石漠化旱地施用改良剂对黑麦草生长的影响

为研究石漠化区旱地施用改良剂对多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)生长、返青及增产效果的影响,进行外源添加牛粪炭、蚯蚓粪、保水剂、长效有机复合肥和秸秆粉等改良剂的盆栽试验。结果表明,出苗生长期,与对照比较,施用蚯蚓粪处理的黑麦草出苗时间缩短50.00%,出苗率和分蘖数(60 d)分别提高了46.24%和46.34%,且都优于其他改良剂处理。添加复合肥对黑麦草的株高和单株鲜重增加量最大。返青恢复生长期,添加秸秆粉处理的返青时间、株高、鲜重和分蘖数等指标表现最好。本研究得出,施用不同改良剂对黑麦草生长适应性的提高效果为蚯蚓粪复合肥、牛粪炭、保水剂CK秸秆粉,返青恢复性为秸秆粉复合肥、蚯蚓粪、保水剂CK牛粪炭。因此,施加改良剂可促进多年生黑麦草生长。     

保水剂施用层次对草坪生长及土壤水肥的影响

本研究利用多年生黑麦草草坪,探究保水剂在土壤中的最佳施放层次,以提高草坪土壤的水肥利用率。实验将保水剂分别施放在土壤表层以下0,5,10和15 cm处,采用正常浇水和大淋浇水两种不同灌水方式,定期观测黑麦草生长速度、土壤体积含水量、淋溶液养分淋失量、土壤养分变化以及草坪外观质量等指标。实验结果表明,黑麦草草坪7.5 cm浅层和20 cm深层土壤体积含水量、养分持有能力、草坪密度均受不同层次施用保水剂影响,保水剂在深层和浅层施用都能发挥保水作用,提高草坪肥料持有能力。土壤表层以下5 cm施用保水剂对土壤水分的保持能力最强,对N和P的保持能力最好,草坪密度最大,为施用保水剂的最佳层次。     

吸保水剂对几种草坪植物生长的影响

在人工控制给水的情况下,试验研究了吸保水剂对几种草坪植物生长的影响,研究表明,在干旱情况下吸保水剂能够促进参试草坪植物出苗,明显地促进参试草坪植物的株高生长;明显地增加参试草坪植物地上部分生物量。吸保水剂对草坪植物的抗旱有明显作用,在坡面和干旱地区植被工程中吸保水剂有很高的应用价值。     

30个引种草坪草在北京地区的成坪质量评价与适应性研究

对30个引种草坪草在北京地区进行了出苗速度观测及成坪质量综合评价.结果表明,高羊茅Festuca arundinacea和多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne的前期出苗速度均显著高于紫羊茅F.rubra和早熟禾Poa pratensis,而紫羊茅和草地早熟禾出苗后的变化较稳定.成坪质量评比结果显示,草地早熟禾中的Midnight,Kentucky,Conni;多年生黑麦草中的Goalkeeper,Accent,Fairway;高羊茅的Jaguar 3,Fire Phoenix,Houndog 5,Ruby,Starfire,Bingo;紫羊茅中的Pernille,Maxima成坪表现优异.     

草坪建植中使用保水剂的节水效果

高羊茅(贝克)、草地早熟禾(新哥来德)、多年生黑麦草(匹克威)、中华结缕草、狗牙根(萨旺那)5种常用草坪草在播种建植草坪时土壤混合STOCKSORB保水剂,研究保水剂的节水效果。结果表明:足量供水,保水剂用量不超过75g/m2可节约用水28.9～67.2mm;限量供水,使用保水剂可节约用水12.6～52.7mm。根据综合表现看,在草坪草上使用STOCKSORB适宜用量分别为:高羊茅25g/m2、草地早熟禾75g/m2、多年生黑麦草25～75g/m2、中华结缕草75g/m2。     

草坪建植中使用保水剂的节水效果

高羊茅(贝克)、草地早熟禾(新哥来德)、多年生黑麦草(匹克威)、中华结缕草、狗牙根(萨旺那)5种常用草坪草在播种建植草坪时土壤混合ST0CKSORB保水剂,研究保水剂的节水效果.结果表明足量供水,保水剂用量不超过75 g/m2可节约用水28.9～67.2 mm;限量供水,使用保水剂可节约用水12.6～52.7 mm.根据综合表现看,在草坪草上使用STOCKSORB适宜用量分别为高羊茅25 g/m2、草地早熟禾75 g/m2、多年生黑麦草25～75 g/m2、中华结缕草75 g/m2.     

多效唑对多年生黑麦草坪用性状的影响

采用单因素随机区组设计 ,研究了在草坪草多年生黑麦草 (LoliumperenneL .)返青期施用多效唑对坪用性状的影响。试验结果表明 ,多效唑能有效地抑制多年生黑麦草的生长 ,降低植株高度 ,提高草坪密度 ,并使叶片颜色加深 ,叶片变短 ,改变生长格局。因此 ,多效唑能有效地改善多年生黑麦草的坪用性状。     

几种冷季型草坪草在黔西北地区的引种试验

引进草坪型高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、草地早熟禾、紫羊茅进行试验,观察记录其出苗速度、盖度、生长速度、颜色及越冬、越夏率和抗病性.结果表明,多年生黑麦草出苗迅速、建坪快,但易染病、越夏率低、夏季草坪颜色差;草地早热禾生长速度慢、盖度好,能够建成致密的草坪;高羊茅耐旱、抗病;紫羊茅叶色好,耐修剪.几种草坪草都可以作为黔西北地区建坪的理想草种.     

几种冷季型草坪草在黔西北地区的引种试验

引进草坪型高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、草地早熟禾、紫羊茅进行试验，观察记录其出苗速度、盖度、生长速度、颜色及越冬、越夏率和抗病性。结果表明，多年生黑麦草出苗迅速、建坪快，但易染病、越夏率低、夏季草坪颜色差；草地早热禾生长速度慢、盖度好，能够建成致密的草坪；高羊茅耐旱、抗病；紫羊茅叶色好，耐修剪。几种草坪草都可以作为黔西北地区建坪的理想草种。     

施用污泥对黑麦草生育及其元素含量的影响

将兰州市七里河污水处理厂的生活污泥施用于多年生黑麦草,藉以探讨施用量对黑麦草生长及其元素含量的影响。结果表明,随着污泥施用量(0.5～8kg/m²)的增加,黑麦草盖度,密度,地上、地下生物量以及叶绿素含量显著增加。施用后黑麦草地上部组织中N、P、K、Mg、Fe、Zn和Cu的含量增加,Mn含量减少,Ca和重金属元素Hg、Ni、Pb、As含量与对照间差异不显著,没有对黑麦草造成重金属毒害。     

6-BA和保水剂对匍匐翦股颖种茎耐贮性的影响

用不同浓度的6-BA、保水剂和6-BA＋保水剂配合处理粤选1号匍匐翦股颖种茎,以清水做对照（CK）,以探讨它们对匍匐翦股颖种茎采后贮藏2～16d的影响。结果表明：经6-BA、保水剂处理后后种茎保水能力提高,但保水剂处理易造成种茎贮藏期间萌动。进一步试验表明,贮藏期问7．5和10mg／L6-BA以及7．5mg／L6-BA＋2g／L保水剂处理种茎出苗势、成活率均有所提高,尤其是7．5和10mg／L6-BA处理的种茎在贮藏第16d成活率仍高速909,6以上,与对照相比差异显著（P〈0.05）;各处理对种茎萌发后的地上和地下生长均有一定促进作用;单施保水剂处理种茎在贮藏期间易萌动,不利于种茎贮藏。     

Multiple introductions of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses into East Asia in 2010–2011

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious and genetically variable virus. Sporadic introductions of this virus into FMD-free countries may cause outbreaks with devastating consequences. In 2010 and 2011, incursions of the FMDV O/SEA/Mya-98 strain, normally restricted to countries in mainland Southeast Asia, caused extensive outbreaks across East Asia. In this study, 12 full genome FMDV sequences for representative samples collected from the People’s Republic of China (PR China) including the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), the Republic of Korea, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia and The Russian Federation were generated and compared with additional contemporary sequences from viruses within this lineage. These complete genomes were 8119 to 8193 nucleotides in length and differed at 1181 sites, sharing a nucleotide identity ≥ 91.0% and an amino acid identity ≥ 96.6%. An unexpected deletion of 70 nucleotides within the 5′-untranslated region which resulted in a shorter predicted RNA stem-loop for the S-fragment was revealed in two sequences from PR China and Hong Kong SAR and five additional related samples from the region. Statistical parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis provide evidence that these outbreaks in East Asia were generated by two independent introductions of the O/SEA/Mya-98 lineage sometime between August 2008 and March 2010. The rapid emergence of these viruses from Southeast Asia highlights the importance of adopting approaches to closely monitor the spread of this lineage that now poses a threat to livestock industries in other regions.     

沙拉沙星间接竞争化学发光酶联免疫检测方法的建立

为建立动物源性食品中沙拉沙星（SAR）残留的快速检测方法,本试验通过对盐酸沙拉沙星进行分子改造和偶联蛋白合成完全免疫原,免疫小鼠制备SAR单克隆抗体。通过棋盘法确定最佳包被原浓度及一抗稀释度,优化确定最佳反应条件,从而建立间接竞争化学发光酶联免疫（ic-CLEIA）检测方法,并通过灵敏度、精密度、交叉反应率、添加回收试验对该方法进行评价。紫外扫描结果显示,完全免疫原偶联成功;制备的SAR单克隆抗体效价达1：4×10⁶;包被原浓度为0.25 μg/mL,抗体稀释比为1：750 000,4 ℃包被过夜,5%脱脂乳封闭,竞争孵育1 h,酶标二抗稀释比为1：10 000,孵育1 h为ic-CLEIA最佳反应条件;建立的ic-CLEIA方法标准曲线呈线性,线性范围为0.0625~10 ng/mL,R²=0.995,灵敏度IC₅₀为1.45 ng/mL;其平均批内和批间变异系数均<10%;除与二氟沙星的交叉反应率达到98.08%以外,与其他氟喹诺酮类药物的交叉反应率均<8%,与其他非氟喹诺酮类药物均无交叉反应;SAR标准溶液的最低检测限（LOD）为0.32 ng/mL,SAR在鸡肉样品中的LOD为0.46 μg/kg;添加回收率在88.3%~106.7%范围内,其变异系数≤12.2%。结果表明,本研究建立的ic-CLEIA方法检测速度快、灵敏度高,适用于动物源性食品中SAR残留的大量检测,为SAR残留检测提供了新的方法。     

General toxicologic hazards and risks for search-and-rescue dogs responding to urban disasters

In large-scale disasters, it is not always possible to identify every potential toxic agent to which SAR dogs may be exposed. However, an understanding of the basic means by which dogs may be exposed to toxic agents can aid veterinarians in determining basic risks for particular SAR sites and allow veterinarians to institute general preventive measures (eg, frequent eye washes) to minimize exposure. Discussions with public health and other authorities on-site may aid in identifying site-specific risks for SAR dogs. Finally, ensuring that SAR dog handlers are aware of basic risks, precautions, and decontamination measures is essential, as handlers are the first line of defense in preventing illness or injury to SAR dogs as they work a disaster area.     

Interspecies transmission of influenza viruses: H5N1 virus and a Hong Kong SAR perspective

This account takes stock of events and involvements, particularly on the avian side of the influenza H5N1 'bird flu' incident in Hong Kong SAR in 1997. It highlights the role of the chicken in the many live poultry markets as the source of the virus for humans. The slaughter of chicken and other poultry across the SAR seemingly averted an influenza pandemic. This perspective from Hong Kong SAR marks the coming-of-age of acceptance of the role of avian hosts as a source of pandemic human influenza viruses and offers the prospect of providing a good baseline for influenza pandemic preparedness in the future. Improved surveillance is the key. This is illustrated through the H9N2 virus which appears to have provided the 'replicating' genes for the H5N1 virus and which has since been isolated in the SAR from poultry, pigs and humans highlighting its propensity for interspecies transmission.     

沙拉沙星/β-环糊精包合物微囊的特性分析

旨在制备并表征沙拉沙星/β-环糊精（SAR/β-CD）包合物微囊新制剂,测定增溶倍数和包封率,进行SAR/β-CD包合物微囊的体外溶出与体内药代动力学研究。采用搅拌法制备包合物微胶囊,用透射电镜、扫描电镜和粉末X光衍射技术进行物态表征。采用液相色谱法测定SAR/β-CD包合物微囊的增溶倍数和包封率,通过溶出试验研究SAR/β-CD包合物微囊在磷酸盐缓冲液（pH6.8）中的释放规律。最后,进行了环糊精包合物微囊在鸡体内的药代动力学评价。理化表征试验证明,药物进入β-环糊精空腔,成功获得了SAR/β-CD包合物微囊。3个试验批次的SAR/β-CD包合物微囊的平均增溶倍数和平均包封率分别为（25.3±1.15）倍和90.3%±0.15%。在磷酸盐缓冲液（pH6.8）中SAR/β-CD包合物微囊的溶出率为95.6%,而普通粉剂的溶出率仅为72.2%,包合反应后的制剂溶解度和溶出度均有显著提高。药代动力学试验中血药浓度检测的标准曲线为y=1.563 2x-0.189 6,R²=0.999 3,在0.25~10.00 μg·mL^-1内呈良好的线性关系。分析方法的精密度RSD值小于10%,分析方法的准确度大于90%,同时小于110%;回收率试验表明,低浓度（0.50 μg·mL^-1）回收率为90.55%±3.81%,中浓度（1.00 μg·mL^-1）回收率为93.85%±3.14%,高浓度（2.50 μg·mL^-1）回收率为98.19%±5.41%。冻融试验表明冻融稳定性（n=3）符合《中华人民共和国兽药典》（2015版）规定。鸡口服药代动力学试验表明,SAR/β-CD包合物微囊和沙拉沙星粉的AUC（mg·h^-1·L^-1）、T_max（h）、C_max（μg·mL^-1）分别为43.59±0.50、2.18±0.09、5.99±0.30和17.27±0.30、0.98±0.07、1.19±0.10。成功制备沙拉沙星/β-环糊精包合物微囊新剂型,明显提高了药物的溶出率和生物利用度,对喹诺酮类药物的推广应用具有重要意义。     

Reflections upon the trends of education and research in small animal reproduction in Europe

An open questionnaire-based survey was performed among 86 institutions of veterinary education in 32 European countries: 15 within the European Union (EU) and 17 outside the EU, in Central and Eastern Europe and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The survey aimed to provide a view of the general status of education and research in small animal reproduction (SAR) in Europe. It further aimed to disclose whether ongoing trends in organization (e.g., from the classical animal reproduction discipline orientation [DO] toward a species-oriented [SO] organization) among veterinary colleges responsible for undergraduate education and research in SAR have affected the provision of clinical services, continuing professional development (CPD), specialization, post-graduate education, and research. Response rates reached 80% among EU institutions and 48.4% in other countries (overall response rate = 68.6%). A clear, significant majority of institutions (> 60%) were DO, with a well-defined comparative subject in the veterinary curriculum. No differences were reported for either orientation in their ability to provide undergraduate education or clinical services in SAR. However, more DO institutions reported active research in SAR than their SO counterparts. Similar (and stronger) differences were seen for post-graduate education, CPD, and participation in specialization programs (national or European). Finally, more DO than SO institutions provided assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), such as AI with frozen semen, to customers. The analysis of the data emanating from the respondents' perceptions, supports the advantages of the more classical, DO-based approach. The results highlight the need for caution when institutions abandon the comparative benefits of the classical DO animal reproduction subject for a SO approach, which tends to prioritize clinical specialized service rather than research and research education. In the author's opinion, in the absence of the data generated by comparative research and used in research education and the development of new technologies in SAR, there is a risk that sound science-based academic preparation for undergraduates and candidates for post-graduate research education is constrained. To counteract these negative trends, SAR must be recognized as a very important branch of the department of animal reproduction. Access to resources, personnel for teaching and research, and curriculum space should be made available in order to provide the basis for relevant post-graduate training, specialization, and research.     

盐渍条件下苜蓿和羊草生长与营养吸收的比较研究

通过室内模拟试验,研究了盐分对苜蓿和羊草生长与营养吸收的影响,结果表明,盐度处理对羊草植株生长的影响低于对苜蓿的影响,羊草较苜蓿更为耐盐。苜蓿的蒸散量和净光合速率（NPn),尤其是日最大净光合速率受盐分的影响比羊草显著。随土壤含盐量的增加,苜蓿和羊草植株N、P含量无明显变化,K含量迅速降低,而Na含量急剧增加。苜蓿与羊草相比,苜蓿则有相对较低的K特定吸收率（SAR）和高的Na特定吸收率（SAR）。     

不同种子处理方法对柳枝稷萌发成苗需水阈值的影响

研究柳枝稷（Panicum virgatum）成苗期间的抗旱性及需水特性,可为其在干旱条件下播种保苗提供依据。采用不同浓度的聚乙二醇（-0.1~-0.5 MPa）模拟外界环境水分条件,用4℃低温冷冻化和8 M硫酸处理3个柳枝稷品种（Pathfinder,Traiblazer和Alamo）的种子,研究其成苗过程中种子萌动、萌发和出苗3个阶段的需水阈值。结果表明：随着环境水势的降低,种子群体萌动、萌发和出苗达50%概率的时间逐渐延迟;且各阶段的需水阈值不同,出苗阶段的最低。4℃低温冷冻化处理和8 M硫酸处理均使种子群体萌动、萌发和出苗达50%的时间缩短,各阶段需水阈值增大。在相同处理下,Pathfinder品种各阶段对环境水势的需求较Trailblazer和Alamo宽松。可见,柳枝稷种子出苗阶段对环境水分胁迫最为敏感,忍受胁迫能力最弱,抗旱性最弱; 其中Pathfinder品种忍受胁迫能力最强,抗旱性最强。