Changes in hydraulic performance and comparative costs of lining and desilting of secondary canals in Punjab,Pakistan

Observations on the hydraulic changes of lining of secondary canals in Punjab, Pakistan show that performance improvement objectives are not always achieved. If lining is justified on the basis of water savings through reduced seepage losses, then tail end areas should receive improved water deliveries. Observations in two distributary canals following lining do not demonstrate significant improvements in tail end conditions. Justification of lining on the basis of more stable water conditions is also hard to identify; reduction in the variability of discharges was not observed.Financial analysis of a recent canal lining experience in Punjab indicates that water savings would have to be unrealistically high, and sustained for long periods, if the initial capital cost is to be repaid through improved water conveyance efficiency. Furthermore, the hydraulic improvements achieved through alternative interventions appear to strengthen the argument that lining can be justified only under special conditions, rather than adopted as a wholesale approach to solving water distribution problems. Whatever the intervention, management control must be strengthened; lining is not a substitute for effective canal operational and maintenance inputs.     

刚性衬砌渠道受冻胀时衬砌层受力的试验研究

为了研究刚性衬砌道受冻胀时衬砌层的受力状况，通过模型模拟试验研究，找出了刚性砌渠道受冻胀时边坡衬砌层（板）的受力情况与其下渠床上含水量渠道横断面高度分布之间的内在规律，为寒区刚性衬砌渠道如何采取防洪胀措施提供了科学依据。     

高寒地区灌溉渠系的防冻胀设计

西藏那曲地区气候高寒,渠道冻胀破坏严重。通过才曲塘人工草场灌溉渠系的修建,分析了引起该区渠道冻胀的气候、地质等主要因素,提出了新建渠道时规划和设计方面的防冻胀措施。规划中要依据地质条件选择透水性较强的砂砾石地段,依据地下水条件选择地下水位埋藏较深的地段,依据地形地貌条件选择地形较高的脊梁地带或尽量采用填方渠道规划渠系。设计中对于挖方渠道,采用适变断面、换填、设置排水、保温和架空衬砌等措施,以适应和回避冻胀;对于填方渠道,采用架空渠槽或道渣石垫层明设的措施,以消减或消除冻胀。这些措施对高寒高海拔地区渠道建设具有一定的指导意义。     

梯形防渗渠道塑膜铺衬机的试验

借助均匀设计理论和软件对防渗渠道塑膜铺衬机进行了试验研究。提出了渠道塑膜铺衬效果的评价方法,分析了机器前进速度、展膜刷后倾角、展膜刷高度对铺膜效果的影响规律,并对设计参数进行了优化,证明主动同步放膜、展膜刷随动展膜的铺膜机构适于渠道空间铺膜作业。     

USBR canal lining experience

The US Bureau of Reclamation has been constructing irrigation water distribution systems since the early 1900s in the 17 Western United States. The advent of this construction soon necessitated a means for preventing excessive seepage from some canals or portions thereof. Numerous types of linings have been installed including concrete, asphalt, masonry, buried plastic membrane, exposed membrane, compacted earth, etc., with varying degrees of success. The three most commonly used at the present are concrete, buried plastic membrane, and compacted earth. Although not a type of lining, buried pipelines are also used extensively and among other advantages they reduce seepage losses very significantly.     

Impacts of concrete lining of irrigation canals on availability of water for domestic use in southern Sri Lanka

Irrigation schemes have contributed to the availability of water not only for agriculture but also for domestic use by rural households. In the Uda Walawe irrigation scheme in southern Sri Lanka, irrigation canals are being lined with concrete to save water, meant to enable extension of the irrigated area. The effects of lining on the availability of water for multiple uses were investigated by field measurements of water levels and by an inventory of the perceptions of changed water availability by the population through focus group discussions. From the measurements it was determined that canal seepage provides an important contribution to groundwater recharge. It was estimated that after concrete lining the annual groundwater recharge in the irrigated areas will be reduced by approximately 50%. This saves a substantial amount of water that can be used to extend the irrigation area so more people can benefit from the available irrigation water. However, in the currently irrigated areas lining will have negative impacts by lowering groundwater levels due to a reduction in seepage from canals. This seepage contributes to the recharge of shallow wells used by the population to obtain water for drinking and cooking. The perception of the population was that enough water remains for domestic use. Other changes, such as reduced yields from home gardens were considered to be more important. Despite these negative impacts the expected positive impacts in the extension area justify, from a social equity point of view, concrete lining as a measure to redistribute the available water over the Uda Walawe area.     

四湖流域农田排水有关问题研究

通过对四湖流域深入调查 ,提出应根据排水区业已形成的格局和降水分布差异分区选择排水设计雨量 ;联系项目实际论述了涝渍地集水小区明排系统规划中涉及的排水泵站经济性、排水沟道优化布局、排水工程建设的适度规模等问题 ;最后就涝渍地暗管排水工程及其推广问题进行了剖析     

Groundwater modelling to assess the effect of interceptor drainage and lining

Recharge to the aquifer through seepage from irrigation canals is often quoted as one of the main causes for waterlogging in Pakistan. In the design of drainage systems to control this waterlogging, rules-of-thumb are often used to quantify the seepage from canals. This paper presents the option to use a groundwater model for a more detailed assessment. Groundwater models may assist in evaluating the effect of recharge reducing measures such as interceptor drains along irrigation canals and lining. These measures are commonly aimed at reducing the drainage requirement of adjacent agricultural lands. In this paper an example is given of the application of a numerical groundwater model, aimed at assessing the effect of interceptor drainage and canal lining in the Fordwah Eastern Sadiqia project, being a typical and well-monitored location in Pakistan. The paper also presents references to other conditions. The model was used to obtain a better insight in the key hydraulic parameters, such as the infiltration resistance of the bed and slopes of irrigation canals, the drain entry resistance of interceptor drains and the hydraulic conductivity of soil layers. The model was applied to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of interceptor drains under various conditions. The results of the study show that the net percentage of intercepted seepage is too low to have a significant effect on the drainage requirement of the adjacent agricultural lands. Besides, the operation of the system, with pumping required, is often an added headache for the institution responsible for operation of the system. The marginal effect of interceptor drains and lining on the drainage requirement of adjacent agricultural land does not always justify the large investments involved. It can be concluded that:

Bonding of soil and of sediment cleaned from channels by cement into blocks for lining irrigation channels

Water diverted from rivers to canals and then to fields brings along a heavy sediment load. According to estimates, the elevation of irrigated fields in the Indus Basin has increased up to 8 cm due to deposition of sediment from irrigation water. The deposition of sediment in the canals, distributaries and watercourses is a common concern. Each year during the winter, the canals are closed for desilting the conveyance system. Sediment deposited in the farmer-managed watercourses is piled along the watercourse banks, which takes fertile land out of production. This study was conducted to evaluate the possibilities of preparing cement blocks with soils and with sediments removed from the watercourses and using them in low cost linings to decrease losses from watercourses. Soil–cement and sediment–cement blocks were prepared, and tested for strength, durability and ability to reduce losses from watercourses. Compositions of the soil and of the sediments removed from the channels were determined. Blocks mortared into walls lining the sides of these channels reduced losses to less than 20% of losses in unlined old channels. Plastering the inside of these walls reduced water losses to less than 1% of the losses occurring in old unlined channels. Sediment–cement blocks were easier to make and they develop greater strength than soil–cement blocks. Cost of channel lining, using these blocks, appears to be about 2/3 of costs using fired brick masonry.     

弧底梯形渠道抗冻胀结构优化与数值模拟

在季节性冻土地区,弧底梯形渠道属于抗冻胀结构之一,但其设计方法仍依靠经验和规范,设计结构易发生冻胀破坏,为此提出了结构优化的方法进行渠道设计。该方法包括构建结构优化数学模型和"冻土-衬砌结构"简化算法二方面内容。首先以渠道造价为目标函数,以实用经济断面、衬砌体拉应力和法向位移为约束,建立结构优化数学模型。其次采用"初始冻胀位移"模拟高度非线性的法向冻胀力,通过定义摩尔库仑摩擦单位模拟冻土与衬砌间的相互作用,最后基于ANSYS的APDL语言的二次开发建立参数化模型进行结构优化。通过实际工程的结构优化表明,在最不利气象和水文地质条件下,优化后的断面可保证渠道不产生裂缝;同时节约土地面积207 m~2/km,衬砌厚度减小0.3 cm。提出的方法可用于弧底梯形渠道结构计算和优化设计,可以获得运行安全、造价合理的断面尺寸。     

Design and application of a lining machine of prefabricated components used in triple-hinged arch soft rock tunnels of irrigation works

This paper introduces a new machine used to line triple-hinged soft rock tunnels for irrigation works and its method of application. This kind of equipment has been used successfully in the construction of a number of tunnels in the Yindaruqin Irrigation Project in the Gansu Province. Its features are its simple structure, low cost and ease of operation with satisfactory lining results. The machine is, therefore, highly recommended for tunnel lining with prefabricated components. The method of lining tunnels in soft rock with prefabricated components is much faster than in situ concrete; furthermore, it can provide the tunnel with timely support; hence, construction work is much safer and a considerable amount of funds can be saved. The novel design of this machine has won the Gansu Provincial Water Conservancy Science and Technology Progress award.     

U形混凝土衬砌渠道断面的一种优化设计方法

明渠衬砌Ｕ形断面渠道设计中仍存在一定的缺陷。以总费用（或投资）最小为目标，建立了Ｕ形渠道断面优化设计模型，采用比例系数法，将优化设计数学模型简化，用ＰＣ—１５００计算机求解了衬砌Ｕ形断面渠道在工程费用较小时的断面设计参数。     

Automatic dam management and river regulation for irrigation purposes

In FRANCE, for about twenty years now, water control has been achieved in canals specially designed for optimum efficiency in water conveyance and distribution. The regulation techniques consist in particular in using downstream or upstream float gates and baffle distributors — often used in Morocco for example. Their use implies specially designed canals with adapted civil engineering works and dykes. The application of these regulation techniques on old canals with continuous flow very often implies heavy investment and is impossible on natural rivers. On the other hand, the development of micro-computers and data transmission networks, and the definition of mathematical methods dealing with control systems, have pointed the way to another approach to the problem set by improving the efficiency of the feeder canal control. Using these new techniques, the Compagnie d'Aménagement des Coteaux de Gascogne (CACG), in collaboration with a staff of researchers, has studied a new approach to water management, and since 1984 has produced a complete set of automatic control equipment allowing the irrigation of 4000 ha, with a system efficiency close to 0.9. This approach has been set up in particularly difficult conditions, the river being used to supply several irrigated perimeters. It could as easily be installed on a canal, where it is not economical to invest in the large hydraulic structures necessary for traditional control.; The economic stakes are important because it is a matter of improving the performance of existing structures with little specific investment (sensors, micro-computers, software) and with extensive improvement in the systems management.     

复式断面渠道渠系水利用系数测算方法研究

【目的】研究采用复式断面渠道的灌区渠系水利用系数更精确地测算方法。【方法】采用动水测定法测定了渠道各断面水力要素,之后通过修订后的戴维斯-威尔逊公式和考斯加科夫渠道渗漏经验公式求得研究区域复式断面渠道渠系水利用系数,对比分析了各渠道水损失以及渠系水损失量。【结果】动水测定法更适合不断流复式断面渠道水力要素的测算;采用标准梯形断面渠道衬砌的方式渠道损失最小;考斯加科夫渠道渗漏经验公式求得灌区渠系水利用系数为0.75,而戴维斯-威尔逊公式求得灌区渠系水利用系数为0.82,更加接近实际值0.86,精确度提高了9.5%。【结论】由于占地、开挖等影响因素,灌区渠系衬砌后多形成复式断面渠道,灌区渠道衬砌优先采用标准梯形断面衬砌方式。对于这类渠系工程,动水测定方法明显优于典型渠道测量方法,戴维斯-威尔逊公式也更适用于复式断面渠道的渠系水利用系数的测定。     

配水渠道轮灌组合优化模型与引水时间的均一化处理

渠系配水是一个复杂的动态过程,建立了配水渠道流量优化调度０－１线性整数规划模型,并提出了各轮灌组引水时间的一化处理方法,使各轮灌组在同一引水时间结束灌溉,从而可使配水渠道进水闸能在同一时间关闭。模型适用于支渠以下各级配水渠道在来水流量确定,分水渠道流量彼此相同且按“定流量、变历时”方式轮灌时的优化配水方案决策。     

湿式多片制动器衬片压力分布的影响因素

充分考虑湿式多片制动器多构层,有间隙的结构和特点,采用间隙单元了湿式多片制动器衬片压力分布的有限元分析模型并通过台架试验验证了该有限元模型的正确性,在此基础上,利用有限单元法进一步探讨了湿式多片制动器多种结构参数对衬片压力分布的影响规律,并针对湿式多制动器设计原理和方法提出了一些新观点。     

U形渠道断面测流方法

根据流速指数分布律和实测中垂线流速，分析建立了计算U形渠道过水断面流量的积分求和公式。通过实例介绍了具体的U形渠道断面测流方法，便于灌区生产中应用。     

灌溉渠系流量最优调配的0-1规划模型

本文根据灌溉配水渠系的运行特点,提出在一定轮期和来水流量限制条件下实现下级配水渠最优组合及其配水时间最优排序的一种0-1规划模型,实例运算表明,这种方法可有效减少无效弃水和闸门调节次数,同时对渠道横断面的设计有参考意义。     

Assessment of water delivery efficiency in irrigation canals using performance indicators

Agricultural water is delivered by open irrigation canals in system of reservoirs with a widespread distribution in South Korea. Traditional irrigation management problems include water distribution systems with less capacity than the peak demand, irregular delivery rates, and low irrigation efficiency and uniformity. It is necessary to strategically compare the estimated irrigation demands with the actual water supplies for decision making in order to maintain the water supply according to the demand. Accurate measurement and monitoring of water distribution systems is essential in order to solve the problems of water efficiency and availability. Auto water level gauges installed at the head and tail sections of each irrigation canal in the Dongjin River were used to measure the discharge during irrigation periods. In this study, we introduced an approach to assess the water delivery performance indicators of the open irrigation canals, which is essential for identifying the key issues for water management improvement. The irrigation efficiencies according to the water delivery performance indicators were measured with an automatic water gauge in the irrigation canals and were calculated from the spatial and temporal distribution of the water supply for the lack of planning in water delivery. The calculated performance indicators are useful to understand the irrigator behavior and general irrigation trends. Analysis of the results yielded insights into possible improvement methods in order to develop water management policies that enable irrigation planners to improve the temporal uniformity and equity in the water distribution.     

灌区渠道防渗工程规划研究

针对渠道防渗中的一般问题 ,从不同层面上研究了进行规划的一些技术问题。包括渠道衬砌功能定位和灌区防渗的总体规划 ,并重点研究了井渠结合灌区的防渗效果分析 ;结合防渗效果和投资效益 ,研究了渠道防渗的优先级别选择和布局 ;根据渠道防渗将使水力要素发生显著变化 ,破坏原渠系的水位衔接 ,提出缩窄底宽、改变坡降和改变边坡的改造方案 ,通过图表 ,分析各种方案的技术可行范围。