甜椒雄性不育两用系小孢子发育的显微观察

以甜椒雄性不育两用系为试材,对不育株与可育株花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中染色体行为、花药和小孢子发育过程进行了研究。结果表明,不育株花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为未见异常,败育发生在四分小孢子形成之后。导致小孢子败育的原因与四分体胼胝质壁不适时解体和绒毡层细胞发育异常、延迟解体有关。     

棉花细胞质雄性不育小孢子母细胞败育的细胞学研究

对具有哈克尼西棉（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍｈａｒｋｎｅｓｓｉｉ）细胞质的显性无腺体细胞质雄性不育系小孢子母细胞发育过程进行了细胞学研究。不育系可以正常形成孢原细胞、造孢组织细胞以及小孢子母细胞，其药壁分化正常。但在减数分裂前期，绒毡层解体，小孢子母细胞液泡化而退化，减数分裂不能进行。棉花细胞质雄性不育系小孢子母细胞败育可能与作为营养源的绒毡层提前解体有关。     

春萝卜雄性不育系4-05A小孢子败育的细胞学观察

为了确定其花粉败育的时期和细胞学特点,采用石蜡切片法,对春萝卜雄性不育系4-05A及其保持系4-05B小孢子发生和花粉发育过程进行观察、比较。结果表明:不育系和保持系小孢子母细胞都能正常进行减数分裂,四分体可以释放出小孢子,不育系4-05A败育发生在单核靠边期,解体后的绒毡层原生质团急剧而彻底地进入花粉囊,渗入花粉母细胞周围,并与花粉母细胞黏连在一起。     

陆地棉1355A和104—7A不育系的细胞学研究

细胞学观察表明，陆地棉１３５５Ａ核雄性不育系小孢子败育从收缩期、小孢子外壁发育到双核期早期都有发生，但是其主要的败育时期是单核早期，这一不育系的外壁不能正常发育而长出刺，它和美国鉴定的ｍｓ２不育系小孢子败育过程相类似。这从细胞学上证实了我们先前的遗传学研究结果，即它是ｍｓ２的等位基因。１０４－７Ａ胞质不了系花药分化正常，但是很多在花纷母细胞的形成过程中退化解体。一些花粉母细胞能进一步发育成熟并开始减数分裂，但都仅停留在减数分裂的前期Ⅰ。该不育系绒毡层的提早解体可能与花粉母细胞的解体有关。它和美国培育的Ｃ．ｈａｒｋｎｅｓｓｉｉ胞质不育系的败育进程基本一致。     

高粱A2型细胞质雄性不育系小孢子发生的细胞学观察和减数分裂染色体行为分析

高粱凡型细胞质雄性不育性（CMS）的细胞质来源于IS12662C，A2细胞质杂交种目前已用于生产。本文以A2／B2 V4为材料，对A2CMS小孢子败育过程作了细胞学观察，并对小孢子败育过程中减数分裂的染色体行为作了分析。研究发现，在A2雄性不育系A2V4的花药发育过程中，绒毡层细胞不形成或提前解体；绒毡层细胞畸形化；绒毡层细胞虽发育正常，但小孢子母细胞减数分裂行为异常；这些都导致小孢子退化。A2细胞质雄性不育花粉母细胞减数分裂行为从后期Ⅰ开始出现异常，同源或姊妹染色体向两极分离时滞后或不分裂；染色体多倍化；一个细胞内出现多核和多核仁现象，最终导致小孢子败育。     

陆地棉双隐性核雄性不育系ms5ms6花药发育过程的研究

 利用石蜡切片技术从胚胎学方面对其进行研究,发现陆地棉双隐性核雄性不育系ms₅ms₆花药的败育时期是在花粉母细胞时期和小孢子发育期,以小孢子发育异常为主。败育特征为：花粉母细胞时期有少量核仁穿壁现象,还有部分小孢子母细胞出现半月形。小孢子时期出现小孢子粘连和少量的五分体,小孢子都没有刺突长出,最后解体、退化。不育花药和可育花药的绒毡层无明显差异,但不育花药的绒毡层分泌胼胝质的功能不正常。     

甘蓝型油菜温敏细胞核雄性不育系160S花药败育的形态学特征和细胞学研究

明确甘蓝型油菜温敏核雄性不育系160S花器形态变化、花药败育的时期和细胞学特征,初步探究败育的原因,为深入研究不育系160S的内在分子调控机制提供理论基础,也对其在油菜两系杂交育种中的实际应用具有指导意义。本研究在15℃和28℃条件下培养试验材料160S,利用体式显微镜分别观察花发育形态特征;采用醋酸洋红染色方法观察各时期小孢子发育形态;通过石蜡切片和苏木精-伊红染色对可育植株(MaleFertile/160S-MF)和不育植株(MaleSterile/160S-MS)花药细胞学特征进行显微观察;TUNEL染色法检测花药发育各时期绒毡层细胞凋亡情况。160S-MF在15℃表现为可育,雄蕊正常发育,成熟的花药呈黄色,形态饱满,正常开裂,表面一层有活性的花粉附着在上面;28℃条件下, 160S-MS花朵的雌蕊、萼片与160S-MF花朵无差异,但花瓣变小,花丝变短,雄蕊明显退化,花药干瘪呈黄褐色,无花粉粒附着在花药上,表现出雄性完全不育。160S-MF的小孢子能正常发育为成熟有活力的花粉。而160S-MS由于雄蕊完全败育,未观察到小孢子和花粉粒。160S-MS花药在造孢时期和花粉母细胞时期与160S-MF无明显差异,但在减数分裂期,160S-MS花药绒毡层形态和结构出现异常,绒毡层细胞排列不整齐,细胞空泡化,伴随提前解体。同时花粉母细胞发育受阻,无四分体结构形成,最终在减数分裂期完成前形成空的花粉囊。TUNEL检测发现, 160S-MS花药绒毡层细胞在减数分裂期开始凋亡。本研究结果表明, 160S属花粉母细胞败育型不育系,败育时期发生在减数分裂期,绒毡层异常降解,绒毡层未向腺质型转化,不能提供花粉母细胞发育所需要的营养物质,致使花粉母细胞发育受阻无法形成四分体结构,从而导致小孢子无法形成,花药形成空的花粉囊,产生雄性不育。     

芝麻核雄性不育系ms86-1小孢子败育过程的超微结构

运用透射电子显微镜对芝麻核雄性不育系ms86-1的可育和不育花药进行了超微结构的比较观察。根据小孢子的细胞学形态特征,将芝麻花粉发育过程划分为小孢子母细胞形成期、减数分裂期、四分体期、单核小孢子早期、单核小孢子中期、单核小孢子晚期、花粉成熟期7个时期。对比观察表明芝麻核雄性不育的败育迹象起始于小孢子母细胞形成期,并伴随着进一步发育,败育现象逐渐明显,小孢子母细胞形成期小孢子母细胞壁形状不规则;减数分裂期小孢子母细胞壁严重扭曲变形,质膜外缺少早期外壁成分--原基粒棒;四分体期胼胝质壁外沉积物异常,呈绒毛状;四分体解体后形成畸形小孢子,孢子外壁不健全,绒毡层异常肥厚、降解延迟,释放极少量的畸形乌氏体;随后小孢子愈发皱缩,胞质凝集,内含物减少并逐渐凝聚成一团电子致密物质,最终走向完全败育。本研究揭示了不育小孢子的败育过程和败育特征,为深入研究芝麻核雄性不育败育机理奠定了基础。     

番茄雄性不育系JL-2小孢子发育的细胞学观察

从细胞学角度研究番茄雄性不育系JL-2和可育材料小孢子的发育机理,进而研究雄性不育JL-2番茄败育的细胞学机理。结果表明：可育番茄小孢子发育主要包括小孢子母细胞时期、四分体时期、单核小孢子时期和成熟花粉粒时期,期间小孢子发育靠绒毡层不断自我解体而提供营养。番茄雄性不育系JL-2小孢子败育发生在小孢子母细胞时期、四分体时期以及单核小孢子时期。败育原因为绒毡层细胞发育异常,具体表现为在小孢子发育期间绒毡层细胞提前液泡化,不能正常提供营养物质给小孢子,在四分体期和单核小孢子期,绒毡层高度液泡化,径向膨大,挤压小孢子母细胞,从而使小孢子母细胞不能正常发育而导致花粉畸形而败育。     

厚轴茶雄性不育株花药败育的生物学特性和细胞学研究

为明确厚轴茶(Camellia crassocolumnaH. T. Chang)雄性不育株花器发育形态、花药和花粉败育时期及兵细胞学特征,利用体视显微镜、石蜡切片技术、染色体制片和DAPI染色法,对厚轴茶雄性不育株和可育株开花迚程、花器形态、花药发育过程、花粉母细胞减数分裂及小孢子发育过程比较观察。结果显示,厚轴茶花属于完全花,花药其四室、呈蝶形,花药壁发育为基本型,绒毡层细胞其双核,于四分体时期形成分泌型细胞,单核花粉期开始降解,花粉母细胞经过减数分裂Ⅰ、减数分裂Ⅱ和胞质分裂后形成四面体型四分体,小孢子呈三角形,成熟花粉为二细胞型花粉。花蕾发育早期,不育株雄蕊发育正常,与可育株无明显差异。花蕾发育后期,不育株花丝弯曲,花药粘连、干瘪、褐化、坏死,不裂药。不育株减数分裂期绒毡层细胞异常增生、排列混乱,单核至双核花粉期绒毡层延迟降解。不育株花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中存在环状单价体、滞后染色体、染色体桥、染色体缺失、不均等分离、微核和多分体等异常现象。不育株小孢子胞质紊乱,单核期花粉粒相互粘附,花粉壁皱缩变形,花粉细胞质和细胞核模糊不清,成熟花粉细胞空瘪凹陷。研究结果表明,厚轴茶雄性不育花器形态属雄蕊萎缩型和花药异常型,花药发育受阻于减数分裂至单核花粉期,存在花粉母细胞败育型和单核败育型。单核花粉期是兵花药败育的主要时期。花药绒毡层异常发育和延迟降解,花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为异常,小孢子和花粉粒发育异常可能是兵花药败育的主要原因。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.