水产健康养殖理念与发展对策

为了给哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)疾病防治新手段的开发提供基础实验数据,筛选了协同抗哈维氏弧菌的乌梅(Fructus mume)水提液与抗生素复合物。首先绘制药物浓度对数对抑菌圈直径标准曲线,采用全组合法筛选与乌梅水提液具有协同抗菌活性的抗生素,然后采用中心组合设计法(CCD)结合响应面法(RSM)分析乌梅水提液与筛出抗生素复合后两两药物间的交互作用,并确定最佳复合配比。全组合法筛出的四环素、土霉素、金霉素和强力霉素分别与乌梅水提液具有协同抗菌作用,RSM分析显示将这4种药物复合后,乌梅水提液与土霉素对哈维氏弧菌存在显著协同抗菌作用;土霉素分别与金霉素和强力霉素存在交互抑制作用;乌梅水提液、土霉素、金霉素和强力霉素最佳复合配比为45∶0.12∶0.00∶0.00 (mg·mL^–1)。模型预测最优复合物对哈维氏弧菌的抑菌圈直径为18.54 mm,琼脂扩散法平行3次测得该复合物的抑菌圈直径为(19.03±0.07) mm,相对误差为2.6%,表明该方法结果可靠,为考察药物间的交互作用提供了新思路。     

基于响应面法分析乌梅和抗生素对哈维氏弧菌的协同抑制作用

为了给哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)疾病防治新手段的开发提供基础实验数据,筛选了协同抗哈维氏弧菌的乌梅(Fructus mume)水提液与抗生素复合物。首先绘制药物浓度对数对抑菌圈直径标准曲线,采用全组合法筛选与乌梅水提液具有协同抗菌活性的抗生素,然后采用中心组合设计法(CCD)结合响应面法(RSM)分析乌梅水提液与筛出抗生素复合后两两药物间的交互作用,并确定最佳复合配比。全组合法筛出的四环素、土霉素、金霉素和强力霉素分别与乌梅水提液具有协同抗菌作用,RSM分析显示将这4种药物复合后,乌梅水提液与土霉素对哈维氏弧菌存在显著协同抗菌作用;土霉素分别与金霉素和强力霉素存在交互抑制作用;乌梅水提液、土霉素、金霉素和强力霉素最佳复合配比为45∶0.12∶0.00∶0.00 (mg·mL~(–1))。模型预测最优复合物对哈维氏弧菌的抑菌圈直径为18.54 mm,琼脂扩散法平行3次测得该复合物的抑菌圈直径为(19.03±0.07) mm,相对误差为2.6%,表明该方法结果可靠,为考察药物间的交互作用提供了新思路。     

饲料添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群、Toll受体及溶菌酶基因表达及抗感染的影响

以初体重为(7.20±1.38)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,在室内养殖箱进行3周的养殖实验和2周的哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)人工感染实验,其中对照组每日投喂普通商品饲料,实验组每日投喂在普通商品饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)1.0×10~8 CFU/m L配制成的实验饲料。目的是研究饲料中添加益生菌对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群、Toll受体及溶菌酶基因表达量和抗哈维氏弧菌能力的影响。实验结果表明,在饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌可显著提高对虾抗哈维氏弧菌感染的能力,其相对免疫保护率为22.22%。与对照组相比,实验组可显著降低对虾肠道内弧菌数量(P0.05)。感染哈维氏弧菌后,实验组溶菌酶(lysozyme,LZM)m RNA的相对表达量在12 h、18 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、72 h均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验组感染哈维氏弧菌后在6 h、12 h、18 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、72 h、7 d的Toll受体(Toll receptor)m RNA的相对表达量均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验结果提示:饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌可有效提高对虾抗哈维氏弧菌感染的能力,这种能力的提高可能是通过降低对虾肠道内的弧菌量,并提高抗病相关基因的表达量实现的。     

对虾发光病生物防治技术的初步研究

本文探讨了应用哈维氏弧菌噬菌体对致病菌哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)的特异性噬菌作用防治对虾发光病的必要性和可行性.实验表明:从对虾育苗场分离的对虾发光病致病菌哈维氏弧菌对46种抗菌药物的敏感性逐年减弱,1993年尚有28种敏感药物,其中中度以上敏感的有12种;而到了2003年敏感药物则只剩下9种,中度敏感的仅为头孢三嗪和壮观霉素2种,在养殖生产中常用的几种药物几乎都变为不敏感.在试验水体中添加该噬菌体可使哈维氏弧菌的数量减少2～3个数量级,可以相对减少对虾发光病的发生和虾苗的死亡.实验还显示试验虾苗的死亡与噬菌体的效价高低无关,而与加入的噬菌体上清液的有机质含量有关.     

斑节对虾胸腺素β5的克隆、表达与功能分析

β-胸腺素(β-thymosin)是一类高度保守的功能多肽,在伤口愈合、血管生成、抗菌和抗病毒免疫等生理活动中起重要的调控作用。本研究从斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)中成功克隆了一种β-thymosin cDNA序列(β-thymosin 5),其全长为1495 bp,开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)为615 bp,编码204个氨基酸。多重序列比对和系统进化树分析结果表明Pmβ5与对虾属的日本囊对虾(Penaeus japonicus)和凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)的胸腺素β5聚为一支,其中与日本囊对虾的胸腺素β5同源性最高,相似性高达77%。组织分布研究显示Pmβ5mRNA在肝胰腺和淋巴等免疫相关组织中的表达量明显高于其他组织。在灭活的副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahemolyticus)刺激下, Pmβ5基因的表达量显著升高(P0.05),这说明Pmβ5参与了对虾的抗菌免疫反应。此外,用原核表达技术获得了Pmβ5的体外重组蛋白,抗菌实验(牛津杯法)检测证明, Pmβ5对哈维氏弧菌、溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌和枯草芽孢杆菌均有抗菌活性。     

苦参抗水产病原哈氏弧菌活性物质的提取、鉴定及作用机制

利用单因素实验、Box-Behnken试验设计结合响应面分析法，从提取溶剂（蒸馏水、50%甲醇、甲醇、50%乙醇、乙醇）、乙醇浓度（60%～100%）、提取温度（60℃、70℃、80℃、90℃、100℃）、提取时间（60 min、90 min、120min、150 min、180 min）和液料比等对抑菌活性的影响几方面优化苦参抗水产病原哈氏弧菌（Vibrio harveyi）活性物质（ASSF）的提取工艺；采用高效液相色谱和标准品比对技术，鉴定ASSF的抗菌活性化合物；从对哈氏弧菌的生长、细胞膜的完整性和通透性、细胞壁的通透性等方面探讨ASSF的作用机理。结果表明：ASSF的最佳提取条件是：无水乙醇为溶剂，液料比30∶1 m L/g，提取温度79℃，提取146 min。在此条件下，提取物抑菌圈的实际值为（17.64±0.22）mm，与预测值无显著性差异。固态ASSF的得率为（21.17±0.91）%。鉴定出苦参酮是ASSF中的抗哈氏弧菌活性化合物。ASSF和苦参酮的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.125 mg/m L和0.062 5 mg/m L。ASSF对于哈维氏弧菌的抑制作用主要是通过破坏...     

麻保沙星对主要海洋致病性弧菌的体外抗菌活性及抗菌后效应

采用牛津杯法和试管二倍稀释法分别测定麻保沙星对溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)、哈维氏弧菌(V.harveyi)、费氏弧菌(V.fischeri)及灿烂弧菌(V.splendidus)的敏感性、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),并与盐酸二氟沙星、盐酸恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星及氟苯尼考进行比较;采用菌落计数法测定麻保沙星对溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌和灿烂弧菌的抗菌后效应(PAE)。结果表明,麻保沙星对4种弧菌的体外抗菌活性与氟苯尼考相近,高于盐酸二氟沙星、盐酸恩诺沙星和诺氟沙星;麻保沙星在1×MIC、2×MIC和4×MIC浓度时,对溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌和灿烂弧菌的PAE值分别为:0.49h、0.87h和1.17h;0.64h、0.98h和1.22h;0.75h、1.02h和1.25h,表明麻保沙星对溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌和灿烂弧菌均有不同程度的抗菌后效应,且PAE值与药物浓度呈正相关。     

嗜酸乳杆菌对3种弧菌的拮抗效果及对凡纳滨对虾肠道菌群结构的影响

使用益生菌是预防和控制水产养殖细菌感染的非抗生素方法之一。嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)可在机体内分泌抗菌物质,具有抑制有害菌生长、调节肠道微生态平衡和增强抗毒抗病能力等功能。研究了不同氧环境和不同培养基条件下嗜酸乳杆菌、副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)、哈维氏弧菌(V. harveyi)、溶珊瑚弧菌(V. coralliilyticus)的生长情况,并通过牛津杯法和液体培养法结合PCR荧光定量技术、高通量测序技术,系统评价了嗜酸乳杆菌对上述弧菌的拮抗效果及对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道菌群的组成和变化的影响。结果显示,在厌氧条件下,哈维氏弧菌的菌量显著高于在好氧环境培养后的菌量(P<0.05)。不同培养基配比对4种细菌的生长均具有显著性影响(P<0.05)。嗜酸乳杆菌对3种弧菌的生长均有良好的抑制效果。在对虾肠道菌群背景下,嗜酸乳杆菌对副溶血弧菌的生长有显著抑制作用(P<0.05)。处理组的弧菌属比例较对照组显著减少,高菌量组的有益菌属均显著增加。研究表明,嗜酸乳杆菌对上述3...     

半滑舌鳎源哈维氏弧菌分泌蛋白HutZ的功能鉴定及免疫原性

哈维氏弧菌为我国海水鱼类养殖过程中的常见病原,为了进一步探究哈维氏弧菌的致病机制,本实验分别从前期筛选到的哈维氏弧菌强毒株H2LB1和弱毒株H1SAI3中提取胞外产物(ECPs),并通过蛋白质组学进行差异蛋白鉴定.从中选取了哈维氏弧菌强毒株特异性蛋白HutZ为研究对象,对其功能和免疫原性开展深入研究.首先利用qRT-P...     

Biolog GN法对不同地区养殖对虾弧菌区系的比较研究

采用Biolog细菌鉴定技术,分析来自5个国家的4个对虾养殖品种苗期及部分养成期虾体上的185株弧菌(其中24株来自成虾).结果表明:来源、种类不同的养殖对虾苗期的主要弧菌的区系组成相似,溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)和鲨鱼弧菌(V. carchariae)(即哈维氏弧菌V. harveyi)是普遍存在的种类,同一种对虾在不同地区养殖,其区系组成略有差异;哈维氏弧菌多为对虾苗期致病菌,副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)主要为成虾致病菌;在健康虾苗和发病虾苗体内都可分离到溶藻弧菌.     

Antibacterial activity of Allium sativum against multidrug-resistant Vibrioharveyi isolated from black gill–diseased Fenneropenaeus indicus

The present study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of Allium sativum extracts against the multidrug-resistant Vibrio harveyi, isolated from the black gill–diseased Fenneropenaeus indicus. Initially, the antibiogram of pathogenic V. harveyi was documented for its resistance towards selected commercial antibiotics. Further, antibacterial activity of A. sativum against Vibrio harveyi was performed by the agar well diffusion method. V. harveyi culture was seeded over the agar plates, and each of the garlic extracts (freshly squeezed garlic extract—FSGE, freeze-dried garlic extract—FDGE and methanolic garlic extract—MGE) was tested at three different concentrations. FSGE showed greater inhibitory activity against V. harveyi than FDGE and MGE. Three diets of standard meal preparation for shrimp containing 0% garlic as a control, 0.5% garlic and 1% garlic treatments were formulated to evaluate the effects of garlic on the experimental infection of shrimp with V. harveyi. The combined results of long- and short-term garlic (1%) extract treatment showed a 75% reduction in cumulative mortality. The present study discusses the advantages of using freshly squeezed garlic extract treatment in shrimp culture that could offer a promising alternative to the use of antibiotics in aquaculture to control disease.     

Characterization of Vibrio spp. Associated with Diseased Shrimp from Culture Ponds of Andhra Pradesh (India)

Abstract.— Surveys undertaken on diseases caused by Vibrio spp. in Penaeus monodon from culture ponds of coastal Andhra Pradesh recorded the occurrence of five types of diseases: tail necrosis, shell disease, red disease, loose shell syndrome (LSS), and white gut disease (WGD). Among these, LSS, WGD, and red disease caused mass mortalities in shrimp culture ponds. Six species of Vibrio—V. harveyi , V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum , V. vulnificus , and V. splendidus —are associated with the diseased shrimp. The number of Vibrio spp. associated with each disease ranged from two to five. Additionally, shrimp with red disease had concurrent infections with white spot syndrome virus. Vibrio harveyi in the case of LSS and WGD, V. parahaemolyticus for red disease, and V. alginolyticus for shell disease are the major etiologcal agents. Differences occur in the degree of virulence of different species of Vibrio and also different isolates of the same species. Vibrio harveyi isolated from LSS shrimp is the most virulent. In general, all the Vibrio isolates from LSS shrimp tend to be more virulent as compared to their counterparts from other diseased shrimp. It is apparent that the degree of virulence of various Vibrio isolates depends on its source and the pond environmental conditions. Most of the Vibrio isolates showed susceptibility to oxytetracycline, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. The luminous V. harveyi exhibited resistance to many antibiotics and susceptibility to only three drugs. Considering the emergence of antimicrobial resistant strains of Vibrio , the need for using probiotics in place of antibiotics for disease control is stressed.     

对虾养殖池中一株弧菌拮抗菌的分离鉴定

从对虾养殖池中分离出1株编号为2013082515(简称菌株15)的菌株,以鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)、哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)和副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)为指示菌,分析了菌株15对指示菌的抑菌效果及最低抑菌浓度,同时,分析了菌株15对其他7株弧菌的抑菌效果.结果显示,菌株15对3株指示菌均具有抑菌效果,对鳗弧菌、哈维氏弧菌及副溶血弧菌的最低抑菌浓度分别为2.50×104、2.50×105、2.50×105 CFU/ml;对其他弧菌也具有一定的抑菌效果.采用注射及浸泡感染方法分析了菌株15对对虾的生物安全性,结果显示,在高浓度时,菌株15对对虾具有潜在毒性.分别用细菌全细胞脂肪酸气相色谱法和16S rDNA序列分析比对法对该菌进行分类鉴定,表明菌株15为一株假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.).     

苍术和番石榴的不同炮制方法及部位对水产病原菌抑制效果的影响

采用微量稀释法,以溶珊瑚弧菌（Vibrio coralliilyticus）、哈维弧菌（旷harveyi）、美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种（Photobacterium damselae subsp piscicida）、副溶血弧菌（V.parahaemolyticus）、摩氏摩根氏菌（Morganellafulton）、创伤弧菌（V.vulnificus）6种病原菌共7株为受试菌,研究苍术（Atractylodeslancea）不同炮制品和番石榴（Psidiumguajava）不同部位的抑菌作用,并进一步测定其最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果显示,番石榴叶和枝果部位以及苍术不同炮制品对溶珊瑚弧菌、美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种和哈维弧菌抑菌效果较明显,MIC和MBC分别为10^-3g·mL^-1和10^-1g·mL^-1,抑菌效果由高至低依次为番石榴叶〉番石榴果〉番石榴枝,麸炒苍术〉盐炙苍术〉苍术〉醋炙苍术。     

Isolation of a novel strain of Bacillus pumilus from penaeid shrimp that is inhibitory against marine pathogens.

A bacterium was isolated from the mid-gut of healthy black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon , based on a large zone of inhibition in mixed culture on solid medium. The isolate was a Gram-positive, motile spore former, with an optimum pH range for growth in tryptone soya broth containing 2% NaCl of between pH 6 and 9. The bacterium was highly salt tolerant with concentrations between 0% and 8% having no detrimental effect on growth. The isolate was identified as Bacillus pumilus based on physiological capabilities using the API50CHB and Biolog systems. Amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene followed by phylogenetic analysis confirmed its identity. The Bacillus pumilus isolate was strongly inhibitory against the marine bacterial pathogens Vibrio alginolyticus , V. mimicus and V. harveyi , and weakly inhibitory against V. parahaemolyticus in cross-streaking assays on solid medium. The organism was marginally self-inhibitory, and inhibited B. licheniformis and B. subtilis . The suitability of the B. pumilus isolate for use as a probiotic in farmed shrimp was further supported by the absence of any of the known B. cereus enterotoxin genes. Based on these in vitro results, in vivo safety and efficacy trials are underway to determine suitability of the novel strain as a commercial probiotic.     

Analysis of the relationship between luminescence and toxicity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vibrio carchariae</Emphasis> pathogenic to shrimp

ABSTRACT:   Aquaculture deterioration is caused by Vibrio harveyi , which is one of the main shrimp pathogens. Vibrio carchariae having the same phenotypic characteristics as V. harveyi was isolated from a shrimp farm and used in this study to investigate the relationship between luminescence and toxicity. Luminescence was verified by monitoring the expression of the LuxR gene. It was found that the relationship between the expression of LuxR and toxicity was the most significant factor related to luminescence. Results showed that LuxR expression was highest after 20 h of culture, which is comparable to the highest scintillation counter luminescence value (20 h). However, toxin levels in the culture broth were highest between 24 h-36 h of culture. Significant decrease in the toxicity level was observed after 36 h. It was also found that there was a decrease in toxicity level after 12 h of incubation at room temperature of the V. carchariae culture supernatant. The effect of the addition of cell-free culture supernatant on the luminescence of V. carchariae was also determined. Results showed that the addition of cell-free supernatant from 24 h-old culture was most effective in inducing and maintaining luminescence.     

氟苯尼考对3种海洋致病性弧菌的体外抗菌后效应

采用菌落计数法分别测定氟苯尼考对溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌和灿烂弧菌的抗菌后效应（PAE）。结果表明,药物的浓度越大,对细菌生长繁殖的抑制作用就越强;除去药物后,细菌的生长恢复速度就越慢。其中,细菌的生长恢复速度和强度依次为溶藻弧菌〉哈维氏弧菌〉灿烂弧菌。在1×MIC、2×MIC和4×MIC浓度时,氟苯尼考对溶藻弧茵、哈维氏弧菌和灿烂弧茵的PAE值分别为0．39、0．46和1．07h,0．48、0．70和1．12h,0．63、1．03和1．19h,表明氟苯尼考对溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌和灿烂弧茵均有不同程度的PAE,且PAE值与药物浓度呈正相关。因此在制定给药方案时,可以参考本研究结果适当地延长给药时间间隔,减少给药次数,仍能维持较好的抗菌效果。     

致病性哈维氏弧菌溶血素基因克隆及其检测

从山东沿海的发病鲈鱼（Lateolabrax japonicus）分离到1株致病性哈维氏弧菌（Vibrio harveyi），从该菌的染色体DNA扩增出一条长约1．4kb的特异性片段。DNA序列分析表明，该克隆片段含有完整的1254bp溶血素基因，该溶血素基因与哈维氏弧菌VIB645的溶血素基因VhhA和VhhB的相似性分别为99．0％和98．5％；与副溶血弧菌（V．parahaemolyticus）热稳定性溶血素基因（TDH）的相似性为74．5％；与拟态弧菌（V．mimicus）、创伤弧菌（V．vulnificus）、霍乱弧菌（V．chderae）磷脂酶基因的序列相似性分别为57．4％、59．2％、53．0％；与最小弧菌、创伤弧菌、霍乱弧菌、霍氏弧菌（V．hollisae）、河流弧菌（V．tguvialis）、鳗弧菌（V．anguillarum）的溶血素基因的相似性仅为19．9％～24．8％。根据溶血素基因的保守区段，设计了1对特异引物。分析表明，该引物能特异检测哈维氏弧菌。其可检测的DNA最小量为0．001ng。用该方法对55株不同来源的患病鱼分离的疑似病原菌进行检测，结果检出8株哈维氏弧菌，检出率为14．55％，从健康动物中检出数占所检弧菌数的6．25％，海洋环境为10．53％，海水养殖环境为26．53％，表明哈维氏弧菌在不同的海水环境及健康海洋动物中普遍存在，在养殖水体中的数量高于其他海水环境。