日本落叶松林分材种出材量表的研制

本研究利用１７６块日本落叶松标准地材料，建立了与现行山本式材积方程相一致且符合适用性检验精度要求的削度方程。结合全林整体模型。林分自然稀疏模型及林分结构模型，分别立地指数、初植密度编制了日本落叶松林分材种出材量表，并对其进行了编制精度和适用性精度检验。结果表明，编表精度达９６％以上，适用性检验精度达９５％以上，可以在科研生产中应用。     

日本落叶松林分材种出材量表的研制

本研究利用１７６块日本落叶松标准地材料，建立了与现行山本式材积方程相一致且符合适用性检验精度要求的削度方程，结合全林整体模型，林分自然稀疏模型及林分结构模型，分别立地指数，初植密度编制了日本落叶松林分材种出材量表，并对其进行了编制精度和适用性精度检验，结果表明，编表精度达９６％以上，适用性检验精度达９５％以上，可以在科研生产中应用。     

林分断面积组合预测模型权重确定的比较

引入组合预测方法以提高林分断面积预测的精度及2类模型(林分水平模型和单木水平模型)预测林分断面积的兼容性。组合预测法能够充分利用各单个模型的有效信息,从而提高预测精度,而单个模型权重的选取对提高组合预测法的精度至关重要。本研究基于北京山区油松连续清查数据,利用误差平方和法、方差协方差法和最优加权法确定林分断面积组合预测模型的权重。结果表明:组合预测法能够提高预测精度,同时利用最优加权法所建立的林分断面积组合预测模型其预测精度最高,方差协方差法次之,误差平方和法预测精度最低。     

林分密度控制图模型选取及求解方法的研究

在编制林分密度控制图时，常用二次回归法求解模型Ｍ＝ＡｎＨＢ１１－Ａ１２ＪＢ１２Ｎ２和１／Ｄ＝Ａ２１ＨＢ２１＋Ａ２２ＨＢ２２Ｎ配制等树高线和等直径线，并以此为基础编制林分密度控制图，由于要经两次回归，加上其误差的迭加，所以其实际精度并不高，而利用非线性回归法则少一次求解各种模型。在编制太行山区油松人工林密度控制图中采用非线性回归法求解模型Ｍ＝Ａ１１ＨＢ１１Ｎ－Ａ１２ＨＢ１２Ｎ２配等树高线，精度达９７．３３％，提高了５．８３％，求解模型Ｍ＝Ａ２１ＤＢ２１ＮＡ１１ＤＢ２２配制等直径线，精度达９８．６％，从而使新编的林分密度控制图精度大大提高。     

林分直径枯损模型分析与研究

林分株数分布函数和林木生长模型在预估直径生长、径阶株数分布方面已经得到广泛的应用。本文在综合分析各种直径枯损模型的基础上，全面比较和检验了各种模型的适用性和预测精度。结果表明，利用林分株数分布函数或林木生长模型预估林分直径枯损分布，具有结构合理、适用性强及预测精度高等特征，成为预估林分枯损的最佳模型之一。     

大兴安岭东部天然落叶松林可加性林分生物量估算模型

【目的】探讨林分乔木层生物量的估算方法,为大区域、大尺度森林生物量的估算提供理论依据。【方法】利用1990—2010年5期大兴安岭东部天然落叶松林固定样地数据,选择基于林分变量的林分生物量模型和基于林分蓄积量的林分生物量模型作为林分乔木层生物量估算的方法,利用似然分析法去判断2种模型的误差结构(相加型和相乘型),并采用聚合型可加性生物量模型建立其林分生物量模型,模型参数估计采用非线性似乎不相关回归模型方法。采用"刀切法"评价所建立的林分生物量模型。【结果】经似然分析法判断,2种模型的误差结构是相乘型的,对数转换的线性回归更适合用来拟合林分生物量数据;2种模型的调整后确定系数R2a0.94,平均相对误差ME为0%~5%,平均相对误差绝对值MAE15%;所建立的2种可加性林分生物量模型的预测精度在98%以上。【结论】虽然基于林分蓄积量的林分生物量和基于林分变量的林分生物量模型形式不同,但二者都具有较好的预测精度;就本研究而言,2种估算林分生物量的方法都能对大兴安岭东部天然落叶松林林分生物量进行很好地估算。     

杉木人工林林分断面积生长模型的贝叶斯法估计

以江西杉木人工林为例,以Korf型、Richards型和Hossfeld型3种模型为基础,通过广义代数差分法(GADA)分别建立杉木林分断面积生长模型。结果表明:以Richards型为基础的杉木林分断面积预测精度最高,以Richards型模型为最优模型,分别基于贝叶斯法和传统法(非线性最小二乘法)估计杉木林分断面积生长模型。研究发现,利用贝叶斯法估计杉木林分断面积生长模型,预测精度相当且预测值的可靠性比传统法好。     

广西杉木林分相对树高曲线模型研究

为减轻森林资源调查的工作量，满足蓄积量调查的精度要求，利用广西276块杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林标准地资料，选用理查德函数变型的固定参数式和可变参数式建立杉木林分相对树高曲线模型，综合考虑模型拟合决定系数(R²)、均方误差(MSE)、总相对误差(TRE)、平均相对误差(MRE)、平均百分比误差(MPE)和预估精度(P)等指标，选择表现较好的模型。结果表明，最佳的杉木林分相对树高曲线模型为理查德函数变型固定参数式模型。将利用模型估算的林分蓄积量与利用二元材积表估算的林分蓄积量形成成对数据，采用配对t检验法对二者均值差异进行检验；结果显示，二者无显著差异，精度达到99.46%。利用理查德函数变型固定参数式模型建立的杉木相对树高曲线方程预估精度高，可在广西区内应用，整体区域模型函数为■，中心产区模型函数为■，一般产区模型函数为■。     

海南省松树和橡胶树林分形高模型研建

通过设置临时样地和收集连清固定样地数据,分别建立了海南省松树和橡胶树的通用林分形高模型,经模型检验分析后表明:所建林分形高模型预估精度高,达到99%以上;模型TRE指标接近于0,MSE指标等于0,不存在系统偏差;模型对于林分蓄积量的预估精度达到98%。模型研建方法可行,在森林资源调查中有推广使用价值。     

2种云南松天然次生林林分生长模型构建方法的比较

为更有效地经营管理云南松天然次生林,在云南省云南松主要分布区的昆明市、楚雄州设置55块云南松天然次生林标准地,从中随机抽取33块作为建模数据,剩余22块作为模型校验数据,采用逐步回归剔除法和BP神经网络建模法,建立林分生长模型。结果表明,使用逐步回归剔除法建立的平均胸径生长模型、平均树高生长模型、蓄积量生长模型总体拟合精度在89.22%~95.52%之间,校验精度在81.09%~94.15%之间;使用BP神经网络建立的各林分生长模型总体拟合精度在90.01%~98.62%之间,校验精度在92.63%~95.68%之间。可见BP神经网络所建立的林分生长模型精度较高,可为同类森林的经营管理提供参考。     

浙江省毛竹竹板材碳转移分析

木质林产品作为森林生态系统碳循环的一个重要组成部分,是森林生态系统三大碳库之一,对森林生态系统和大气之间的碳平衡起着重要作用,在减缓碳排放上具有巨大贡献(Apps et al.,1999;Dias et al.,2005;白彦锋等,2009):一方面,林产品有一     

Prediction of annual tree growth and survival for thinned and unthinned even-aged maritime pine stands in Portugal from data with different time measurement intervals

An annual individual tree survival and growth model was developed for pure even-aged stands of maritime pine in Portugal, using a large data set containing irregularly time-spaced measurements and considering thinning effects. The model is distance-independent and is based on a function for diameter growth, a function for height growth and a survival function. Two approaches are compared for modeling annual tree growth. The first approach directly estimates a future diameter or height using well-known growth functions formulated in difference form. The second approach estimates diameter or height using a function in differential form estimating the increment over a year period. In both approaches, the function parameters were related to tree and stand variables reflecting the competition status of the tree as well as of a thinning response factor. Variable growth and survival rates were assumed in the modeling approaches. An iterative method was used to continuously update tree and stand attributes using a cut-off to convert the survival probability for a living or a dead tree. The individual tree diameter growth model and the survival probability model were fitted simultaneously using seemingly unrelated regression (SUR). Parameters of the height function were obtained separately as the number of observations for height was much lower than the number of observations for diameter, which may affect the statistical inference and the estimation of contemporaneous cross-equation error correlation inherent to the system of equations. PRESS residuals were used to evaluate the predictive performance of the diameter and the height growth functions. Additional statistics based in the log likelihood function and also in the survival probability were computed to evaluate the survival function. The second modeling approach, which integrates components of growth expansion and decline, performed slightly better than the first approach. A variable accounting for the thinning response that was tested proved to be significant for predicting diameter growth, even if the model already included competition-related explanatory variables, namely the basal area of trees larger than the subject tree. However, this thinning response factor was not significant for predicting height growth.     

Impact of agroforestry practices on the flowering phenology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitellaria paradoxa</Emphasis> in parklands in southern Mali

The impact of human practices on the phenology of flowering was assessed for an important agroforestry tree species of the Sudano-Sahelian zone: Vitellaria paradoxa. Flowering was monitored at two sites in southern Mali over 2 years. At each site, the impact of agricultural practices on flowering phenology was assessed by comparing field, fallow and forest. The site effect and agricultural practices were significant for all the monitored variables. The proportion of individuals that flowered was 89% at Koumantou and 40% at MPeresso. About 98, 95 and 75% of individuals at Koumantou and 88, 12 and 20% at MPeresso flowered in the field, fallow and forest, respectively. The mean length of flowering ranged from 69 to 81 days at Koumantou and from 45 to 108 days at MPeresso. The mean number of days for the active phase ranged from 36 to 49 days at Koumantou and from 27 to 64 days at MPeresso. Koumantou’s favourable climatic conditions resulted in better flowering ability and a higher probability of abundant flowering. Field appeared to provide better conditions than fallow and forest regarding flowering ability and probability of abundant flowering. However, tree diameter did not affect flowering phenology. Agricultural practices appear to have a noticeable impact on the phenology of flowering of V. paradoxa. Trees flowered abundantly in the parkland and therefore increased gene flow via pollen and/or seeds and the dynamics of genetic diversity.     

Modelling probability of snow and wind damage in Scots pine stands using tree characteristics

Predictions of damage risk from snow and wind at sites using tree characteristics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), were made using a subset of data from permanent sample plots within the Swedish National Forest Inventory (NFI). The plots were sampled twice at five-year intervals between 1983 and 1992. A logistic risk assessment model was developed using data originating from 286 plots, dominated by Scots pine (> 65% of basal area), within one county situated in the boreal zone in northern Sweden (Västerbotten). The model was evaluated with NFI-data from two other counties, one adjacent to Västerbotten (Västermorrland, 99 plots), which is also in the boreal zone, and one (Kalmar, 138 plots) in the hemi-boreal zone in southern Sweden. In each plot, measurements at first inventory of tree characteristics for the largest undamaged sample tree, and measurements at second inventory of damage from snow and wind on all sample trees were used to develop a logistic model that predicts the damage probability for each site. The best predictors were upper diameter (ud, diameter at 3 or 5 m) and the ratio of height/diameter at breast height (rhd). According to the model calculations, the overall damage probability never exceeded 0.26 for any of the sample plots used for model development. At a given ud the probability of damage is higher for a site with trees of low rhd. The fit of the model was better for the adjacent Västernorrland county than for the southern county, Kalmar. This inferior predictability was explained by differences in tree characteristics between Kalmar and the other counties. The results show that it is possible to predict damage from snow and wind at a site by using only single tree characteristics.     

换填法在软弱地基基础工程中的应用

文章较详细的论述了软土地基的处理方法之一的换填法,并提出了换填材料的材料、粒经、尺寸和比例等关键数据,同时列出了应用的经验公式和图表。     

DETERMINATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF MOISTURE IN PARTICLEBOARDS

The static and dynamic diffusion coefficients are important coefficients todescribe the moisture transfer processes in particleboard.In this paper,the formula ofculculating the static and dynamic diffusion coefficients were deduced.At first,the staticdiffusion coefficients of four kinds of particleboards were determined by using diffusion cupmethod.The results demonstrated that the static diffusion coefficients parallel to panelsurface were 10-20 times as large as that of perpendicular to panel surface for test boards.To determine both dynamic diffusion coefficients and surface emission coefficients ofmoisture in particleboards in one experimental period,specimens in four different thickness-es of each kind of particleboard were used in the experiment.Then the method ofregression was used and the dynamic diffusion coefficients and surface emission coefficien-ts were determined based on the slope and intercept of the regressive line.     

猕猴桃不同嫁接方法对其成活率影响初探

以野生美味猕猴桃１年生苗木作砧木，以猕猴桃新品种金魁的１年生枝作接穗，进行了不同的嫁接方法试验。结果表明；舌接、单芽枝腹接成活率高达９８．４％、９６．１％，且嫁接苗生长势旺，新苗基粗、新梢长度、新梢叶片数均显著高于其它几种嫁接苗。操作方法简便，是猕猴桃理想的嫁接方法，可在生产中推广应用。     

白龙江中上游林区华北落叶松人工林一元立木材积模型研究

在白龙江中上游林区华北落叶松人工林中,建立胸径与树高相关关系,应用形数法、一元材积公式法和二元材积公式法分别建立了6种立木材积模型,经材积系统偏差分析和材积误差分析后,从中筛选出V模(v)=0.012 067-0.003 397D+0.000 582D2作为该林区华北落叶松人工林一元立木材积模型,其误差为1.409 0...     

木材横纹导热系数的类比法研究

分析导热与导电间某些属性的相似性 ,应用类比法推出导热系数具有导电系数的某些属性 ,可用导电系数类似的定义式定义导热系数 ,即木材导热系数等于木材单位长度单位截面的热阻的倒数。根据木材微观细胞形态 ,选用圆柱形模型推导木材横纹导热系数的理论计算式。应用该公式计算 2 0种木材的横纹导热系数 ,理论值的最大误差 14 1% ,平均误差 7% ,理论值与试验值较为吻合 ,为理论研究木材热学性质提供一种可适用的方法。     

透光抚育对人天混红松林群落结构与生产力的影响

采用样带网格调查和群落重要值分析法,研究透光抚育对人天混红松林群落的树种组成结构、径级分布、蓄积量和红松蓄积生产力的影响效果。结果表明,沿由小到大的透光抚育强度,人天混群落中红松重要值依次增大,红松大径木比例依次增加,小径木比例依次减少,群落蓄积量波动型增加,红松蓄积生产力依次增加。