青海省不同生态区蚕豆根瘤菌16S rDNA分析

为了阐明青海省蚕豆根瘤菌的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,同时为发现和获得新的根瘤菌物种提供资源,采集和分离了青海省不同生态区蚕豆主栽品种青蚕14中的根瘤菌,并对其中分离到的6个菌株(CD1~6)进行16S rDNA鉴定分析。将6株蚕豆根瘤菌的全序列结果与NCBI中已报道的序列进行相似性比对,发现其相似度较高,其中供试菌株CD4与KF008225.1相似度最高,达到98%,其余均在95%到96%之间。6株供试菌分属4个菌属,CD1和CD2共属节细菌属,CD3属于分枝杆菌属,CD4和CD5属于快生根瘤菌属,CD6属于中慢生根瘤菌属,表明来自不同地区的蚕豆根瘤菌存在较大差异。聚类分析结果显示,蚕豆根瘤菌的6个菌株分属5个不同系统发育分支,证明青海省不同生态区蚕豆根瘤菌种类多样性较为丰富。     

根瘤菌的RAPD分子标记技术检测和耐盐碱筛选

采用17株分离于苜蓿和草木樨的根瘤菌为研究对象,进行了RAPD分子标记技术检测和耐盐碱筛选实验。结果显示:供试根瘤菌菌体基因组RAPD电泳图谱分为6组不同的条带,说明17株菌中有6个不同菌系。不同菌系的根瘤菌耐盐碱筛选试验表明,来自临泽的根瘤菌耐盐碱能力均比来自天水的强,其中两株能在pH14的YMA培养基上生长,一株可耐1.539 mol/L的NaCl,两株能耐1.971 mol/L的Na2SO4,尤其菌GL007对高pH和两种盐都有较强的忍耐性,是实验筛选出的珍贵耐盐碱菌种资源。     

陕西商州铅锌尾矿区豆科植物根瘤菌耐铅锌胁迫能力及其生理生化特征

以从陕西商州铅锌尾矿区豆科植物中分离纯化的12株根瘤菌为对象,采用固体平板接种培养法研究了菌株耐铅、锌单盐与铅锌双盐胁迫的能力,同时用液体试管振荡培养法测定了菌株的生理生化特征。结果表明,该区域的豆科植物根瘤菌对铅、锌单盐胁迫具有良好的耐性,但对铅锌双盐胁迫的耐性明显低于单盐。耐性菌株在生理生化特性上存在广泛差异,对铅锌耐性越强的根瘤菌,其阳性生理生化特征也越多。实验初步筛选到了3株耐铅锌胁迫能力强的根瘤菌菌株CH3、MX7和HZ10,它们分别与豆科植物刺槐（Robinia pseucdoacacia）、天蓝苜蓿（Medicago lupulina）和多花胡枝子（Lespedeza floribunda Bunge）共生。研究可以得出耐性根瘤菌对铅锌胁迫的抵抗能力可能是建立在其具有多种生理代谢反应基础上的,即它们通过改变代谢途径以适应重金属的污染环境,对铅锌胁迫耐性强的根瘤菌菌株在重金属尾矿区的土壤和植被恢复中有潜在的开发应用价值。     

甘肃中西部豆科植物根瘤菌多样性调查研究

通过对甘肃中西部地区豆科植物共生固氮资源多样性的调查,共获得豆科植物根瘤样品452份,涉及18个属,30个种,分离得到328株根瘤菌。调查结果显示：（1）本地区豆科植物资源贫乏,但适应性强,大多数都具有抗干旱、耐盐耐碱特性。（2）土壤干旱和土壤高盐浓度是影响根瘤形成的重要限制因子。（3）本地区豆科植物根瘤形状多为棒状、球状,部分为不规则状;颜色为红色、浅褐色、褐色、黄色,部分为白色、黑色。（4）许多豆科植物——根瘤菌共生固氮体系已被广泛应用于防风固沙、防治水土流失及改善生态环境等方面。     

西北部分重金属矿区天蓝苜蓿根瘤菌生理生化特性及16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析

对分离自西北地区6个矿区采样点的68株天蓝苜蓿根瘤菌进行了生理生化特性和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析.唯一碳源利用结果表明:供试菌株均能利用丁二酸钠等7种碳源,均不能利用马尿酸钠等4种碳源.在苯酚作为唯一碳源的培养基上生长试验表明:所有菌株可以在400 mg/L的苯酚培养基上生长;5株菌可以在700 mg/L浓度下生长;所有菌株都不能在800 mg/L浓度以上的苯酚培养基上生长.重金属耐受性结果表明:供试菌株对重金属有不同程度耐受性,筛选出1株具有优良重金属耐受性的菌株CCNWGS0037.16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析结果表明:所有菌株可以分为3种类型,全序列测定结果分析表明分别属于中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)和土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium).综合分析,矿区天蓝苜蓿根瘤菌多样性比较单一.     

杀线虫解淀粉芽胞杆菌Sneb709与费氏中华根瘤菌Sneb183共培养发酵条件优化

根结线虫可引起作物发生严重的土传病害,生物防治是持续控制此类病害的有效措施.本实验室前期筛选获得多株杀线虫活性的芽胞杆菌和根瘤菌,本研究将解淀粉芽胞杆菌Sneb709与费氏中华根瘤菌Sneb183进行共培养后发现,共培养发酵液对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫J2活性显著提高,因此本文利用响应面法对其发酵条件进行优化,获得更好的生...     

我国部分地区土壤杆菌的数值分类及DNA同源性分析

 本研究对我国42株土壤杆菌待测菌株和28株参比菌进行了数值分类和DNA同源性分析,结果将41株土壤杆菌与2株根瘤菌分在3个土壤杆菌种内,其中23株来自内蒙等地葡萄的菌株分在葡萄土壤杆菌种内,10株来自山东等地樱桃、桃树的菌株为发根土壤杆菌,8株来自4个地区4种植物的菌株及分自宁夏刺果甘草的2株根瘤菌菌株参比菌分在根癌土壤杆菌种内。1株土壤杆菌和1株根瘤菌的分类地位有待进一步研究。     

多种杀菌剂对蚕豆霜霉病田间防治效果比较

为筛选防治蚕豆霜霉病防治药剂,进行了嘧菌酯、氟啶胺、烯酰吗啉、氰霜唑不同浓度对蚕豆霜霉病的田间防效试验.结果表明,于霜霉病初发生期用药,间隔7d连续用药2次,药后7、14d用10%氰霜唑悬浮剂有效量112.5mL/hm^2的病指防效分别为92.5%、85.49%;50%烯酰吗啉水分散粒剂412.5g的痛指防效分别为77.4%、88.34%.以上2处理的防效明显高于其它各处理的防治效果,能很好的控制蚕豆霜霉病的发生为害.各药剂处理在试验剂量下均未出现药害现象,对蚕豆生长安全.摘取的青食蚕豆最终农药残留量检测均未测出残留.     

贵州省马铃薯区试品种产量与农艺性状的GGE双标图分析

采用GGE双标图对2010—2011年贵州省马铃薯区域试验中11个马铃薯参试品种在5个试点的产量和农艺性状进行分析,内容包括株高,单株块茎数,单株主茎数,单株块茎重量。结果表明,在参加马铃薯区试的11个品种中,品种(系)的丰产性表现较好的是G9(威薯001)、G2(宣薯2号)、G4(2005-1)、G6(0402-7)、G7(0402-2)、G5(W04-36),丰产性表现较差的是G8(盘薯1号),G10(黑美人)。品种(系)稳定性方面,G6(0402-7),G8(盘薯1号),G5(W04-36)的稳定性较好,G11(米拉)稳定性最差。总之,品种G5(W04-36),G6(0402-7)稳定性、适应性与丰产性表现良好。参加区试的5个试点中,区分力较强的试点为E2(毕节),E1(安顺),E3(凤冈),区分力较弱的试点为E4(六盘水),E5(威宁)。在代表性方面,试点E1(安顺),E4(六盘水)具有较强的代表性,试点E3(凤冈)的代表性最弱。所以,既具有强区分力又具有代表性的试点为E1(安顺)。     

桂林喀斯特地貌分布区苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株的分离鉴定

从桂林喀斯特地貌分布区采集了165份天然土壤样品,从中分离出10株苏云金芽孢杆菌。光学显微镜观察发现有菱形、球形、不规则等晶体类型。通过核酸电泳比对其大质粒DNA的图谱来区分菌株的类型,发现该批菌株有良好的多样性。对这10株菌进行cry1、cry11、cry2、cry3、cry4、cry5、cry6、cry7、cry8、cry9、cry10类基因的PCR-RFLP鉴定,在8株菌中分别发现含有cry1、cry11、cry2、cry3等基因类型,而G4、G6菌株中不含有已知基因。SDS-PAGE分析了10株野生菌株的杀虫晶体蛋白表达谱,发现有10株表达约130kD蛋白,有3株既表达130kD蛋白又表达60kD蛋白。对大猿叶甲、小菜蛾进行了杀虫活性测定,发现了一株对大猿叶甲具有较高毒力的菌株G8,其LC50为48.2μg/ml,置信区间为9.6～1.4ml;有6株菌株对小菜蛾有高活性。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.