小型人工湖藻类变化特征及主要驱动因子研究

小型人工湖由于水域面积狭小、水体循环缓慢等特点,使得进入其中的污染物难以降解,容易引发水体富营养化等水环境恶化问题。为探析小型人工湖泊藻类动态变化特征及主要驱动因子,以郑州大学新校区的眉湖为例,结合现场监测数据分析了水体中藻类及各水质因子的变化特征及其原因,并利用相关分析和主因子分析的结果筛选出影响藻类生长的主要环境因子并建立多元线性回归方程。结果发现,较清洁的北部水体藻类变化的主要驱动因子是悬浮固体有机物、pH值、总氮浓度,而呈营养型的南部水体则为光照强度、COD浓度、总氮浓度。     

乌梁素海富营养化水体pH值与其它指标的相关性初探

内蒙古乌梁素海是河套灌区灌排水系的重要组成部分，针对其水体富营养化、浮游动植物等生物多样性减少，水位下降，盐碱化加剧等问题，采用野外监测和室内试验相结合的方法，测试了水质的物理、化学、生物等各项指标，通过SPSS软件进行了乌梁素海水体pH值与溶解氧、电导、化学需氧量、总氮、总磷、叶绿素等污染指标的相关性研究。研究pH与其他水体指标的相关性，对控制水体盐碱化有重要意义。研究结果表明：pH值与电导的相关系数0.629，与溶解氧相关系数为0.696，与总磷的相关系数为-0.542，与COD、总氮、叶绿素没有直接关系，由于污染物的输入，水体中的酸碱中和反应产生的氢离子引起了pH值的升高，水体中藻类光合作用是引起pH值升高的重要因素，因此，研究pH与其他指标的相关性为控制和治理水体污染提供了一定的理论依据。     

黄河干流及主要支流水质时空差异性及其变化特征研究

【目的】了解黄河流域水环境状况可为黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供依据。【方法】选取黄河干流及主要支流湟水、渭河和汾河12个水质监测断面和4项水质指标pH值、溶解氧(DO)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))和氨氮(NH_3-N),并利用多元统计方法分析了水质时空差异性及其变化特征,同时引入水污染指数法(WPI)对整体的水环境状况进行评估分析。【结果】黄河干流水质状况最好,湟水和渭河水质状况次之,汾河水质状况最差,且水质指标在空间和时间上均呈显著的差异性;监测断面海东民和桥、渭南潼关吊桥和运城河津大桥的WPI值达到IV类及以上水质标准的频率较高,分别为66.30%、98.91%和78.26%;各监测断面在春季和冬季的水质状况较差,而夏季和秋季水质状况相对较好。各监测断面的WPI值均呈下降趋势,其中海东民和桥、中卫新墩和天水牛背等3个监测断面的下降趋势比较显著;基于WPI指数的时空聚类分析结果与水体污染物浓度的时空分布情况具有一致性,空间上海东民和桥、渭南潼关吊桥和运城河津大桥WPI值的波动性相对较大,时间上1—3月的WPI值波动性相对较大。【结论】黄河干流及主要支流水质状况具有明显的时空差异性,但整体上水环境条件正在逐渐改善。     

松花湖春季水质及浮游植物群落结构的研究

于2013年4月（枯水期）及6月（丰水期）对松花湖水体进行了浮游植物群落的生态调查及理化数据测定;分析松花湖水质理化因子与浮游植物群落的结构特征。结果表明;松花湖枯水期有藻类6门35属59种;主要以硅藻为主,丰水期有藻类7门102属186种,主要为绿藻;浮游植物的密度和生物量在丰满大坝前相对要少一些;水质因子总磷、总氮及叶绿素a与松花湖浮游植物群落结构具有相关性分;松花湖水体已处于中营养阶段,由于环境温度和水体温度比较低还未出现富营养化现象。     

基于MIKE11的引排水改善平原河网水环境质量模拟研究

调控河道边界出口流量的大小可改变河道内水体流速和流向，从而可有效改善水体水质，改善效果与引排水规模、排水口布局等有关。以宁波市江北镇海平原河网区为例，选取模拟时段2022年10月1日至11月1日，以主要污染物NH₃-N为指标，构建MIKE11水质水量耦合模型，考虑出流口泵站出流能力和维持流域最低用水量，通过3个出流口启、闭排列组合，设置出流口流量分别为9、18、24、36 m³/s的28种出流方案，利用构建的水质水量耦合模型模拟分析不同方案下边界出口流量对水体流速及污染物NH₃-N的影响，结果表明：(1)综合水动力水质因素，出流量为18 m³/s时能更好的改善河流水动力条件与水质状况，出流口为24、36 m³/s较大流量时，开放一或两个出流口，河道存在溢流风险，此时需多开启出流口，以保证防洪安全；(2)模拟后的最优方案可使平均流速达到0.056 m/s,NH₃-N平均浓度下降至1.660 mg/L，水质改善率达17.0%，河道水质可从劣Ⅴ类提升至Ⅳ类或Ⅴ类...     

广利灌区总干渠水质及氮磷污染初步评价

【目的】针对灌区绿色发展面临严峻挑战和水环境不断恶化等问题,探究广利灌区总干渠水质及氮磷污染现状及其对灌区水环境的影响,进一步提出灌区水环境问题解决建议。【方法】于2019年6—12月,在灌区内总干渠中选取具有代表性的6个断面,进行了6次水质监测,测定水体中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、COD_Cr和BOD₅等反映水质和氮磷污染的基本指标。采用适用于我国河流水质综合评价的综合水质标识指数法和富营养化评价的对数型幂函数普适指数公式对河流水质及富营养化情况进行评价。【结果】①广利灌区86%的水体水质能满足Ⅴ类农业水域功能区的用水要求,且综合水质标识指数随时间和空间变化显著,7月66.7%水体处于劣Ⅴ类水标准,在三号闸和补源进水口取样点出现了黑臭水体。②广利灌区水体富营养化严重,灌区内水体100%处于富营养状态,富营养化评价综合指数(EI)峰值出现在7月补源进水口处(80.5),且41.6%的水体处于重富营养化状态。③TN平均质量浓度为5.30 mg/L,为地表水Ⅴ类水标准的2.65倍,TP平均质量浓度为0.156 mg/L,氮、磷比为33.97∶1,适宜藻类生长。【结论】广利灌区总体水质可满足农业功能区用水要求,但富营养化水平较高,尤其是氮污染严重,灌区内的原生态土渠和水生植物使河流具有良好的自净能力,能发挥其生态功能作用。因此,建议加强灌区内入河水体的污染控制尤其是氮磷污染的监测;同时渠道衬砌要考虑生态环境、配比生态衬砌和原生态土渠、河道搭配水生植物,进而对河水中的氮磷等污染物进行吸附,以改善灌区水环境。     

尼洋河水质沿程变化特征多元统计分析

【目的】了解尼洋河沿程水质状况,分析丰水期干流水体的主要污染指标,科学合理的说明尼洋河流域饮用水源地的水质对人体健康危害程度。【方法】基于2018年丰水期水质监测数据,运用多元统计方法分析了尼洋河干流上10个断面的水质监测指标,同时依据干流各个监测断面的水体指标检测结果,利用系统聚类分析方法将断面所在河流分为3组,监测断面分组结果与尼洋河流域上、中、下游分布基本一致。【结果】第1组水体以有机污染为主,TP与TN的质量浓度较高,水体污染程度较轻,污染源单一;第2组水体受有机污染与重金属多个指标的污染,水体水质较第1组差,污染来源相对复杂;第3组水体水质污染最为严重且污染指标最多。【结论】分析结果与单因子水质评价结果基本一致,尼洋河干流水质随河流方向有改善的趋势。     

湖库水质监测评价思考与建议

湖库水质评价是根据水体的用途,按照一定的评价参数、质量标准和评价方法,对水体进行定性和定量的评定.通过对数据的深加工处理,结合当地污染源排放状况、社会经济发展状况、区域内自然状况及其环境管理措施实施等信息的综合分析,客观合理地评价水环境质量状况,为环境管理及决策提供技术支撑.本文根据合肥市湖库水质环境监测评价的实际情况,提出几点关于湖库水质监测与评价的思考和建议.     

基于盲数的水质综合指数评价模型

从水质系统中多种不确定性共存或交叉存在的角度,将未确知数学中盲数理论应用于水质综合评价。在将污染指标实测值表示为盲数的基础上,构建了水质评价综合指数盲数模型和等级识别盲数可靠性模型。根据上述模型,可以得到水质综合指数各种可能取值区间及其相应的可信度水平,进而识别出待评水域水质等级。实例研究表明,所建模型对水质综合评价具有很好的适用性。     

广州市番禺区市桥河流域水质分析与评价

市桥河流域水系主要由市桥水道和沙湾水道及多条河涌组成，根据该流域2002～2007年的水质监测资料，参照《地表水环境质量标准》( GB3838-2002)，采用单因子评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数分析法，评价该流域总体水质状况。评价结果表明：①市桥河流域水体的主要污染物是粪大肠菌群、NH3-N、TP、COD、石油类；②该流域中游断面由于接纳了各镇街的大量废水，水质最差；③市桥河流域表现出以有机类(COD、BOD5等)、营养类(NH3-N、TP)污染为主的典型特征，与居民生活污水和企业员工生活污水为主的污染源特征相吻合。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。