）;5、10、15 mg·L^-1壳寡糖处理信前胡的株高分别显著提高了17.4%、31.7%和19.6%。10 mg·L^-1壳寡糖处理信前胡叶片的脯氨酸含量较单纯干旱处理显著提高了11.8%,10 mg·L^-1壳寡糖处理信前胡叶片的H₂O₂含量和MDA含量均较单纯干旱处理显著降低（降幅分别为46.9%和14.4%）。因此,10 mg·L^-1壳寡糖处理可显著缓解信前胡苗期的干旱胁迫（P<0.05）。     

离体黑果枸杞再生途径的研究

以黑果枸杞的叶片和茎段为外植体,采用MS为基本培养基,研究激素对经历愈伤组织诱导、丛生芽诱导以及叶片直接诱导小植株再生途径的影响。实验结果表明,诱导茎段、叶片形成愈伤组织的适宜培养基分别为MS+2,4-D0.3 mg·L~(-1)、MS+2,4-D0.4 mg·L~(-1),其诱导率均为100%;诱导茎段、愈伤组织分化形成丛生芽的适宜培养基分别为MS+6-BA0.2 mg·L~(-1)+KT0.1 mg·L~(-1)、MS+6-BA0.5 mg·L~(-1),而愈伤组织分化出的丛生芽均发生玻璃化现象,其增殖系数分别为32.3倍、47.1倍;诱导叶片分化形成植株的适宜培养基为MS+NAA0.01 mg·L~(-1),其再生植株诱导率为33.3%。结论:黑果枸杞再生能力强,以上途径均能形成再生植株,其最佳的离体繁殖途径为茎段诱导丛生芽形成再生植株。     

桉树溃疡病病原菌的鉴定

 随着桉树人工纯林的面积扩大,桉树病害也日趋加重,严重影响和制约桉树产业的发展。2008年至今,在云南省石林县和红河州桉树种植区发生一种病害,主要为害嫩枝、枝条和主干,发病初期,感病枝条和主干上产生红褐色圆或椭圆形坏死斑,以后逐渐扩大成椭圆或不规则溃疡斑,病变扩展到木质部后,常造成枝条生长畸形,易引起刮风断裂。主干树皮下明显呈黑褐色坏死,并造成感染面周围树皮开裂,溃疡处一般可看到流胶,严重时造成整株干枯死亡。调查发现,该病发病率通常在 10％～25％,重者可达 40％ 以上,引起桉树溃疡和枯萎死亡。本文通过病原菌分离、致病性测定及传统、分子鉴定明确了该病的病原,以期为病害防治提供理论依据。     

雷公藤总生物碱对粘虫的生物活性

为进一步评价雷公藤中主要杀虫活性成分生物碱的杀虫活性及其应用前景,采用室内生测法研究了雷公藤总生物碱对粘虫Mythimnaseparate(Walker)取食、存活及生长发育等的影响。结果表明,雷公藤总生物碱对粘虫幼虫具较强的拒食活性,3、4、5龄幼虫24、48h的拒食中浓度(AFC50)分别为37.92、50.23、119.53mg·L-1和42.39、60.47、122.91mg·L-1;具有一定的胃毒活性,对粘虫3龄幼虫4、5天的LC50值分别为157.18mg·L-1和129.92mg·L-1;对粘虫幼虫的生长发育有明显抑制作用,表现在体重、体重增加量和相对生长率均显著降低,60mg·L-1处理组幼虫第2天体重、体重增加量、相对生长率比对照分别下降26.13%、42.74%和22.26%,幼虫龄期延长,存活率、化蛹率和成虫羽化率均明显下降,成虫产卵量减少;此外,还具有一定的杀卵作用,卵孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率明显降低。     

Ca2+对Cd2+胁迫下板蓝根种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了Cd²⁺（10 mg·L^-1、30 mg·L^-1）胁迫下不同浓度Ca²⁺（0、80、160、320 mg·L^-1）对板蓝根种子萌发、幼苗抗氧化酶系统及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明：低浓度Ca²⁺（80、160 mg·L^-1）可缓解Cd²⁺毒害,显著提高板蓝根种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数,促进蛋白质含量的增加,提高SOD、POD、CAT活性,且160　mg·L^-1 Ca²⁺缓解效果最好,缓解能力随Cd²⁺浓度的升高有所下降;高浓度Ca²⁺（320 mg·L^-1）与Cd²⁺作用,反而抑制了板蓝根种子的萌发,幼苗的POD、SOD、CAT活性及蛋白质含量下降。低浓度Ca²⁺可以显著提高板蓝根的抗性,对Cd²⁺毒害起缓解作用,高浓度的Ca²⁺与Cd²⁺对板蓝根种子起协同毒害作用。     

2,4-表油菜素内酯对干旱胁迫下垂丝海棠生理特性的影响

以7～8叶龄的垂丝海棠实生苗为试验材料,研究外源喷施2,4-表油菜素内酯（EBR）对干旱胁迫下垂丝海棠幼苗光合及生理特性的影响。采用盆栽控水法,设置CK（正常水分）与干旱胁迫加6种浓度油菜素内酯处理,即T1(0 mg·L^-1)、T2(0.20 mg·L^-1)、T3(0.40 mg·L^-1)、T4(0.60 mg·L^-1)、T5(0.80 mg·L^-1)和T6(1.00 mg·L^-1),分别测定各处理下叶绿素含量、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性及渗透调节物质含量,并进行相关性与主成分分析。随干旱胁迫时间的延长,垂丝海棠叶片的Chl a、Chl b、Chl a+b、Chl a/b、净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）和蒸腾速率（T_r）均呈下降趋势;胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、丙二醛（MDA）含量和相对电导率（REC）呈上升趋势;脯氨酸（Pro）含量、超氧化物歧化酶...     

氰氟草酯、杀虫安亚致死剂量对金鱼Carrasius auratus和麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva肝脏酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性的影响

研究了 10 %千金乳油 (有效成分 :氰氟草酯 )和 78%杀虫安可溶性粉剂对金鱼和麦穗鱼肝脏酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶 (GST)活性的亚致死剂量效应。发现杀虫安 (0 .2 34mg· L-1)对两种鱼的 GST活性均具诱导作用 ,而氰氟草酯 (1,2 mg· L-1)仅诱导了麦穗鱼的 GST活性 ;当杀虫安与氰氟草酯混合处理时 ,对麦穗鱼 GST活性的诱导效应最为明显。在一定的浓度范围内 ,氰氟草酯 (1,2 mg· L-1)和杀虫安 (0 .117,0 .2 34mg· L-1)均可诱导金鱼肝脏酯酶活性 ;对麦穗鱼肝脏酯酶而言 ,杀虫安为诱导作用 ,氰氟草酯则抑制其活性。研究结果表明 :两种酶的活性直接或间接地受供试药剂的影响 ,两种试鱼对氰氟草酯和杀虫安的生物反应存在差异。