土地利用方式对潮棕壤微生物群落影响研究

以中国科学院沈阳生态试验站的长期定位试验为平台,研究了不同土地利用方式下土壤三大类微生物细菌、放线菌、真菌和农业上常见致病菌灰霉菌、枯萎菌、镰刀菌的分布及动态变化。结果表明,在农田生态系统中,施肥特别是氮磷钾配施循环猪圈肥能够提高土壤微生物总量,施用氮磷钾和氮磷钾配施循环猪圈肥均提高了细菌和放线菌数量,但化肥配施有机肥降低了真菌数量;不同土地利用方式下微生物分布存在差异,有机物料归还量较大的荒地和林地微生物数量较高,每年移出地表植物的割草处理略低,而裸地处理最低,细菌和放线菌分布规律一致,均为:荒地>林地>割草>裸地,真菌分布略有差别,为:荒地>割草>林地>裸地,土壤微生物含量和比例可大致反映土地利用类型;不同生态系统中,灰霉菌、枯萎菌、镰刀菌的分布不同,农田生态系统中的致病菌数量普遍高于自然生态系统,尤其是枯萎菌,仅在农田生态系统中检测到;微生物数量随着季节的变化而变化,随着温度的升高有增加的趋势,在七月左右达到最大值。     

长期施肥对棕壤氨氧化细菌和古菌丰度的影响

【目的】氨氧化是氮转化过程的限速步骤,其由氨氧化微生物所驱动。本研究旨在探明 37 年玉米–大豆轮作施肥条件下影响棕壤氨氧化微生物丰度的主要影响因子及变化规律。【方法】以沈阳农业大学棕壤肥料长期定位试验耕层土壤 (0—20 cm) 为材料,选取其中 9 个施肥处理进行取样分析:不施肥 (CK)、低量氮肥 (N₁)、高量氮肥 (N₂)、氮磷肥 (N₁P)、氮磷钾肥 (N₁PK)、高量有机肥 (M₂)、高量有机肥 + 低量氮肥 (M₂N₁)、高量有机肥 + 氮磷肥 (M₂N₁P)、高量有机肥 + 氮磷钾肥 (M₂N₁PK)。采用实时荧光定量 PCR 技术测定其氨氧化微生物丰度,通过对土壤基本化学性质和氨氧化微生物丰度的冗余分析找出影响氨氧化微生物丰度的主要因素。【结果】施用有机肥处理的土壤 pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷、铵态氮、硝态氮含量明显高于不施肥和单施化肥处理。各施肥处理土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷的含量总体呈现有机肥处理 > 化肥处理 > CK;与不施肥处理 (CK) 相比,单施化肥处理显著降低了土壤 pH 值,施用有机肥处理显著提高了土壤 pH 值,其中 N₂ 处理的土壤 pH 最低,M₂ 处理的土壤 pH 最高。不同施肥处理氨氧化细菌 (AOB) 的丰度为 0.94 × 106～5.77 × 106 copies/g 干土,氨氧化古菌 (AOA) 的丰度为 3.56 × 106～1.22 × 107 copies/g 干土;施用有机肥处理 AOB 和 AOA 丰度显著高于不施肥和单施化肥处理,其中 M₂ 处理的 AOB 和 AOA 丰度最高,单施氮肥处理的 AOB 和 AOA 丰度最低。冗余分析 (RDA) 表明,影响棕壤 AOB 和 AOA 丰度的主要环境因子有土壤 pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾,且与 AOB 和 AOA 丰度呈正相关关系。【结论】长期轮作施肥显著改变了棕壤的化学性质,从而对氨氧化微生物的丰度产生了显著影响。长期施用有机肥显著提高了土壤养分含量及 AOB 和 AOA 的丰度,对维持土壤氨氧化微生物的数量起到十分重要的作用;同时试验结果也为今后通过改变土壤 pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等性质对 AOB 和 AOA 进行调节提供了依据。     

泰山山前平原土地利用方式对潮棕壤黏土矿物组成的影响

对泰山山前平原潮棕壤区小麦/玉米轮作农田、杨树林地和荒草地三种土地利用方式黏土矿物组成进行研究,探究不同土地利用方式下黏土矿物组成的变异规律与影响因素。通过野外样地调查、室内土壤黏粒提取及其黏土矿物的X-射线衍射图谱分析等方法分析黏土矿物组成及相关土壤指标。结果表明:三种利用方式土壤以伊利石(包括结晶好伊利石和结晶差伊利石)为主要矿物,次要矿物为蛭石和高岭石,混层矿物为少量矿物组成。荒草地表层土壤伊利石含量最高(75.8%),分别较农田和林地土壤提高26.4%、23.6%。下层土壤伊利石含量较表层土壤有显著降低,荒草地土壤的降低幅度较大。结晶好伊利石含量表征土壤的风化程度,荒草地、林地、农田土壤矿物的风化作用依次增强。蛭石含量在下层土壤的差异显著且较表层土壤含量高,含量由高到低依次为荒草地、农田、林地。荒草地土壤有机碳含量和钠质分散有机无机复合体含量较林地和农田土壤有显著降低。不同利用方式土壤黏粒中伊利石含量与蛭石含量之间相互转化,受土壤速效钾含量的调控。荒地建议开垦为林地或草地,促进土壤有机碳保持和有机无机复合体形成,抑制黏土矿物在土壤剖面的迁移。     

模拟增温和降水调控对土壤微生物碳氮、群落基质利用模式及群落组成的短期影响

Soil microorganisms are major drivers of soil carbon(C) cycling;however,the response of these microorganisms to climate change remains unclear.In the present study,we investigated how 18 months of multifactor climate treatments(warmed air temperature by 3℃ and decreased or increased precipitation manipulation by 30%) affected soil microbial biomass C and nitrogen(N),community substrate utilization patterns,and community composition.Decreased and increased precipitation significantly reduced microbial biomass C by 13.5% and 24.9% and microbial biomass N by 22.9% and 17.6% in unwarmed plots,respectively(P0.01).Warming enhanced community substrate utilization by 89.8%,20.4%,and 141.4% in the natural,decreased,and increased precipitation plots,respectively.Particularly,warming significantly enhanced the utilization of amine and carboxylic acid substrates among all precipitation manipulation plots.Compared with the natural air temperature with natural precipitation treatment,other treatments affected fungal community richness by -0.9% to 33.6% and reduced the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial and fungal groups by 0.5% to 6.8% and 4.3% to 10.7%,respectively.The warming and/or precipitation manipulation treatments significantly altered Zygomycota abundance(P0.05).Our results indicate that climate change drivers and their interactions may cause changes in soil microbial biomass C and N,community substrate utilization patterns,and community composition,particularly for the fungal community,and shifts in the microorganism community may further shape the ecosystems function.     

稻田土壤厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构对长期不同施肥的响应

研究长期不同施肥稻田土壤厌氧氨氧化微生物丰度和群落结构组成,深入认识稻田厌氧氨氧化菌对不同施肥的响应机理,可为合理施肥和理解湿地生态系统厌氧氨氧化过程提供科学依据。设置不施肥(CK)、单施无机肥(NPK)、无机肥配施牛粪(NPKM)、无机肥加秸秆还田(NPKS)四个处理,采用荧光定量PCR和高通量测序对不同施肥模式下水稻土厌氧氨氧化细菌丰度和群落结构进行分析。结果发现,不同处理之间厌氧氨氧化细菌丰度具有显著差异(p0.05),表现为NPKMNPKSNPKCK,且与有机质、全氮和铵态氮含量具有显著相关性(p0.05)。高通量测序结果表明,不同施肥处理主要的厌氧氨氧化菌为Candidatus Brocadia、Candidatus Anammoxoglobus和Candidatus Scalindua,其中优势种群为Candidatus Brocadia。菌群的多样性分析表明,CK和NPKS处理的厌氧氨氧化菌群落结构多样性香农指数(Shannon index)、辛普森指数(Simpson index)和丰富度指数(Chao 1 index)显著高于NPKM和NPK处理(p0.05)。上述结果表明,长期施肥改变了厌氧氨氧化菌的数量和群落结构。有机无机肥配施更有利于提高厌氧氨氧化菌丰度。然而,不同施肥措施对厌氧氨氧化菌的多样性影响不同,无机肥加秸秆还田提高了厌氧氨氧化菌多样性,但单施无机肥和无机肥配牛粪降低了厌氧氨氧化菌多样性。厌氧氨氧化菌的数量和群落结构对不同施肥的响应不同。     

转CryIAb水稻对稻田杂草群落组成及多样性的影响

尽管基因工程技术可以增加作物产量, 但转基因作物是否对农田生态产生影响受到广泛关注。本研究通过田间定位试验, 应用群落生态学方法研究了转CryIAb基因抗虫水稻"Mfb"连续2年在传统栽培和半野生条件下对稻田杂草群落组成及多样性的影响。调查结果显示: 转CryIAb基因稻"Mfb"与非转基因稻"明恢86"田间杂草种类没有显著差异。稻田杂草的频度和密度与栽培方式有关, 半野生稻田杂草的频度和密度显著高于传统稻田, 但相同栽培条件下, 转基因稻"Mfb"与非转基因稻"明恢86"田间杂草频度和密度在整个生长期内均无显著差异。半野生稻田物种丰富度(Sr)指数明显大于传统稻田; 相同栽培条件下, 相同生长时期抗虫转基因水稻"Mfb"与其非转基因对照"明恢86"对稻田杂草群落丰富度的影响差异不显著。稻田杂草群落优势度(D)、均匀度(J)以及多样性(H)各处理、各生长时期内转基因稻与非转基因稻相比均没有显著差异。稻田杂草Shannon-Wiener多样性指数变化无明显规律, 相同栽培方式相同生长期的抗虫转基因水稻"Mfb"与其非转基因对照"明恢86"的Shannon-wiener指数差异不显著。综合上述分析, 转CryIAb基因抗虫稻对稻田杂草群落的组成及多样性没有显著影响。     

长期施肥对黄棕壤性水稻土氨氧化细菌多样性的影响

以湖北省农科院长期施肥试验站的黄棕壤性水稻土为研究对象,采用PCR-DGGE方法,研究了氮肥（N）、氮磷（NP）、氮磷钾（NPK）、有机肥（M）、有机肥+氮磷钾（MNPK） 长期施用对土壤氨氧化细菌遗传多样性的影响。结果表明,与长期不施肥处理（CK）相比,长期施肥提高了黄棕壤性水稻土有机质、全氮、微生物量碳氮（SMB-C、SMB-N）含量,并改变了氨氧化细菌的群落结构。其中有机肥与化肥长期配施下氨氧化细菌的多样性高于化肥处理。氨氧化细菌聚类分析表明,稻麦收获后土壤氨氧化细菌DGGE图谱分别聚为一个族群;同一作物收获后,M和MNPK聚为一类,N、NP、NPK和CK聚为一类,后者内部分类在两季作物间有差别。DGGE指纹图谱条带序列分析表明,供试土壤的优势氨氧化细菌为-变形菌纲的亚硝化单胞菌和亚硝化螺旋菌。     

长期施肥对水稻土剖面氨氧化古菌和细菌丰度及组成的影响

长期施肥影响稻田土壤理化性质和硝化微生物群落,但长期施肥对稻田不同土层氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)群落结构的影响尚不明确.以湖南宁乡稻田不同施肥制度长期定位试验为平台,选取不施肥(CK)、施秸秆有机肥(ST)、有机-无机肥配施(OM)和施全量化肥(NPK)4个处理,采用实时荧光定量PCR和Illumina...     

土地利用方式对万木林土壤氨氧化微生物丰度的影响

以我国亚热带地区典型花岗岩发育酸性红壤为研究对象,选取福建建瓯万木林自然保护区封禁保护下5种自然植被和1种人工种植植被土壤,采用荧光实时定量PCR(Real-time PCR)技术测定了土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)的群落丰度,采用15N稳定同位素成对标记和数值模型相结合的方法测定了土壤初级硝化速率。结果显示,长期封禁保护下的自然植被土壤pH低,土壤AOB数量偏低。人为种植和管理显著提高了土壤pH,促进了AOB的生长,其丰度比自然条件下提高了2个数量级,土壤初级硝化速率也显著提高,并与AOB数量存在显著的相关性,表明AOB是硝化作用的主要贡献者。5种自然植被条件下AOA的amoA基因拷贝数占泉古菌16S rRNA基因的比例都小于1%(0.01%～0.64%),在农业利用方式下上升到5.32%,表明并非所有泉古菌都具备氨氧化功能基因amoA,氮肥施用可能促进了氨氧化古菌的生长。     

长期施肥对旱作区农田土壤细菌群落组成和多样性的影响

为阐明长期有机、无机施肥对旱作区土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的影响机制,以农田土壤生态系统为研究对象,采用单因素随机区组设计,利用长期定位试验(11年)和高通量测序的方法,研究了不施肥(对照,T0)、单施化肥(T1)、化肥配施羊粪有机肥(T2)和化肥配施生物有机肥(T3)对土壤的影响,分析了处理间土壤细菌群落组成及多样性的差异,探究了驱动土壤细菌群落组成及多样性变化的主要土壤环境因子。结果表明:与T0相比,羊粪有机肥、生物有机肥与化肥配施能显著提高土壤全氮、全磷、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和铵态氮的含量,其中T2处理效果最显著(P<0.05)。各施肥处理下土壤放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi) 细菌为优势菌门;羊粪有机肥、生物有机肥与化肥配施处理降低了土壤放线菌门的相对丰度,增加了绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门的相对丰度,T2处理与T0处理间有显著差异(P<0.05)。与T1处理相比,羊粪有机肥、生物有机肥与化肥配合施用使土壤硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度显著降低。类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、KD4-96和Subgroup_6为土壤细菌群落的优势菌属。T2处理较T3处理更显著地降低了土壤类诺卡氏菌属(41.15%)、芽球菌属(41.67%)和红杆菌属(27.45%)的相对丰度。与T0处理相比,T2处理更显著增加了细菌群落物种数、群落辛普森指数、香农指数和Chao1 指数(P<0.05)。冗余分析表明,土壤有机质(P=0.001)、pH(P=0.003)是驱动土壤细菌群落组成及多样性变化的主要因素。土壤pH以及有机质含量高低对驱动旱作区土壤细菌群落组成以及土壤细菌多样性变化均产生直接效应。因此,化肥与羊粪有机肥相结合的长期施肥管理是优化旱作区区域农田养分管理、提升土壤肥力的有效途径。     

Vertical distribution of soil nematodes under different land use types in an aquic brown soil

A field investigation was conducted at the Shenyang Experimental Station of Ecology to study the vertical distribution of nematode communities down to a depth of 150 cm under four land use types (paddy field, maize field, fallow field and woodland) in an aquic brown soil of Northeast China. The results showed that the numbers of total nematodes and trophic groups exhibited a gradual decrease trend with depth under different land use types. The numbers of total nematodes, bacterivores, fungivores, and plant parasites were positively correlated with the contents of TOC, total N, and alkali N in the four land use types. The majority of nematodes were present in the 0–30 cm soil layers. No significant effects were found on the number of total nematodes at all depths among the maize field, fallow field and woodland. Bacterivores were found to be the most abundant group in the paddy field, while plant parasites were observed to be the most abundant group in the maize field, fallow field and woodland. The number of fungivores at the depths of 0–5 and 5–10 cm was higher in the maize field than in the other land use types. Omnivores-predators were found in relatively low numbers under each land use type, with a higher presence in the fallow field and woodland at the depths of 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 cm compared with the paddy and maize fields. 54 genera were observed throughout the four land use types in our study. The woodland treatment supporting greater basal resource inputs tended to result in a higher diversity of nematodes. The number of genera reached a maximum at the depth of 5–10 cm under each land use type. The faunal profiles showed that soil food webs in the fallow field and woodland were structured, and those in the paddy and maize fields were stressed. The faunal analysis provided a useful tool for diagnostic interpretation of the condition of upper soil layers.     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

The composition of the soil solution as influenced by fertilization and nutrient uptake

The composition of the soil solution in unfertilized and well-fertilized plots of three long-term field experiments has been determined at the beginning and at the end of the growing season. All the plots were manured and the K and P fertilizers given in the autumn before the growth of sugar beet. N was applied in the spring, 3–4 weeks before the first soil sampling.The soil solution was removed at a pressure of 5 atm. The composition and the corresponding osmotic pressure were calculated for the moisture contents at field capacity and wilting point.In spring the salt concentrations, cations + anions, at the field capacity were in the range 91–97 mmoles/l in the fertilized plots. In autumn the concentration had dropped to 13.9–20.3, a decrease of 78–85%. At the wilting point, the concentrations in spring were as high as 211–307 mmoles/l and in autumn 31.5–69 mmoles/l. The corresponding osmotic pressures at field capacity in the spring ranged 2.2–2.3 atm. and at wilting point 5.1–7.4 atm.In spring the unfertilized plots showed concentrations of 16–21 mmoles/l and osmotic pressures of 0.38–0.51 atm., the values decreasing 52–65% during the growing season.It was pointed out that the high soil-solution concentration and osmotic pressure at low moisture contents may lead to an unfavourable effect on root metabolism. Further, the obscuring effect of the varying soil-solution concentration on the relationships between root ion exchange and nutrient uptake by plants has been discussed.     

长期不同土地利用方式对潮棕壤有机氮组分及剖面分布的影响

用Bremner法测定了长期(16 a)定位的不同土地利用方式(水田、旱地和林地)下潮棕壤有机氮各组分的含量。结果表明:在0～60 cm土层,3种土壤有机氮均以非酸解性氮为主,且酸解性全氮及酸解各组分氮含量及其占全氮的比例总体上以表层土壤(0～20 cm)为最高。0～60 cm土层土壤酸解性全氮含量及0～40 cm土层土壤酸解各组分氮含量均随土层深度增加而下降,但0～60 cm土层土壤酸解性全氮及其各组分氮占全氮比例的剖面分布均无明显规律。相同土层,水田和旱地土壤酸解各组分氮含量及其占全氮比例的规律性相同,即均为未知态氮>氨态氮>氨基酸态氮>氨基糖态氮,而林地土壤酸解各组分氮含量及其占全氮比例则无明显规律。与水田相比,旱地和林地均可显著增加表层土壤酸解性全氮及酸解氨态氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮的含量及其占全氮的比例,其中,旱地增加土壤酸解氨态氮的效果最为明显,而林地增加土壤酸解氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮的效果最为明显,总体上以水田改为林地后增加土壤易矿化分解的酸解氮的效果最为明显,提高土壤供氮的潜力最大。     

不同施肥处理对潮棕壤磷素累积与剖面分布的影响

摘　要 以下辽河平原的长期定位试验为平台,通过比较不同肥料类型和用量条件下表层土壤全磷及土壤剖面（0~80 cm）中速效磷的分布差异,研究长期不同施肥条件对土壤中磷素垂直迁移的影响。结果表明：1）在各施磷肥处理上,土壤磷素收支盈余,表层土壤全磷和速效磷含量均明显升高,且土壤磷收支的盈亏值(x)与土壤速效磷的增减量(y)呈显著直线关系y = 0.070 1x 8.538 9（R2=0.89**）,其中磷素盈余量的15.8%进入到土壤速效库内;2）化肥磷施用量为50和100 kg hm-2时,60~80 cm土层内速效磷含量显著高于对照,说明存在磷素的垂直迁移;3）相对于化肥而言,施用有机肥更易于磷素向下迁移;4）在施肥、有机质含量和作物吸收等多种因素影响下,土壤速效磷在土壤剖面中呈现上下层高、中间层低的空间分布格局,最低值出现在20~40 cm土层。     

外源细菌添加对红壤吸附病毒的影响

污水中病毒往往与一些可溶性有机物质、无机胶体及菌体细胞同时存在,但很少有研究考虑菌体细胞及其分泌物对环境中病毒去向的影响。从3株代表性菌株培养液中分别获取菌体细胞及其分泌的胞外聚合物(EPS),其目的是为了:(1)比较不同红壤的病毒吸附能力;(2)明确细菌存在对红壤吸附病毒的影响;(3)评估菌体细胞及EPS影响红壤吸附病毒的相对作用权重。结果表明,4种经过灭菌处理的红壤中,红黏土和赤红壤对病毒的吸附容量最大,其次为砖红壤,而红壤土的吸附能力最弱。菌体细胞对红壤吸附病毒的影响很小,在某种土壤中甚至有促进病毒吸附的趋势,但EPS或EPS与菌体细胞同时存在显著降低了红壤对病毒的吸附能力,其降低比例分别达36%和30%,表明细菌存在降低土壤吸附病毒的现象主要由其分泌物EPS导致。本研究结果表明在评估某一介质对病毒的吸附能力时必须同时考虑细菌存在的影响,否则有可能高估其吸附容量。     

潮土区常规施肥下冬小麦农田基础地力演变规律

研究农民习惯施肥条件下潮土区冬小麦农田基础地力的演变规律,为加强潮土农田地力保育,挖掘农田生产潜力和增加作物产量提供依据。依托29个潮土国家级耕地土壤监测点,利用1988~2006年长期监测数据,从土壤性质出发构建了潮土区冬小麦农田基础地力指数(BSPI)模型,以此模型为基础分析了潮土区常规施肥下冬小麦农田基础地力的演变规律。经过19年的常规施肥,冬小麦农田基础地力呈显著的上升趋势,与监测初期相比BSPI提升了38.5%,年均增长速率为2.0%。不同地力水平下的冬小麦农田基础地力随时间演变规律不尽一致,低地力区BSPI呈显著上升趋势,年均增长速率为3.2%。高、中地力区BSPI均呈略微上升趋势,都未达到显著上升水平。不同省份间冬小麦农田基础地力指数差异也十分显著,在潮土监测区域,不同省份表现的趋势为江苏省的冬小麦农田基础地力最高,显著高于安徽、湖北、河北、山东、山西5地,而江苏、北京、河南3省间基础地力无显著差异。各省冬小麦农田基础地力指数大小顺序为江苏北京河南湖北、山东河北山西、安徽。长期化肥和有机肥的施用,以及配合小麦季部分秸秆还田对培肥低地力农田,提高土壤基础肥力作用显著;对于中、高地力农田,长期施肥能稳定土壤基础肥力,对提高和稳定潮土区粮食产量也十分重要。     

Microbial community composition and substrate use in a highly weathered soil as affected by crop rotation and P fertilization

A better understanding of soil microbial processes is required to improve the synchrony between nutrient release from plant residues and crop demand. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis was used to investigate the effect of two crop rotations (continuous maize and maize-crotalaria rotation) and P fertilization (0 and 50 kg P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, applied as triple superphosphate) on microbial community composition in a highly weathered soil from western Kenya. Microbial substrate use in soils from the field experiment was compared in incubation experiments. Higher levels of soil organic matter and microbial biomass in the maize-crotalaria rotation were connected with higher total amounts of phospholipid fatty acids and an increase in the relative abundances of indicators for fungi and gram-negative bacteria. P fertilization changed the community profile only within the continuous maize treatment. The decomposition of glucose, cellulose and three plant residues (all added at 2.5 g C kg⁻¹ soil) proceeded faster in soil from the maize-crotalaria rotation, but differences were mostly transient. Microbial P and N uptake within one week increased with the water-soluble carbon content of added plant residues. More P and N were taken up by the greater microbial biomass in soil from the maize-crotalaria rotation than from continuous maize. Re-mineralization of nutrients during the decline of the microbial biomass increased also with the initial biological activity of the soil, but occurred only for a high quality plant residue within the half year incubation period. Compared to the effect of crop rotation, P fertilization had a minor effect on microbial community composition and substrate use.     

Nutrient uptake and use efficiency of onion seed yield as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization

Abstract

The experiment was conducted at Kulumsa, South East Ethiopia, using four levels of nitrogen (N) (0, 50,100 and 150?kg N ha^?1) and four levels of phosphorus (P) (0, 35, 70 and 105?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) fertilizers arranged in 4?×?4 factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications. The available P was increased after harvest due to the application of N and P fertilizer at the rates of 100 or 150?kg N ha^?1 and 70 or 105?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. More specifically, nutrients concentration and nutrient uptake were significantly (p?<?.01) varied among treatment combinations and nutrient use efficiency was declined by increasing N and P after optimum rates. The higher physiological efficiency of N (53.47?kg kg^?1) and P (580.41?kg kg^?1) and the highest apparent recovery of N (19.62%) and P (2.47%) was recorded from application of 50?kg N ha^?1 and P at 70?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 and the highest agronomic efficiency of N (10.78?kg kg^?1) and P (15.25?kg kg^?1) was recorded from N at the rate of 50?kg N ha^?1 and P at 35?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1, respectively. The combination of N at 100?kg N ha^?1 and P at 70?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 was promising combination that generated highest net benefit 488,878.5 ETB (Ethiopian birr) ha^?1 with the highest marginal rate of return (36638%) and gave the highest seed yield (1858.82?kg ha^?1) with yield increment of about 57.72% over the control.