设施农业就地翻土犁结构设计与仿真

针对铧式犁使土垡侧移而无法适应设施农业耕作需求的难题,设计一款新式犁体.基于铧式犁的设计方法水平直元法和翻土曲线族法,提出一种翻土曲元法.通过对犁体导曲线、翻土曲元线的设计,由翻土元线中点穿透于导曲线且翻土元线角度按照规律变化后得到一种翻垡后土垡无侧移且无犁沟的就地翻土犁体曲面,利用Solidworks建立就地翻土犁数...     

泰安棕壤土不同土地利用类型饱和导水率比较

为了分析土地利用类型对土壤饱和导水率的影响,利用单环入渗概化解法对泰安棕壤土草地、麦地、果树行间裸地3种土地利用类型饱和导水率进行研究.结果表明:草地、麦地、果树行间裸地的饱和导水率、入渗速率以及累计入渗量呈现依次降低的变化趋势.随着时间的增加,累计入渗量不断增加,试验时间120 min内,草地累计入渗量最大,数值为78.564 cm;麦地入渗量次之,数值为67.609 cm;果树行间裸地入渗量最小,数值为30.082 cm.利用实测累计入渗量与观测时间的拟合关系,得到3种土地利用类型累计入渗量的表达式,对累计入渗量进行估算,草地、麦地、果树行间裸地累计入渗量计算值与实测值相对误差分别在6,8,7 min后波动在5%以内,在15,52,56 min后波动在1%以内,同时推求了草地、麦地和果树行间裸地3种不同土地利用类型下的土壤饱和导水率K_s分别为0.073 1,0.032 9,0.015 8,以期为不同土地利用类型对原状土饱和导水率的影响研究提供参考.     

太湖地区主要水稻土的饱和导水率及其影响因素研究

主要研究了太湖地区3种主要水稻土(白土、黄泥土和乌栅土)的原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率,并分析了土壤的有机质含量、土壤质地、土壤容重、土壤团聚度、土壤结构系数等土壤基本性质对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:原状土的饱和导水率变化于5.16×10-4~11.62×10-4cm/s之间,扰动土饱和导水率变化于0.76×10-4~3.31×10-4cm/s之间;同一水稻土的剖面上的饱和导水率基本呈现由上向下逐渐减小的趋势,且原状土的饱和导水率普遍大于扰动土的饱和导水率。原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率均与土壤的各项主要物理性质之间都存在着一定的相关性。影响原状土饱和导水率的因素主要是土壤容重、团聚度、结构系数和有机质等,而不同类型的土壤饱和导水率之间相差较大。影响扰动土饱和导水率的因素除了容重、团聚度、结构系数和有机质外,还有土壤的质地(即粘粒含量)。为进一步探讨太湖地区土壤水分的合理利用与管理、环境的治理和农业的持续发展提供了参考的依据。     

红壤地区典型农田土壤饱和导水率及其影响因素研究

研究了湖南祁阳红壤地区旱地、水田的原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率,并分析了土壤的有机质含量、土壤质地、土壤容重等土壤基本性质对土壤饱和导水率的影响状况。结果表明:原状土的饱和导水率变化于44.8×10-4~1.94×10-4cm/s之间,扰动土的饱和导水率变化于2.59×10-4~1.09×10-4cm/s之间;同一水稻土剖面上的饱和导水率基本呈现由上向下逐渐减小的趋势,且原状土的饱和导水率普遍大于扰动土的饱和导水率。原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率与土壤的主要物理性质之间存在着一定的相关性。通过SPSS统计软件分析显示,土壤容重是影响饱和导水率的最主要因素,而其它如有机质含量和粘粒含量等因素也有着一定的影响。     

西南喀斯特地区土壤饱和导水率及其影响因素研究

通过对西南喀斯特地区典型土壤的饱和导水率的分析,研究了喀斯特地区不同植被退化类型下土壤的饱和导水率及其影响因素。结果表明,西南喀斯特地区不同植被退化类型下土壤的饱和导水率存在着明显的差异,原状土表层饱和导水率在27.2×10-4~50.8×10-4cm/s之间,一般未经人为干扰的原始森林土壤饱和导水率>人为干扰形成的灌丛土壤>农业用地;在土壤剖面中自上而下饱和导水率明显降低;扰动土壤表层饱和导水率在0.27×10-4~1.53×10-4cm/s之间,明显低于原状土壤,仅为原状土壤的0.9%~3.0%。喀斯特地区影响土壤饱和导水率的主要因素有土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤有机质含量、土壤质地等。主成分分析结果表明,影响原状土饱和导水率的主要因素为土壤质地和土壤孔性,而土壤孔性是影响扰动土壤导水率的主导因素。     

圆盘独立驱动型圆盘犁的设计及试验

为了更好地保护土壤结构,对耕作机械结构进行优化,解决国内现有无驱动型圆盘犁入土困难、驱动型圆盘犁对土壤翻动大及耕层破坏严重等问题,设计了一种新型驱动圆盘犁,并详细介绍了其传动方案、碎土方案及圆盘相关参数等。为了新型驱动圆盘犁各零件能够安全工作,且使设计更加合理,通过SolidWorks完成圆盘犁关键零件的三维建模,运用有限元分析对犁腿和机架进行了静力学分析,并对机架进行了5阶模态分析。通过试验对圆盘犁的实际工作状态进行可行性验证,结果表明:圆盘犁整机符合静力学要求,正常的工作环境下,圆盘犁机架的固有频率避开了所有的外界激振频率,不会出现共振,不会出现影响正常工作的较大变形,在实际工作过程中,能够达到理想的工作效果。所设计的圆盘犁每个圆盘独立驱动,且具有一定的偏角和倾角,减少了土壤的侧向移动,更加符合保护性耕作的原则,可为耕整地机械提供一种适宜的选择。     

宁夏黄灌区灌淤土水力参数研究

对宁夏黄灌区灌淤土水力参数进行了较为系统的研究.研究结果表明,原状土与扰动土饱和导水率变化范围分别为10～100 cm/d和3～50 cm/d.原状土饱和导水率随土壤剖面变化规律与扰动土一致:随着土壤深度的增加,饱和导水率呈现高低往复变化.原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率受粘粒含量、密度、孔隙度影响较大,受有机质含量影响较小...     

Optimal sampling density of hydraulic conductivity for subsurface drainage in the Nile delta

The density of hydraulic conductivity measurements is of primary importance for the design of large-scale subsurface drainage projects. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sampling density on hydraulic conductivity estimation, and to determine the optimal sampling density using results of 3488 hydraulic conductivity tests from a 33 500 ha subsurface drainage project in the Nile Delta of Egypt. Kriging was used to obtain hydraulic conductivity point and block estimates based on the original 300 m sampling grid and on reduced sampling grids with spacings of 600, 900, and 1200 m. Kriged estimates from the complete grid were compared to those from reduced grids. The correlation coefficient between kriged estimates of block hydraulic conductivity based of the 300 m versus the 600 m measurement grid was larger than 0.90, which indicates that the optimal sampling grid spacing is in the order of 600 m. Slopes of the estimation standard deviation versus sampling density showed that the optimal sampling grid spacing was between 400 and 600 m, and could be determined from sampling grids with a spacing of 900 m or less. It appears that, for the Nile Delta, the optimal sampling density of hydraulic conductivity can be determined from a preliminary survey with a grid spacing of 900 m.     

The effect of microorganisms,salinity and turbidity on hydraulic conductivity of irrigation channel soil

The introduction of polysaccharide producing benthic algae and bacteria could provide a low cost technique for seepage control in irrigation channels. The ability of algae and bacteria to produce polysaccharides proved to be successful in reducing the hydraulic conductivity of irrigation channel soil. Hydraulic conductivity was reduced to less than 22% of its original value within a month of inoculating soil columns with algae. Chlorophyll and polysaccharide concentrations in irrigation channel soil were measured in order to assess the growth of algae and extent of polysaccharide production, and their correlation with hydraulic conductivity of channel soil. Increases in polysaccharide occurred in the top layer (0–5 mm) of the soil column. The reduction of hydraulic conductivity was highly correlated with the amount of polysaccharides produced (r ² = 0.92). Hydraulic conductivity decreased with increasing algal and bacterial numbers. The first few millimetres of the soil core where microbial activity was concentrated, seemed effective in controlling seepage. Incorporation of extra nitrate and phosphate into algal medium did not increase the production of polysaccharides by algae in channel soil. The effect of salinity and turbidity of irrigation channel water on channel seepage was studied by measuring the effects on hydraulic conductivity of channel soils. When the electrical conductivity (EC) of the water increased above a threshold value, the hydraulic conductivity increased because of the flocculating effects on clay particles in channel soils. A relationship between sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and EC of the channel water was established which indicated 15% increase in channel seepage due to increases in salinity. Increasing the turbidity of irrigation water (by increasing the concentration of dispersed clay) resulted in lowering the hydraulic conductivity of the channel soil due to the sealing of soil pores by dispersed clay particles. When the turbidity of the water was 10 g clay l^–1, the hydraulic conductivity was reduced by 100%. An increase in clay concentration above 1 g l^–1 resulted in significant reduction in hydraulic conductivity. Soil bowl experiments indicated that clay sealing with a coating of hydrophobic polymer on the surface could also effectively prevent seepage of saline water.     

围垦年限和土壤容重对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响

为探讨围垦年限和土壤容重双因素对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响,在室内试验的基础上结合理论计算,对海涂4个年限围垦区土壤2个不同容重下土壤导水率、水分特征曲线和扩散率的变化进行了研究。结果表明:围垦年限对土壤颗粒组成、结构及钠盐含量等影响显著,土壤饱和导水率随围垦年限的增长而减小;持水能力、土壤水分扩散率随围垦年限的增长而增大。土壤饱和导水率、吸渗率、土壤水分扩散率及相同土壤吸力下的含水率均随容重的增大而减小,随着围垦年限的增长,土壤容重对水分运动参数的影响更明显。     

不同类型土壤团聚体化学稳定性分析

以4种不同类型土壤为研究对象,在室内用干筛的0.25~5 mm的团聚体以容积密度为1.40 g/cm3装填到环刀中,用5种不同浓度的氯化铵溶液分别浸润饱和24、48和72 h后,以纯水为介质采用降水头法测定土壤饱和导水率,探讨了不同类型土壤团聚体的稳定性对盐溶液的反应特征及抗化学物质的破坏能力。结果表明:土壤饱和导水率并非常数,4种供试土壤饱和导水率在不同浓度氯化铵溶液和浸泡时间处理下均呈显著变化,总体表现为盐浓度越高、浸泡时间越长,土壤饱和导水率越小,但不同类型土壤对盐溶液的响应差异显著。由此可得,在纯水中水稳性较强的土壤团聚体却不一定是化学稳定性强的,团聚体的化学稳定性随其胶结剂的类型、数量与质量不同,对土壤溶液中化学物质响应差异显著。     

大孔隙对土壤比水容重及非饱和导水率影响的实验研究

以南京市栖霞区东阳镇的粉砂壤土为例,用土壤水分特征曲线(van Genuchten模型)拟合包含大孔隙原状土、不包含大孔隙扰动土的实测数据,得到了模型参数,进而得到比水容重和非饱和导水率与土壤含水量之间关系的表达式,在此基础上对比分析了原状土与扰动土水分运动参数之间的异同,并着重分析了土壤大孔隙对其影响。结果表明,受土壤大孔隙的影响,在同一含水量的情况下,扰动土的比水容重比原状土大1～2个数量级,并且随着吸力的增大,二者的差值逐渐减小;扰动土的非饱和导水率小于原状土,最大可相差2～3个数量级。     

高速低阻防过载犁耕装备的设计与试验

针对翻转犁能耗高、易粘附、易遭冲击破坏等问题，研制了一种高速智能液压翻转犁，优化了整机结构与配置参数。以穿山甲体表的鳞片三角圆弧状结构和蜣螂体表的凸包结构相结合作为仿生原型设计了一种仿生犁体，并设计了一种双向犁耕装备的过载保护自动避障机构，得到平衡状态下对应所需的弹簧预紧力为9.75KN，取安全系数为1.3，设置初始状态预紧力为12.67KN。建立了犁体耕作过程离散元仿真模型。仿生减粘犁体相对传统犁体土壤减粘性能提升44.15%，减阻7.8%。耕深稳定性变异系数2.86%，土垡破碎率97.1%。研究结果可为高速智能液压翻转犁设计及改进提供参考。     

Obtaining soil physical field data for simulating soil moisture regimes and associated potato growth

Soil moisture regimes under potatoes were monitored during two growing seasons in a sandy loam and a silty clay loam soil in The Netherlands. Measured moisture contents were used to validate those calculated using the simulation model SWATRE. The model requires hydraulic conductivity, moisture retention, rooting-depth and soil cover data, which were obtained in this study. Measured groundwater levels formed the lower boundary condition and precipitation and potential evapotranspiration the upper boundary condition of the model flow system. Calculated moisture contents agreed well with measured values, but only when in situ moisture retention curves were used and when the effects of cracking in the silty clay loam soil were expressed by modifying the ?-θ function. The moisture supply capacity of the sandy loam soil was highest, particularly in the first growing season and this was interpreted as a major reason for the corresponding higher yields. Simulation can be used for predicting the soil moisture supply capacity in the context of land evaluation, when soil-cover and rooting depth are standardized, for example by simulating growth of a grass crop.     

Salt movement,leaching efficiency,and leaching requirement

To study the salt movement in a soil profile, experiments were conducted on sandy loam and silty clay loam in tanks. The chloride concentration and electrical conductivity of the soil water were found from soil water samplers and salinity sensors. The standard deviation of the chloride concentration at each depth was small at the beginning of the percolation process when the soil was uniformly non-saline or highly saline; it increased strongly during the process and returned to its original value at the end. This points to a very heterogeneous water and salt movement through the soil profile. The chloride concentration, when increasing or decreasing rapidly, shows a large scattering. The effective mixing length in the tank experiments appears to be much greater than in laboratory soil columns. It varies between 10 and 15 cm in sandy loam and between 15 and 30 cm in silty clay loam. Irrigation water and soil moisture do not mix completely. An increasing part of the irrigation water moves through the soil without contributing to the leaching process. The results of the tank experiments agree with those of field experiments on similar soils. The consequences for the calculation of the leaching requirement in practice are discussed.     

Determination of the variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth in drained lands and the design of drainage installations

For lands drained by ditches dug to a horizontal impermeable floor, the variation of the soil's hydraulic conductivity with depth may be obtained from the relationship between water-table height and drain-outflow rate. Some relationships obtained on an experimental plot on a clay soil, drained by tile drains with gravel backfill, and on another in the same field which was mole-drained, were analysed to give the variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth by assuming that their performances approximated to that of ditches. For the tile-drained plot, the hydraulic conductivity value increased by three orders of magnitude near the bottom of the plough layer; this was reduced in a subsequent year when the field was uncultivated under grass with consequent higher water tables. The mole-drained soil was more permeable than the tile-drained soil at a lower depth, and its hydraulic conductivity at this lower depth did not change in the subsequent year when the field was uncultivated. An assumed uniform hydraulic conductivity value, calculated using drainage theory and matching at one water-table height, gave relationships between water-table height and drain outflow which did not agree with observations.A general hydraulic approach to drainage design is suggested whereby the drainage from an investigational area may be used to measure the hydraulic conductivity variation with depth and to design the correct drainage scheme for a predicted stress period of rainfall. Even if the drainage rate from an area is not measured, the water-table recession alone in an area drained by ditches may give sufficient information to design a drainage system on a rational physical basis.     

黄土高原坡地土壤与旋耕部件互作离散元仿真参数标定

针对黄土高原坡地土壤-旋耕部件互作机理研究以及坡地专用旋耕机具设计缺乏准确可靠离散元仿真参数的问题,以典型坡地粘壤土(含水率13.4％±1％)为研究对象,选取EDEM中Hertz-Mindlin with JKR Cohesion接触模型,对相关仿真参数进行标定.首先,对土壤颗粒间接触参数进行了标定,以土壤颗粒的仿真堆...     

Simulation of root water uptake: III. Non-uniform transient combined salinity and water stress

Six different reduction functions for combined water and salinity stress are used in the macroscopic root water extraction term. The reduction functions are classified as linear additive, non-linear multiplicative, and that which is neither additive nor multiplicative. All these reduction functions are incorporated in the numerical simulation model HYSWASOR. The relation between the experimental relative transpiration and the joint soil water osmotic and pressure heads appears to be linear (with an exception for the salinity near the threshold value). As the mean soil solution salinity increases, the trend becomes more linear. The simulations indicated that for most treatments the newly proposed reduction term provides the closest agreement with the experimental transpiration. Soil water content, and particularly soil solution salinity simulated with this equation agree reasonably with the experimental data: in spite of the observed differences, the trend of the simulated data is good. A reason for the disagreement between the simulated and experimental water contents can be attributed to the influence of roots and the soil solution concentration on the soil hydraulic conductivity. The input soil hydraulic parameters were obtained from soil samples without roots and salinity and assumed constant during the simulations.     

Changes in soil properties under intermittent water application

Summary A simple laboratory method was developed to measure changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity and bulk density as affected by intermittent saturating and draining of soil columns. Significant changes in soil properties were measured after intermittent wetting and draining. Laboratory experiments showed significant changes in bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil samples during drainage period following saturation of initially dried samples. The rate of changes in soil properties during the drainage period was a function of soil type and degree of desaturation. The effect of intermittent application of water in reducing the soil hydraulic conductivity and subsequently the infiltration rate was verified in the field by measuring the changes in soil intake rate during intermittent (Surge-flow) irrigation.