Effects of supplementation of Farta sheep fed hay with sole or mixtures of noug seed meal and wheat bran on feed intake,digestibility and body weight change

Digestibility and feeding trials for 10 and 90 days were conducted using 25 yearling Farta rams with a mean body weight (BW) of 16.8 ± 0.17 kg (mean ± SD) to study the effects of supplementation with sole or mixtures of noug seed meal (NSM) and wheat bran (WB) on feed intake, digestibility and BW change in Farta sheep fed hay. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. The sheep were arranged in five blocks based on initial BW, and the five treatments were assigned randomly to each animal in a block. The five treatments comprised of ad libitum hay (control, T1) and ad libitum hay plus daily supplementation of 300 g dry matter (DM) sole WB (T2), 2WB:1NSM (T3), 1WB:2NSM (T4) and sole NSM (T5). Supplementation increased total DM (P < 0.01) and crude protein (CP) (P < 0.001) intake and promoted daily BW gain (P < 0.001). Non- supplemented sheep consumed more (P < 0.01) hay DM compared to the supplemented treatments, except T2. Among supplemented sheep, T5 had higher (P < 0.001) CP intake than the other treatments. Supplementation improved (P < 0.001) the digestibility of CP. Lack of statistical differences in daily BW gain between the different supplements used in this study suggests that sheep producers can use the different feed supplements considered in this study depending on their availability in the order of T4, T5, T3 and T2, respectively.     

The effect of feed intake and body weight on purine derivative excretion and microbial protein supply in sheep.

Urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) was used to estimate the microbial N (MN) supply to sheep in three experiments designed to examine the effects of DMI and BW on the efficiency of microbial N supply (EMNS) to the host animal. In Exp. 1, four sheep of about 45 kg BW were given 328, 656, 984, and 1313 g of DM/d of a hay/concentrate diet in a Latin square design. Excretion of PD per kilogram of digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) increased with intake, and EMNS increased from 12.0 to 28.3 g of MN/kg of OM digested in the rumen (DOMR). In Exp. 2, 19 sheep ranging from 22 to 73 kg BW were all offered 820 g of DM/d of the same diet as that fed in Exp. 1. Although DM digestibility was relatively constant, PD excretion varied from 4.5 to 13.5 mmol/d and EMNS from 8 to 36 g of MN/kg of DOMR, both inversely related to animal BW. In Exp. 3, five sheep of 48 to 57 kg BW were given a different diet at 702, 966, or 1,237 g of DM/d. Purine derivative excretion per kilogram of DOMI increased with the DMI:BW ratio. Calculated EMNS ranged from 23 to 35 g of MN/kg of DOMR. Pooled data from all experiments showed EMNS to be related to the DMI:BW ratio. It is suggested that the DMI:BW ratio defines the ruminal digesta passage rate and hence outflow of microbial protein. The results imply that the EMNS for a given diet is not constant, but changes with intake.     

模拟五品种生长肥育猪体重和采食量变化规律的研究

研究体重和采食量的变化规律是准确模拟动物生产性能、生长变化的基础和前提。几十年来营养学家们投入了大量精力研究动物体重和采食量的变化规律。在我国,有关猪体重和采食量变化规律的专门研究报道很少,这主要是由于体重和采食量变化受多方面因素的影响,试验规模小很难准确揭     

Relationships between body weight at first mating and subsequent body development,feed intake,and reproductive performance of rabbit does

A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the relationships between BW at first insemination and subsequent body development, feed intake, reproductive performance, and culling rate of rabbit does. Young rabbit does are vulnerable to body energy deficit in first lactation, resulting in decreased reproductive performance and high replacement rate. Heavy does at first insemination might be able to benefit from the extra amount of BW to cope with the energy deficit during first lactation. Data of three experiments were used in which does were given ad libitum access to feed during rearing and inseminated at 14.5 wk of age. The first two parities of each doe were recorded. Does were categorized in three groups based on their BW at 14.5 wk of age (first insemination): heavy (BW > or = 4,000 g), medium (BW 3,500 to 4,000 g), and small (BW < 3,500 g). Among does that kindled, differences in BW at first insemination were related to differences in voluntary feed intake and body growth rate during rearing. Heavy does consumed more feed per day (+ 45 g/d, P < 0.001) and had a higher BW gain (+ 12 g/d, P < 0.001) than small does from weaning (4.5 wk) to 14.5 wk of age. Body weight at first insemination did not affect BW, feed intake, and culling rate during the first two parities. Heavy does were heavier at first insemination and remained so throughout the reproductive period, but they followed a similar BW curve as medium and small does. A higher BW at first insemination (14.5 wk of age) improved litter size in the first parity (8.9, 7.7, and 6.4 for heavy, medium, and small does, respectively, P < 0.05). Extra BW at start of reproduction improves litter size in the first parity but does not contribute to an improved feed intake or increased BW development during reproduction.     

Feed intake,digestibility, nitrogen utilization,and body weight change of sheep consuming wheat straw supplemented with local agricultural and agro-industrial by-products

Effects of supplementing sheep consuming wheat straw with local agro-industrial by-products on feed intake, growth, digestibility and nitrogen utilization were determined. Thirty 1-year-old local wethers, with a mean (±SD) live weight of 19.8 (±1.06) kg, were assigned to five treatments: wheat straw + atella (T1), wheat straw + atella + poultry litter (T2), wheat straw + atella + coffee pulp (T3), wheat straw + atella + coffee pulp + poultry litter (T4), hay + concentrate (T5). A 7-day digestibility experiment and a 112-day growth trial were conducted. Total dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intake as well as body weight gain was similar for all treatments. The highest (P < 0.05) nitrogen (N) intake was in sheep fed T1 and T4 diets, while the lowest was in those fed T2 and T5 diets. Sheep fed T1 and T2 diets had greater (P < 0.05) DM and OM digestibility than those fed T4 and T5 diets. The highest (P < 0.05) digestibility of N was for the T2, T4, and T5 diets, while the lowest was for the T1 diet. The highest N retention was in T4 diet, whereas the lowest was in T3 diet. In conclusion, in urban and peri-urban areas where atella, poultry litter, or coffee pulp are available, smallholder farmers could feed the mixtures as a supplement to straw with a good performance without using concentrate feeds.     

Effects of body weight and feed intake level on basal ileal endogenous losses in growing pigs

An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of feeding level, body weight, and time after surgery on basal ileal endogenous amino acid (AA) and N losses in growing pigs. Three pairs of littermate pigs were surgically prepared with ileo-rectal anastomoses. One pig in each pair was anastomosed at 38 kg BW, and the remaining pigs were anastomosed at 67 kg BW. Each pig received at different periods 50, 70, or 90 g of dry matter per kilogram of BW.75 of a protein-free diet according to a Latin square design involving three pigs starting at 45 kg BW and involving six pigs starting at 77 kg BW. For most AA, the time after surgery x feeding level interaction was significant. The basal endogenous losses (in g/d) increased linearly with feeding level at both BW. At the higher BW, the basal endogenous losses (in g/kg DMI) were constant regardless of feeding level, whereas at the lower BW they responded quadratically. At the low feeding level, the endogenous losses were higher than at the medium or high feeding level. We concluded that the basal endogenous losses are proportional to DMI when the feeding level is higher than 70 g/kg BW.75. The AA profile was not influenced by these three variables, but there was a large animal effect. These results suggest that, in digestibility trials, an assessment of the basal ileal endogenous AA losses must be performed on each pig to correct the apparent ileal AA digestibility data.     

Effect of substitution of concentrate mix with Sesbania sesban on feed intake, digestibility, body weight change, and carcass parameters of Arsi-Bale sheep fed a basal diet of native grass hay

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of substitution of concentrate mix with Sesbania sesban on feed intake, digestibility, average daily gain (ADG), and carcass parameters of Arsi-Bale sheep. The experiment employed 25 male sheep with mean (±standard error) initial body live weight (BLW) of 19.1?±?0.09 kg. The experiment consisted of 7 days of digestibility and 90 days of feeding trials followed by carcass evaluation. The experiment employed a randomized complete block design with five treatments and five blocks. Treatments comprised of grass hay alone fed ad libitum (GHA; control), GHA?+?100 % concentrate mix (CM) consisting of wheat bran and noug seed cake at a ratio of 2:1 (0 S. sesban), GHA?+?67 % CM?+?33 % S. sesban (33 S. sesban), GHA?+?33 % CM?+?67 % S. sesban (67 S. sesban), and GHA?+?100 % S. sesban (100 S. sesban). Total dry matter intake (DMI) was higher (p?<?0.001) for sheep in 0 S. sesban–100 S. sesban (800–821 g/day) compared to sheep in control (611 g/day). However, the effect of S. sesban inclusion (0 S. sesban–100 S. sesban) on total DMI was quadratic, and DMI declined after 67 S. sesban. Digestibility of DM, organic matter (p?<?0.01), and crude protein were higher (p?<?0.001) in supplemented group compared to the control. ADG, feed conversion efficiency (ADG/DMI), slaughter BLW, hot carcass weight, and total edible offals were higher (p?<?0.05–0.001) for sheep in 0 S. sesban–100 S. sesban than those in control. Increased level of S. sesban inclusion, in general, reduced growth and carcass parameters in this study. However, there was no difference between 0 S. sesban and 33 S. sesban in most parameters studied. Thus, it can be concluded that S. sesban could substitute a concentrate when it accounted for up to 33 % of the mix.     

The pathophysiology of ovine fascioliasis: studies on the feed intake and digestibility, body weight and nitrogen balance of sheep given rations of hay or hay plus a pelleted supplement

The effect of Fasciola hepatica on feed intake and digestibility, body weight and nitrogen balance was measured during the course of experimental infections in sheep given a diet of hay or hay with 'concentrate'. A system of paired feeding was used to allow comparisons between infected and control animals. After the sixth week the appetites and body weights of all infected animals declined but both features were more prominent in the group given the diet of hay alone. By week 14 these animals became moribund and were necropsied whereas those given hay with concentrate which had the same fluke burdens, survived until week 20. At necropsy, the loss of weight in both groups was comparable but greater than in their pair-fed uninfected controls, suggesting that inappetence was not solely responsible. Measurements of feed digestibility revealed few differences between infected and control animals on either diet, but nitrogen retention was markedly lower in the infected animals after the eighth week, and sufficient to account for their inferior weight performance. Reduced nitrogen retention was primarily a reflection of a high urinary excretion in the infected animals, faecal excretion remaining unaltered despite the loss of substantial amounts of nitrogen into the gut as a result of the parasites' haematophagic activities.     

Relations between body weight, feed intake, daily weight gain, and exocrine pancreatic secretion in chronically catheterized growing pigs

The aim of this investigation was to develop models that would make it possible to correct exocrine pancreatic secretion data for the effect of BW and feed intake in growing pigs. In addition, the significance of exocrine pancreatic secretion for daily weight gain (DWG) was studied. Data were used from 10 pigs (16 to 32 kg BW) surgically fitted with chronic pancreatic catheters. The samples were collected under controlled conditions for two to five experimental days per animal (a total of 39 observations), during 2 h preprandially and during 2 h when feeding (postprandially). The exocrine pancreatic secretion traits included the hourly output of volume, the amount of protein, and trypsin and amylase activities. Multiple linear regressions were used to develop models to describe exocrine pancreatic secretion. The individual pig was the most important source of variation in the model. With increasing BW, 7 out of 10 pigs showed an increase in exocrine pancreatic secretion. However, the slopes of the regression lines differed between animals, which made it impossible to develop general models for the correction of secretion data for the effect of BW. Postprandial exocrine pancreatic secretion was always higher than preprandial secretion, but the amount of feed intake per se did not seem to affect secretion. Exocrine pancreatic secretion and DWG were positively correlated. We concluded that, under the present circumstances, expressing secretion per kilogram BW or kilogram feed intake was not feasible. Expressing secretion per hour was the best way to present the data.     

Longitudinal analysis of body weight and average daily feed intake during the feedlot test period in Angus cattle

The objectives of this study were to compare different models for analysing body weight (BW) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) data collected during a 70-day feedlot test period and to explore whether genetic parameters change over time to evaluate the implications of selection response. (Co)variance components were estimated using repeatability and random regression models in 2,071 Angus steers. Models included fixed effects of contemporary group, defined as herd–year–observation_date–age, with additive genetic and permanent environmental components as random effects. Models were assessed based on the log likelihood, Akaike's information criterion and the Bayesian information criterion. For both traits, random regression models (RRMs) presented a better fit, indicating that genetic parameters change over the test period. Using a two-trait RRM, the heritability from day 1 up to day 70 for BW increased from 0.40 to 0.50, while for ADFI, it decreased from 0.44 to 0.33. The genetic correlation increased from 0.53 at day 1 up to 0.79 at day 70. Selection based on an index assuming no change in genetic parameters would yield a 2.78%–3.13% lower selection response compared to an index using parameters estimated with RRMs and assuming these genetic parameters are correct. Results imply that it may be beneficial to implement RRMs to account for the change of parameters across the feedlot period in feed efficiency traits.     

On farm evaluation of sun-dried Ziziphus spina-christi leaves substitution for natural pasture hay on feed intake and body weight change of Bati goat breeds in Ethiopia

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding different levels of sun-dried Ziziphus spina-christi (ZC) leaves on feed intake and live weight gain of local male goats. Twenty-five male local breed of goats at 1 year of age (body weight; BW?=?20.7?±?0.72 kg) were randomly allocated to five treatments and five replications. Treatments were as follows: T1 (grass hay only; control group); T2 (75% grass hay + 25% ZC leaves); T3 (50% grass hay + 50% ZC leaves); T4 (25% grass hay + 75% ZC leaves), and T5 (100% ZC leaves). The study lasted for 90 days. During this period, feed intake, BW change, and average daily gain were evaluated. There was a significant difference in total dry matter intake of goats fed on different levels of ZC leaves compared with the control group. Mixing of the pasture grass hay diet improved (P?<?0.05) goats feed intake from 440 to 592 g/head/day at the minimum proportion of 25% ZC and natural pasture mixture. However, there was no significant difference (P?>?0.05) in feed intake among the supplemented groups (T2–T5) as ZC leaves proportion increased. Goats in the control group and in the 25% ZC treatment diet gained 31.4 and 46.7 g, which was not different (P?>?0.05). The highest average daily BW was gained (P?<?0.05) in goats supplemented with the highest level (100%) of ZC leaves. T5 (100% ZC leaves supplementation) showed a significant increment (P?<?0.05) in body weight gain of goats over other treatments and the control. Feed conversion ratio was increased (P?<?0.05) with increased inclusion level of ZC leaves. Goats on supplemented treatments 1 and 2; treatments 4 and 5 had no significant difference (P?>?0.05) in feed conversion efficiency while there was a significant (P?<?0.05) difference between treatments 2 and 3 diets which had higher (P?<?0.05) feed conversion ratio than the control groups. Generally, the results of the current study showed that supplementation of goats with above 50% level of dried ZC leaves in their diet significantly increased feed intake and body weight gain by improving feed conversion efficiency of goats.

     

Protein and energy metabolism in broiler chickens selected for either body weight gain or feed efficiency

1. Correlated responses in protein and energy metabolism were studied in 2 lines of meat-type chickens selected during 6 generations for improved efficiency of food utilisation (line A) or greater body weight (line B). 2. Daily gain was 18% higher in line B but efficiency was 15% better in line A. 3. Metabolisability (ME/GE) was 0.752 in line A and 0.725 in line B. 4. Retained nitrogen as a fraction of nitrogen intake was 0.51 for line A and 0.46 for line B. 5. Energy retention as a fraction of metabolisable energy was 0.38 in line A and 0.43 in line B the difference being primarily attributable to greater fat retention in line B. 6. Selecting for improved efficiency of food utilisation in meat-type chickens having a growth capacity of 50 to 60 g was very effective and produced a lean bird with higher metabolisability of the diet.     

An increased feed intake during early pregnancy improves sow body weight recovery and increases litter size in young sows

This study evaluated the effect of feeding level and protein content in feed in first- and second-parity sows during the first month of gestation on sow BW recovery, farrowing rate, and litter size during the first month of gestation. From d 3 to 32 after the first insemination, sows were fed either 2.5 kg/d of a standard gestation diet (control, n = 49), 3.25 kg/d (+30%) of a standard gestation diet (plus feed, n = 47), or 2.5 kg/d of a gestation diet with 30% greater ileal digestible AA (plus protein, n = 49). Feed intake during the experimental period was 29% greater for sows in the plus feed group compared with those in the control and plus protein groups (93 vs. 72 kg, P < 0.05). Sows in the plus feed group gained 10 kg more BW during the experimental period compared with those in the control and plus protein groups (24.2 ± 1.2 vs. 15.5 ± 1.2 and 16.9 ± 1.2 kg, respectively, P < 0.001). Backfat gain and loin muscle depth gain were not affected by treatment (P = 0.56 and P = 0.37, respectively). Farrowing rate was smaller, although not significantly, for sows in the plus feed group compared with those in the control and plus protein groups (76.6% vs. 89.8 and 89.8%, respectively, P = 0.16). Litter size, however, was larger for sows in the plus feed group (15.2 ± 0.5 total born) compared with those in the control and plus protein groups (13.2 ± 0.4 and 13.6 ± 0.4 total born, respectively, P = 0.006). Piglet birth weight was not different among treatments (P = 0.65). For both first- and second-parity sows, the plus feed treatment showed similar effects on BW gain, farrowing rate, and litter size. In conclusion, an increased feed intake (+30%) during the first month of gestation improved sow BW recovery and increased litter size, but did not significantly affect farrowing rate in the subsequent parity. Feeding a 30% greater level of ileal digestible AA during the same period did not improve sow recovery or reproductive performance in the subsequent parity.     

湖羊不同阶段体重遗传参数与育种值估计及其与饲料效率性状的遗传相关

本研究旨在通过优化普通动物模型估计湖羊生长性状遗传参数,为湖羊选育提供参考.选取系谱记录完整的初生湖羊公羔,称取初生重、断奶重、100 d和180 d体重,并采用单栏测定100～180 d的采食量,通过ASReml-R软件利用约束最大似然法(REML)对遗传参数进行估计,利用最佳线性无偏估计法(BLUP)估算各阶段体重...     

Effect of enset (Ensete ventricosum) leaf supplementation on feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen utilization and body weight gain of sheep fed untreated or urea and calcium oxide-treated wheat straw

The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of supplementing leaves of enset (Ensete ventricosum) to straw-based diets on the performance of sheep. In a growth experiment, which lasted for 76 days, 36 male sheep (average body weight of 17.3 ± 0.58 kg) were allotted to six treatments. A digestibility trial was conducted using three of the six sheep from each treatment. The treatments were untreated or 2% urea- and 3% calcium oxide-treated wheat straw as a basal diet supplemented with three levels of chopped fresh enset leaf: low (215 g), medium (417 g) and high (594 g dry matter [DM] per day). The mean total DM intake tended to be higher (p < 0.1) at medium and high levels of supplementation than at the low level. The intake of total DM and nitrogen (N) was higher in treated than untreated straw. There was no significant difference in organic matter (OM) intake among treatments. Sheep fed medium and high levels of enset leaf supplements had similar weight gain but higher than those supplemented at low level. The digestibility of DM was not significantly different among treatments whereas the digestibility of OM tended to be higher at medium than other levels of supplementation. The digestibility of N was lower (p < 0.001) for treated than untreated straw whereas the digestibility of neutral detergent fibre was higher (p < 0.001) in treated straw. The highest mean N retention was at medium level of supplementation. There were no significant differences in total purine derivatives excretion, absorbed microbial purines and microbial N supply among treatments. It could be concluded that there is no major beneficial effect beyond medium level of enset leaf supplementation in both treated and untreated straw. For efficient utilization of enset leaf, sources of fermentable energy are necessary.