不同处理牛卵丘/颗粒细胞作为核供体对克隆胚发育的影响

本研究利用TSA（Trichostatin A）、ROS（Roscovitine）、血清饥饿和接触抑制方法处理牛卵丘/颗粒细胞,检测处理前后细胞乙酰化水平、周期分布及其对重组胚发育能力的影响,为提高核移植效率提供理论基础。分别采用上述方法处理牛卵丘/颗粒细胞,首先对处理的细胞形态及活率进行观察,并利用流式分选技术检测处理细胞的周期分布,再通过间接免疫荧光法检测经上述不同处理前后细胞乙酰化水平变化,最后以上述处理细胞作为核供体构建重组胚,比较重组胚发育水平的不同。试验结果显示,经上述处理的卵丘/颗粒细胞形态良好,活率均保持在94%以上;TSA处理卵丘/颗粒细胞后,其乙酰化水平较对照组和其他处理组明显增加（P〈0.05）,经ROS处理的卵丘/颗粒细胞乙酰化表达水平同样高于对照组（P〈0.05）,但仍低于TSA处理组（P〈0.05）,但经血清饥饿处理的卵丘/颗粒细胞乙酰化水平较对照组明显降低（P〈0.05）;利用TSA处理卵丘/颗粒细胞24 h后,细胞被明显抑制在G0/G1期,且较其他处理组的抑制现象更加明显（P〈0.05）;并且,经TSA处理后的卵丘/颗粒细胞充当供体细胞,其卵裂率和囊胚率较对照组明显增加（P〈0.01,（85.2±3.4）%vs（68.6±6.7）%;（30.2±5.7）%vs（10.4±8.3）%）。经TSA处理的牛卵丘/颗粒细胞,与其他处理组相比,乙酰化水平较高,细胞形态良好,细胞周期被明显抑制在G0/G1期,且获得了较高的卵裂率和囊胚率,作为供体细胞的处理方式较为适合。     

受精蛋和无精蛋、死胚及正常发育胚的种蛋品质差异研究

通过对3批共1 626个海兰褐父母代种蛋进行试验,分析受精蛋和无精蛋、死胚及正常发育胚的种蛋品质差异,探讨种蛋品质对种蛋失重、死亡规律及孵化率的影响.结果表明:①在孵化期间出现2个死亡高峰时段,即第0～7天和第14～21天.②孵化期间第0～7天失重率与蛋壳的大、小端气孔数呈正相关;3个阶段的种蛋失重率相互之间有极显著的正相关,且出壳重与失重率有极显著的负相关.③孵化第0～7天死胚的种蛋(死精蛋)壳厚显著低于正常发育胚蛋,蛋壳两端气孔数少于正常发育胚蛋.④孵化第8～21天死胚种蛋蛋重显著高于群体平均蛋重,两端气孔数均多于正常发育胚蛋,蛋形指数小于正常发育胚蛋.⑤雏鸡出壳重与入孵蛋重有极显著正相关,与气孔数、蛋形指数、壳厚均无相关性.⑥受精蛋与无精蛋相比,入孵蛋重略大于无精蛋,壳厚显著地小于无精蛋,大、小端气孔数分别显著或不显著地多于无精蛋.     

Chromaffin Cells of the Adrenal Gland in the Beagle Dog

The distribution of adrenal chromaffin cells in the control beagle dog was investigated. The presence of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, three zones of the adrenal cortex and capsule was identified by staining with H&E, chromium salts and TH (tyrosine hydroxylase) antibody. With H&E stain, there are morphological differences among the chromaffin cells in the medulla, cortex and capsule. In addition, the number of the capsular chromaffin cells was statistically significantly decreased in the 8–9, 11–12 and 15–16 month age groups compared with the 5–6 month age group. Both medullary and extra‐medullary chromaffin cells contained catecholamines, demonstrated via special staining for chromium salts. TH is the first enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis; it is a useful maker for all cells involved with catecholamine biosynthesis including chromaffin cells. TH antibody confirmed that the extra‐medullary cells were chromaffin cells. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay for detecting the apoptotic signalling identified the apoptosis of the chromaffin cells in the capsule.     

Localization of the N-methyl-D-aspartate R1 Receptor in the Pituitary Gland of Immature Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

A study was conducted on the selective immunostaining of pituitary cells and pars nervosa of immature rainbow trout by antibody raised against the R1 subunit of the rat ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. In the pars distalis, the mammotrophs of the rostral pars distalis exhibited the most marked imunoreactivity, with the somatotrophs of the proximal pars distalis showing a consistently lower degree of immunoreactivity. No imunoreactivity was associated with the corticotrophs, thyrotrophs or gonadotrophs. In the pars intermedia, the melanotrophs showed no evidence of immunoreactivity, whereas the putative somatomammotrophs exhibited a wide inter-animal range of immunoreactivity. Some imunostaining was also evident in the anterior and posterior part of the pars nervosa, at the interface of the pars distalis or pars intermedia with the pars nervosa.     

以雏鸡肝细胞为靶细胞检测鸡TNFα细胞毒活性方法的建立

鸡源性肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)样品检测,通常使用微量细胞病变法,操作繁琐费时,尽管国外有利用生物学方法测定的报道,但因需要特定的细胞系作为靶细胞[1],使鸡TNFα检测难以开展。然而,TNFα活性检测对鸡免疫、抗感染和抗肿瘤等方面的机制研究具有重要的意义,为克服靶细胞...     

羽髓细胞短期孵育制备染色体标本的研究

国内目前有关鸟类染色体制备方法的研究报道较多 ,但其中大多数方法都对鸟类有不同程度的损伤或实验技术条件要求过高 ,不利于推广利用。本文报道的羽髓细胞短期孵育制备鸟类染色体标本的方法 ,是以鸟类雏鸟羽毛的羽髓或成鸟换羽期新长出的飞羽羽髓为实验材料 ,经含有秋水仙素的培养基短期孵育 ,然后采用常规制片方法制备染色体标本。结果表明 ,此方法取材容易 ,操作简便 ,对鸟类无损伤 ,是适用于濒危鸟类的细胞遗传学研究的理想方法。     

Fine Structure and Peroxidase Activity of the Bovine Mandibular Gland Cells

The acini of the bovine mandibular gland consist of mucous and demilunar seromucous cells. The mucous cells contain electron-lucid mucigen droplets or mucoid masses, only rarely delimited by membranes. The cisternae of the RER communicate freely. Mitochondria are scarce. The seromucous demilunar cells contain considerably more granules, and perigranular membranes are far more common. Many granules have characteristic alternating electron opaque and less electron dense areas. The prominent RER appears to be associated with a peculiar labyrinth of interconnecting tubules. Mitochondria are numerous. Numerous myoepithelial cells are observed. The cuboidal cells of the intercalated ducts lack signs of secretory activity. The columnar cells of the striated ducts have extensive infoldings of the basal plasma membrane, associated with mitochondria. The cell apex contains many granulated vesicles. Endogenous lactoperoxidase activity could be demonstrated only in the demilunar cells, within the secretory granules, the RER, including the perinuclear cisternae, as well as the labyrinth mentioned above. A positive reaction could be observed over acinar lumina and in intercellular canaliculi. The possible role of peroxidase as a component of a bactericidal system of the bovine saliva is discussed.     

鸡胚血液中PGCs的分离及原代培养

在鸡胚孵化48,50,54,56,60h的不同时期，分离血液中原始生殖细胞（PGCs)，分离前的浓度分别为0.011%,0.007%,0.006%,0.006%,0.004%,0.001%,分离后的浓度分别为0.245,1.21%,1.02%,0.64%,0.27%,孵化48－54h，血液中PGCs浓度差异不显著，但孵化48h的鸡胚液较少，PGCs绝对量较低。孵化52－54h的鸡胚血液量较大，获取PGCs的绝对值较高，故分离PGCs的时间以孵化52－54h为宜，鸡胚血液中PGCs在未中任何外源生长因子而含10％FCS的TCM－199培养基中体外培养，能够存活3－4d。     

The Fine Structure of Mast Cells in the Normal Bovine Mammary Gland

The mast cells from the mammary gland of the cow greatly resemble the mast cells of man and small laboratory animals. However, certain ultrastructural differences are found in the mast cell granules. These granules are divided into four different types according to their morphology. All contain a granular material of varying fineness, bounded by a membrane. In addition a fibrous or crystalline part is found in some granules, while in others a large light vacuole can be seen. All the granules are surrounded by a unit membrane.     

黑白花奶牛乳腺上皮细胞冻存方法的研究

本试验研究了北方地区黑白花奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的最佳冻存方法。采用内蒙古地区健康黑白花奶牛的新鲜乳腺组织,将组织进行Ⅱ型胶原酶消化后原代培养,培养的细胞经5代纯化后将密度调整为1×106个/mL。采用6种处理方法进行冻存,各设3个重复。液氮冻存1个月后,分别将6种不同方法冻存的细胞复苏后测定细胞活性,包括冻存死亡率、贴壁细胞占活细胞的比率、凋亡率等,同时进行形态学观察。结果显示,处理1组与2、3、5组间冻存死亡率存在极显著差异(P0.01),处理1、4、6组间冻存死亡率无显著差异(P0.05),处理2、6组间冻存死亡率存在极显著差异(P0.01);处理4组的贴比率高于处理2、5、6组,存在极显著差异(P0.01)。形态学观察结果发现,处理1、4组细胞较其它组生长状态良好。因此,处理4可作为黑白花奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的最佳冻存方法。     

Vero细胞共培养体系对猪胚胎早期发育的影响

本研究旨在探讨Vero细胞共培养体系对猪胚胎早期发育的影响。收集屠宰场废弃卵巢,抽取卵母细胞。采用电激活联合化学激活的方法得到孤雌胚胎,同时用所得的卵母细胞与卵丘细胞构建猪体细胞核移植重构胚;并将所得的孤雌胚、核移植重构胚移入NCSU-23(培养液)中与Vero细胞共培养。结果,Vero细胞共培养组的囊胚率显著高于对照组(P0.05),各组囊胚细胞数无显著差异(P0.05)。结果表明,Vero细胞作为共培养体系中的滋养层细胞有利于猪胚胎的早期发育。     

猪乳腺细胞分离培养及EGFP基因转化

本研究旨在从猪乳腺组织中分离得到上皮细胞和成纤维细胞,并将EGFP基因导入这些细胞.利用乳腺细胞堵养体系从成年猪乳腺组织中分离培养上皮细胞和成纤维细胞,并利用脂质体介导转染技术将EGFP基因导入这些细胞.结果,从成年猪乳腺组织中成功分离培养出上皮细胞和成纤维细胞,获得转EGFP基因上皮细胞和成纤维细胞.上皮细胞呈短梭形或多角形,细胞之间紧密相靠,互相衔接,连接成片;细胞核呈圆形或椭圆形,核仁2～4枚,比较明显.成纤维细胞呈长梭形.结果表明,可以从猪乳腺组织中分离上皮细胞和成纤维细胞,EGFP可以在这些细胞中表达.     

Trout mortalities as a result of Streptococcus infection.

Excessive mortalities were experienced in the bigger rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at an efficiently managed trout farm. All tests for known toxins in the feed and water proved to be negative. A faecal Streptococcus which belongs to the Lancefield group D but which could not be identified as belonging to any of the recognized species within this group, was isolated from the spleens, livers and kidneys of affected fish. Pathogenicity studies with this organism proved it to be highly fatal to trout but not to Mozambique bream (Sarotherodon mossambicus), banded bream (Tilapia sparrmenii), carp (Cyprinus carpio) or largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The isolation and biochemical characteristics of the organism are described. The symptoms, gross- and histopathology of this disease are described and discussed. The disease resembles a haemorrhagic septicaemia and appears to be associated with intensification and conditions of stress.     

四氯联苯对鸡胚性腺原始生殖细胞的毒性影响

采用四氯联苯处理发育至Ⅹ期的白来航鸡种蛋,孵化5.5天后取出胚胎进行全固定,用石蜡切片和PAS染色(高碘酸希夫试剂)研究四氯联苯对鸡胚性腺原始生殖细胞(PGCs)的影响.结果表明,四氯联苯对发育至5.5日胚龄的鸡胚性腺PGCs数量和结构有明显影响,但雌二醇处理的5.5日胚龄鸡胚PGCs数量变化不显著,其结构无明显变化.表明四氯联苯对5.5日胚龄的鸡胚性腺PGCs的影响主要来自于其毒性作用.     

乳腺上皮细胞体外培养的研究进展

乳腺上皮细胞体外培养的成功对研究乳腺的生长发育、泌乳机制、乳腺肿瘤和癌变的发生及乳腺生物反应器的应用等方面的研究都有重要的意义。具体来说．体外培养建立的乳腺上皮细胞系可为克隆和转基因动物生产提供良好的核供体;分泌功能的乳腺上皮细胞系的建立为乳腺发育学、乳腺病理学、泌乳生物学研究提供细胞模型。本文综述了国内外在此领域的研究进展,对乳腺上皮细胞的体外培养技术进行了总结为相关领域的研究提供参考。     

供体细胞对猪体细胞克隆胚胎早期发育的影响

以中国农业大学实验用小型猪香猪胎儿成纤维细胞、成年耳成纤维细胞和颗粒细胞3种细胞系为供体细胞进行核移植。比较了血清饥饿法和接触抑制法处理胎儿成纤维细胞诱导进入G0／G1期的效率，发现二者差异不显著（P〉0．05），血清饥饿2d和4d差异不明显，同样接触抑制2d和4d差异也不显著（P〉0．05）。系统研究了影响克隆胚胎发育的供体因素：血清饥饿与否、细胞形态、细胞类型及个体差异等，结果表明：血清饥饿处理对克隆胚的早期发育没有明显的促进作用；圆形光滑细胞有利于细胞融合，对早期发育无显著影响（P〉0．05）；不同个体、不同类型的供体细胞对克隆胚囊胚发育率有一定的影响。     

Cellular Composition and Viability of Cloned Bovine Embryos Using Exogene-Transfected Somatic Cells

The present study compared the efficiency of transgenic (TG) cloned embryo production by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) with fetal-derived fibroblast cells (FFCs) which were transfected with pEGFP-N1 to in vitro-fertilized (IVF), parthenogenetic and SCNT counterparts by evaluating the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation, apoptosis rate at different developmental stages, cell number, ploidy and gene expression in blastocysts. In SCNT and TG embryos, the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of IVF controls, but it did not differ between SCNT and TG embryos. In IVF control, 86.7% embryos displayed diploid chromosomal complements and the rates were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of SCNT and TG embryos. Most TG embryos (79%) with FFCs expressed the gene by both PCR and under fluorescence microscopy. The expression of apoptosis by TUNEL was first detected at six to eight cell stages in all embryos of IVF, SCNT and TG groups, but the expression rate at each developmental stages was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in SCNT and TG embryos than in IVF counterparts. The expression rate in inner cell mass (ICM) of TG embryos was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in SCNT and IVF embryos. These results indicate that the high occurrence of apoptosis observed in SCNT and TG embryos compared with IVF counterparts might influence the developmental competence. Moreover, the SCNT embryos derived using non-transfected donor cells exhibited a lower apoptosis expression in ICM cells than in TG embryos derived using pEGP-N1-transfected donor cells suggesting a possible role of negative gene effect in TG embryos.     

Effects of Donor Cells Treated with Egg Extracts on the Development Competence of Cloned Embryos

Japanese Balck cattle fetal fibroblasts (JBCFF) were induced with Xenopus leavis egg extracts and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) was carried out with the reprogrammed JBCFF as donor cells in order to investigate their effects on SCNT efficiency.Three samples of egg extracts were acquired from different Xenopus laevis.The protein contents and kinds in extracts were evaluated with BCA Protein Quantification Kit and SDS-PAGE.Concentration of Digitonin to permeabilize JBCFF was optimized and assessed with PI staining.Reprogrammed cells treated with egg extract were used as donor in SCNT.Additionally the reconstructed embryos were activated with ionomycin+6-DMAP and A23187+6-DMAP to compare their effects on the development competence.The protein contents of extracts samples were 56.2255,64.6570 and 71.2158 μg/mL,respectively,the each extract had the same composition about 40-55 and 70-100 ku.The optimal concentration of Digitonin was 7 μg/mL and the permeabilization rate was 55.44%.After extracts treatment and continuous culture for 6-7 d,JBCFF formed well-defined colony structures.No significant composition difference was found in rates of fusion (92.83% vs 96.04%),cleavage (89.64% vs 89.78%) and blastocyst formation (24.06% vs 23.12%) of cloned embryos when the colony cells and JBCFF without extracts treatment were used as donor cells (P>0.05).Similarly,the two activation methods had no significant effect on the developmental competence of cloned embryos (cleavage rate 92.16% vs 92.28%,blastocyst rate 23.21% vs 24.18%).Conclusively,Xenopus leavis,egg extracts could induce JBCFF reprogramming to a low differentiated state.However donor cells with reprogramming partially could not improve the development of cloned embryos and its mechanism requires further research.     

抽提物处理供体细胞对克隆胚胎发育的影响

本研究采用爪蟾卵母细胞抽提物处理和牛胎儿成纤维细胞(JBCFF),并以发生重编程的细胞为核供体进行体细胞核移植,研究其对克隆效率的影响.分别超排3只爪蟾,收集卵母细胞后提取其抽提物,用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒确定其蛋白含量,SDS-PAGE分析其中所含蛋白的种类.应用细胞膜透化剂Digitonin对建立的JBCFF进行通透处理和PI染色,筛选最适浓度;并用获得的抽提物处理牛体细胞,获得重编程细胞.以发生重编程的体细胞为供体进行核移植,同时比较离子霉素+6-DMAP和A23187+6-DMAP两种组合激活后克隆胚的体外发育能力.结果,3个爪蟾卵母细胞抽提物样品的蛋白浓度分别为56.2255、64.6570和71.2158 μg/mL,其中所含蛋白种类一致,主要集中在40~55、70~100 ku之间.经过连续的筛选,透化剂Digitonin对JBCFF通透处理的最适浓度为7 μg/mL,PI染色显示透化效率为55.44%.爪蟾卵母细胞抽提物与体细胞共孵育后继续培养6~7 d,细胞聚集形成"克隆簇".分别以"克隆簇"细胞和未处理细胞为核供体,制备的重构胚在融合率(92.83%和96.04%)、卵裂率(89.64%和89.78%)和囊胚率(24.06%和23.12%)均无显著差异(P>0.05);离子霉素+6-DMAP和A23187+6-DMAP两种激活方式对克隆胚胎的分裂率(92.16%和92.28%)和囊胚率(23.21%和24.18%)均无显著影响(P>0.05).爪蟾卵母细胞抽提物诱导和牛体细胞发生重编程,并恢复到较低的分化状态,但没有显著促进克隆胚胎的体外发育,可见缺少对胚胎发育起重要作用的重编程过程,还需要继续深入研究.