山葡萄霜霉病发生规律及其抗病性的进一步探讨

霜霉病是山葡萄的主要病害。通过对葡萄园气象条件与霜霉病的多年观测,我们对山葡萄霜霉病的发病规律有了进一步的认识,发现在一定的气候条件下病害的潜育期不超过24小时,比前人揭示的病害潜育期明显缩短。同时,发现在某一品种寄主下的病原菌,在品种间的传播能力有显著差别。为此在防御措施上提出了新的见解。     

葡萄霜霉病田间初始发生相关因素分析

【目的】为明确葡萄霜霉病田间初始发生与孢子囊、气象因素及葡萄品种的关系。【方法】连续6年定点调查了无核红宝石、玫瑰香、蛇龙珠上的葡萄霜霉病初始发生时期,同时利用孢子囊捕捉器捕捉葡萄霜霉病菌孢子囊,并通过农田小型气候站监测田间气象数据,分析温度、湿度、降雨等气象因素与霜霉病初始发生的关系。【结果】结果表明在葡萄霜霉孢子囊发现后10 d左右,田间始见病斑;不同品种葡萄上霜霉病的初始发生时期有所不同：红宝石发病最早,其次为玫瑰香,蛇龙珠发病最晚;葡萄霜霉病的发生与气温、相对湿度、降雨量等气候条件密切相关,其中降雨量是影响葡萄霜霉病初始发生的主导气象因子。【结论】通过对以上数据分析,本研究提出多种直接又简便的预测方法,用于葡萄霜霉病的预防防治。     

北京市延庆区葡萄霜霉病流行规律及预测模型的检验

为明确葡萄霜霉病在北京市延庆区不同葡萄品种上的发生流行规律,并检验不同的预测模型以期适用于当地霜霉病的预测预报,笔者于2013—2015年调查了北京市延庆区不同栽培品种上霜霉病的发生流行情况,并结合试验监测的数据对葡萄霜霉病短期预测模型和经验模型进行检验。结果发现:‘京亚’、‘金星无核’和‘玫瑰香’3个调查品种中,以‘玫瑰香’的田间发病程度最重,病情指数最高达到76.58;‘京亚’和‘金星无核’的病情指数最高分别达到62.47和54.81。7月中上旬降雨量大、温度低,霜霉病严重发生流行。另外,经验预测模型对延庆地区‘金星无核’葡萄品种上霜霉病的预测准确度为82.35%,高于对‘玫瑰香’和‘京亚’的预测准确度,因此可用于该地区‘金星无核’品种葡萄霜霉病的预测预报;而葡萄霜霉病短期预测模型预测准确度较低,不适用于该地区葡萄霜霉病的预测。     

高寒地区油菜花期与气象条件的关系及预测模型

为准确预测高寒地区油菜始花期提供方法支持。笔者利用1991—2017年青海省贵南县气象局观测的油菜始花期资料和地面气象观测资料,应用气候倾向率和Mann-Kendall突变法等统计分析法探讨了油菜始花期与气象条件的关系,利用多元回归分析方法对油菜始花期进行了预测。结果表明：随着气候变暖,高寒贵南地区油菜始花期以3d/10a的趋势逐年延迟,始花期在1998年前后发生了一次突变。油菜始花期与5月份的平均气温和≥0℃积温呈显著正相关,与5月份平均最高气温和平均风速的正相关极显著,与5月降水量和相对湿度之间的负相关极显著。利用多元回归分析法建立了油菜始花期预测模型。用所建立的预测模型对历年油菜始花期进行回测,回代效果总体较好。     

蓬莱地区酿酒葡萄果实病害调查及室内抗病性测定

2009年7-8月对蓬莱地区酿酒葡萄果实病害种类和发病情况进行了系统的观测和调查,结果发现：引起该地区葡萄中后期烂果的主要病害有炭疽病、灰霉病、白腐病和酸腐病,其中,炭疽病和白腐病发病较重,其次是灰霉病,酸腐病相对发病轻, 且随着葡萄果实的日渐成熟,病害发病逐渐严重。室内抗病性测定发现,无伤葡萄果实对炭疽病、曲霉病和灰霉病具有不同程度的抗侵入特性,三种病害有伤接种后的病情指数进行Duncan新复极差法差异显著性分析,赤霞珠对三种病害表现出较强的抗性,其次是蛇龙珠。     

霜晴对无核紫葡萄霜霉病的防治效果

葡萄霜霉病是为害葡萄的主要病害,同时也是引发葡萄其它病害的根源.近年来,随着农八师石河子葡萄发展规模的不断扩大,葡萄霜霉病在葡萄种植区几乎都有发生,尤其在无核葡萄上更为严重.为了寻求有效的化学防治药剂,本试验针对无核葡萄霜霉病采用多种药剂进行了试验.     

葡萄病害综合防治技术

农六师目前葡萄定植总面积1626．6hm^2，其中鲜食葡萄1060hm^2，品种主要有红提、克瑞森、八月皇家、莫莉莎和无核早红等；酿酒葡萄566．6hm^2，品种主要有赤霞珠、梅露辄等。2005年，葡萄虫害未有发生，病害以霜霉病、日灼病为主，其次为白粉病、毛毡病、病毒病等。     

葡萄霜霉病研究进展

文章介绍了葡萄霜霉病病害症状及侵染循环过程,归纳了其对卵孢子的形成发育及该病菌侵染后相关分泌蛋白的产生与变化,总结了葡萄霜霉病的致病机理。同时针对目前葡萄霜霉病的防治手段,分别从选育抗性品种、农业物理防治、生物防治、化学防治及综合防治等方面进行梳理与综述,以期为后续的葡萄霜霉病的研究与病害治理提供参考。     

Study on Different Grapevine Resistances to Plasmopora viticola

利用7个酒葡萄品种对霜霉病抗性进行了鉴定,并研究了不同感病性酒葡萄品种霜霉病的发生情况及霞多丽品种叶片内三项生化指标的变化。结果表明,在供试品种中,没有对霜霉病完全免疫的酒葡萄品种,但不同酒葡萄品种间抗性存在着显著的差异。其中,贝特和SV6059属低感品种,感病较重的品种有霞多丽、伏罗西,而华北264、夏夫拉尼、品丽珠感病性中等。随着发病程度逐渐加重,葡萄叶片内可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖含量逐渐下降,而超氧化物歧化酶活性则呈上升趋势。     

黔东南地区葡萄主要病害发生规律及防控技术

系统介绍黔东南地区葡萄霜霉病、黑痘病、炭疽病、白腐病、褐斑病、白粉病等主要病害的发生规律、危害症状和防控技术。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.