杉木萌芽条保留数量对马尾松幼林生长的影响

实验表明：在Ⅲ类立地的杉木迹地上营造马尾松，每公顷保留１２００－１５００株的杉木萌芽条，能起到促进马尾松幼林生长的作用；至７－８年间伐时每公顷可获纯利３８００元。该类型幼林在７年生时应进行一次高强度（４０％－５０％）的间伐，以保证马尾松的生长不受影响。     

火炬松,湿地松抗松枯梢病,松针褐斑病种源和个体选择的研究

南京老山林场火炬松、湿地松种源试验林在１０ａ生时（１９９１年）开始感染松枯梢病和松针褐斑病,病情日趋严重,在１３ａ生（１９９４年）和１５ａ生（１９９６年）时两次重复测定感病和生长变异,火炬松不同种源感病和生长变异均极显著,两者间及年度间相关极显著。按照选择指数的大小选出抗病、生长优良种源４个即９号（佛罗里达·纳索）,１０号（路易斯安那·利文斯通）,１２号（阿拉巴马·埃尔卡拉）和１９号（佐治亚·爱克特）,其选择指数比平均值大２１．４３％～４８．１０％,感病指数低３３．７１％～４９．５３％,树高大７．３２％～１３．５２％,胸径大７．５０％～１７．１９％。同时选出两年重复测定均优良的单株４０多株（占总株数６．７％左右,其中优良种源占５０％）,其感病级别０～Ⅰ级,生长量比平均值大１０％以上。湿地松种源间感病变异不显著,生长虽然有一定变异,但两者相关不显著。选择主要在个体间进行。已选出并经两年重复测定均优良的单株２０多株（占总株数３．３％左右）,其感病级别为０～Ⅰ级,生长量比平均值大１０％以上。     

建宁县杉木第一代改良种子园高产配置设计及产量预测的研究

采用约束变换区组设计，借助计算机对种子园进行高产模式配置设计，营建生产性嫁接种子园，模拟预测结果表明：接株３年生进入结实期后，高产配置比一般配置，每年每公顷可增产种子６５．０５％，球果败育率降低２．５７％，子代高生长增加３．３５％；生产性种子园应考虑配置系统疏伐模式，第一次疏伐在接株５年生时进行，第二次疏伐在７年生时进行。     

樟子松母树林不同疏伐强度对结实量的影响

樟子松是辽西北地区防沙治沙优选树种,生产上存在良种缺乏的问题。为了提高樟子松母树林结实量,以付家林场30～35年生樟子松母树林为研究对象,探讨疏伐强度对母树林结实量的影响,结果表明:当樟子松母树林处于中龄林时,对初植密度4 m×5 m的母树林采取重度疏伐,保留密度为8 m×8 m,即每公顷保留150株,樟子松母树林球果数量和质量达到最佳。该研究结果为辽西北地区樟子松母树林管理提供技术支持。     

杉木母树林遗传型疏伐和提高种子产量技术研究

为提高杉木种子产量和提供经过初步改良的优质种子,应在优良种源区选择１０～２０年生Ｉ类林分,通过疏伐建立采种基地示范林。疏伐强度随林分密度,林龄,郁闭度和立地条件而定,建立母树林要注意确定位置,隔离和母树选择。二次疏伐,间隔５年左右,强度为６０％～７０％,最终郁闭度为０．５,保留株数每公顷为３９０～４２０株左右为宜。研究结果表明,母树生长量,结实量有显著的增加。     

Nelder试验:大叶相思树冠生长、多干特征与密度的关系

运用Ｎｅｌｄｅｒ密度试验设计方法,研究了大叶相思林分的树冠生长以及多干现象与密度的关系。结果表明：１年生时各种密度林分均未郁闭,３年生、５年生、７年生时郁闭林分的单株面积上限分别为３．１５ ｍ ２·株－ １、６．２０ ｍ ２·株－ １、７．００ ｍ ２·株－ １。５年生以后,树冠趋于稳定,１～３年生时树冠生长最大的单株面积为５．６４～６．８８ ｍ ２·株－ １,５～７年生时树冠最大的单株面积为１５．５０～１８．６８ ｍ ２·株－ １。林分平均树干数与密度则呈现幂函数关系,林分单株面积小于１ ｍ ２·株－ １时,多干木比例在１０％ 以下;林分密度超过１２．５３ ｍ ２·株－ １以后,多干木比例为１００％ 。     

杉木母树林遗传型疏伐和提高种子产量技术研究

为提高杉木种子产量和提供经过初步改良的优质种子,应在优良种源区选择１０～２０年生Ⅰ类林分,通过疏伐建立采种基地示范林。疏伐强度随林分密度、林龄、郁闭度和立地条件而定。建立母树林要注意确定位置、隔离和母树选择。二次疏伐,间隔５年左右,强度为６０％～７０％,最终郁闭度为０５,保留株数每公顷以３９０～４２０株左右为宜。研究结果表明,母树生长量、结实量有显著的增加。     

云南松天然优良林分疏伐营建母树林的研究

１０余年来对滇西和滇中的公天然优良林分疏伐营建母树林及遗传增益的研究结果表明：疏伐是优良林分营建母树林的重要技术措施。改建１６年生左右的云南松天然优良林分为母树林,以选择０．３（郁闭度）疏伐强度为好,母树林经２次疏伐后即可定型,其攻间隔期不超过４年。１９９３～１９９５年,母树林平均单株结球果达６０个,每公顷结１０３２９个,结实株率达９５．６５％,分别是对照的５．０８倍、１．２６倍和１．１５倍。母树的结实性状较为稳定,单株结实量的频率分布呈对数正态分布,一般以４年为１个结实周期。云南松天然优良林分和母树林子代均具有干型通直、木纹理扭转度小、生长量大的特点。云南松诸性状间较多地受基因连锁或共效基因的作用,而受环境的影响相对较小,大多数性状具有较高的遗传稳定性。在云南松种子的调拨中应注意不同种源的适生区域。云南松优良     

疏伐强度对种子林母树生长与结实的影响

适龄落叶松母树林疏伐试验显示：在一定限度内，增大疏伐强度，可使保留母树的生长明显趋于旺盛，易形成优质高产的母树群。研究结果表明，根据林地环境条件和母树生长态势，１４～１７年生的长白落叶松种子林，每公顷均匀保留母树１５０～３００株为宜；１７～１９年生的华北落叶松种子林，每公顷均匀保留母树４５０～５００株为宜。     

松树母树林的疏伐

树木在幼年时,疏伐是培养母树树冠和提高结实量的一种措施。为此,就疏伐强度对树冠发育的影响问题,进行了研究。在基洛夫省的维亚特—波尔提、马尔梅日和乌尔姑母林管区,设置30块母树林。树龄为8—22年,Ⅱ地位级。林內有300—5,000株树木。在每块母树林內测50栋树木的冠幅。测量结果用统计学和离差分析法整理。为便于整理,将母树林按年龄、密度、冠幅分组。年龄组:8—12年(平均10年),13—17年(平均15年)和18—22年(平均20年);密度组:每公顷1,001—5,000株(平均3,000株),每公顷600—1,000株(平均800株),每公顷300—500栋(平均400株);冠幅组:第一年龄组平均为1.9米,第二年龄组平均为2.2米,第三年龄组平均为4.9米。     

Survival and strobili production in topgrafted scions from young Pinus sylvestris seedlings

Abstract

Reducing the generation turnover increases the genetic gain in a breeding programme. Topgrafting, new genetic material being grafted into the crown of ramets of reproductive mature trees, can deliver this aim since it is able to induce strobili production in young material of conifers. To this end, I studied the effect of scion age (seedlings of 4–6 years from seed) on topgraft vitality/survival, and female and male strobili production in Pinus sylvestris (L.) over 5 years. The seedlings' growing environment prior to topgrafting had a significant impact on topgraft vitality, with more vital topgrafts obtained from potted seedlings than from seedlings grown in raised nursery beds. However, the growth environment had no clear effect on female or male strobili production. In the second year, after grafting up to 76% of the topgrafted seedlings had female strobili. Vitality increased with age of the seedling from which the scions were collected, but differences in both female and male strobili production were only marginal. The position of the topgraft within the interstock crown influenced both vitality and strobili production, with higher vitality and greater male strobili production in low positions and greater female strobili production in high positions. Based on these results, breeders should perform topgrafting as soon as the seedlings have enough scions for planned crossing activities.     

油松无性系开花物候特点的研究

在河南卢氏油松种子园对46个无性系结实初期和结实盛期开花物候作了观测，结果表明，一般雌球花可授期比授期比雄球花散粉期来得早，持续时间长，散粉期含在可授期内，散粉期和可授期同步性较好；在不同年份开花始期前后相差2-3d，开花始期早晚与当年≥10℃的活动积温有关，由于受花期温度和降雨等因素的影响，不同年份花期长短可相差10d左右，但不存在花期不遇，不同无性系在开花物候上存在很大差异，但在不同年份各无性系在始花时间上序次则相对稳定，无性系内分株间开花物候仅有1-2d的差异，位于树冠北向的雌雄球花各日期在开花频率上与其它3个方位有较大差异。始花期推后1d左右，此外，还研究了开花物候对同步指数的影响，以及不同物候类型授粉效率的差异。     

Success rate of supplemental mass pollination in a seed orchard of Pinus sylvestris L.

Two experiments (Expt 1, Expt 2) with supplemental mass pollination (SMP) were carried out in a seed orchard of Pinus sylvestris L. in order to assess the biological and operational prospects for SMP. The success of the SMP was studied by means of allozyme markers. In Expt 1 the pollen mix was applied very close to each female strobilus. The estimated success rates for treatments varied between 66% and 84%. When supplemental pollination was done at peak receptivity, one single pollination was enough to obtain high success rates. In Expt 2 the pollen mix was dusted over clusters of receptive strobili on whole‐trees. The estimated success rates for treatments varied between 10% and 23%. The success rates improved when the trees were pollinated on more than one occasion per day during the receptive period. The overall conclusion is that SMP is practical for P. sylvestris seed orchards.     

马尾松二代无性系种子园遗传多样性和交配系统分析

运用12对SSR引物,对马尾松二代无性系种子园内61个亲本及其中8个无性系单株的320个子代进行研究。结果显示:子代群体包含亲本群体的所有等位基因,子代与亲本具有同样高的遗传多样性,子代群体的F为0.045,纯合子过剩的现象不明显;树冠北面子代遗传多样性并未因其雌、雄球花量较树冠南面减少而有明显的降低;雌雄均衡和偏雌型植株子代遗传多样性基本一致,以偏雌型植株子代略大,二者F趋于0,子代基本符合哈温平衡。种子园异交率较高,多位点异交率为1.098,子代亲本的近交现象不显著(tm-ts=-0.033);树冠南面多位点与单位点异交率均高于树冠北面;偏雌与雌雄均衡型植株的多位点异交率基本相当,雌雄均衡型植株并未因其雌、雄球花量比例较偏雌型植株减小而呈现异交率明显降低的现象,2种类型植株的近交指数均接近于0。整体而言,马尾松二代种子园子代仍具有丰富的遗传多样性,无性系间基因交流相对充分,子代亲本近交现象不明显。     

Genetic Diversity and Mating System Analysis of Pinus massoniana in Second-Generation Clonal Seed Orchard

A total 61 clone parents and 320 open-pollination progenies from 8 clone individuals were identified by 12 polymorphic SSR loci.The result showed that the level of genetic diversity in progeny population was the same as in maternal population, progeny population had all alleles detected in maternal population,and there were not obvious surplus phenomenon of homozygotes in progeny population (F= 0.046).The south crown had more strobili than the north crown,however the genetic diversity of the north crown strobili was not substantially reduced.The progeny of neutral trees had the same level of genetic diversity as in the progeny of partial female trees,with the fixation index tended to be zero,which was accorded with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.The multilocus outcrossing rate in the seed orchard was 1.097,and there was no significant inbreeding between parents(t_m-t_s= - 0.031).The multilocus outcrossing rate and singlelocus outcrossing rate in the south crown were higher than that in the north crown.The multilocus outcrossing rate of partial female trees was the same as in neutral trees,and the neutral tree had no obvious declining outcrossing rate with reduced proportion of female and male strobilus compared with partial female tree, with the fixation index tended to be zero.The progeny of the second generation clonal seed orchard still had rich genetic diversity,gene exchange among clones was relatively sufficient,and biparental inbreeding was not significant.     

马尾松实生种子园花量分析

观测了福建省上杭县白沙林场马尾松实生种子园的21个家系花量,分析了家系内与家系间雌雄球花量、各家系雌雄球花量在不同冠层和方位的分布.结果表明:家系间与家系内球花量差异显著.马尾松球花花量在不同冠层的分布呈现显著差异.雌球花主要集中在上、中层,下层极少;雄球花则主要集中在中、下层.同时球花花量的分布在方位上差异不显著.可见,构建马尾松实生种子园过程中,在注重建园材料的生长、材性等重要经济性状的同时,还要注意雌雄球花量选择.此外,选择建园立地环境和加强人工管理也是提高马尾松开花量和保证雌雄球花比例,保证种子园稳产、高产的重要措施.     

Flowering and Airborne Pollen Occurrence in a Pinus sylvestris Seed Orchard Consisting of Northern Clones

To explain the high background pollination rate detected in earlier studies, this study investigated the flowering phenology of a Scots pine seed orchard with respect to airborne pollen occurrence during 1992 and 1993. The receptive period of the female strobili and the shedding period of the male strobili were observed visually. Airborne pollen was monitored with Rotorod traps located inside and outside the seed orchard. There was no time gap in the onset of flowering between the earliest female and male strobili in 1992. Female flowering began 3 days earlier than male flowering in 1993, and the earliest strobili were probably pollinated by pollen transported long distance from more southerly areas. The almost simultaneous peak in pollen occurrence inside the seed orchard and in surrounding pine stands indicates that the seed orchard clones are not temporally isolated from sources of contamination. However, pollen concentrations inside the seed orchard were higher than those in the surrounding stands. Therefore, flowering phenology cannot sufficiently explain the observed pollen contamination rates in this seed orchard.     

Natural Variation in Seed Characteristics of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.)

Natural variation in seed characteristics of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) trees and its relationship with the size, form, and crown class of parent trees was examined in second-growth, white pine mixedwood stands in Ontario. Cones were collected prior to and following partial harvesting of two stands during 2 years of above-average seed production. Fully enlarged seed extracted from mature cones was X-rayed to determine seed yield per cone, the percentage of sound, partially filled, and empty seed, and the sound seed mass for each tree. Variation in seed yield per cone, the proportion of sound, partially filled, and empty seed, and seed mass was much greater among individuals than between stands or seed years. The strength and significance of the relationship of seed mass with sound seed yield differed with stand and seed year. In uncut stands, seed mass was higher for trees with dominant crown class, larger live crown ratios, and smaller height to diameter ratios, suggesting tree vigour and microsite quality influence seed mass. Proportion of partially filled seeds was significantly reduced in both stands in the second year likely due to increased growing degree days during female gametophyte development. The implications of these results to natural and artificial regeneration of white pine are discussed.     

Temporal and spatial variation of pollen yield in natural populations of Pinus roxburghii

Male components of the reproduction process in Pinus roxburghii were investigated for their variation in time and space as well as pollination,viz.flowering phenology,pollen production variability and pollen dispersal,for five successive years at two different locations (at the lower and higher elevations).The study reveals that elevation and the hour of the day are the main determinants of anthesis and microsporangium dehiscence,because both are related to temperature and humidity.The receptivity of ovulate cone strobili or female strobili occurred earlier at the lower elevation than at the higher elevation,with a longer receptivity period in the latter case.The phenology of male and female cones varied significantly between years and elevations.The determinations of pollen yield considered various sources of variability,i.e.,the number of pollen strobili per branch,strobili per tree,microsporangia per tree and pollen grains per tree.Each of these parameters revealed significant year-to-year and elevation effects.Year-to-year variation in the production of pollen cone and pollen grains with mass production after a three-year period revealed a three-year cycle of masting in pollen production in P.roxburghii.The pollen dispersal decreased quickly with distance from the pollen source.As a consequence,a distance of 600 m was proposed as a minimum to prevent contamination by pollen in the management of seed orchards.The results ultimately suggest that the ample production of pollen grains per tree along with flowering synchrony and long dispersal of pollen grains results in homogeneity in large populations.     

The effects of scion maturation on growth and reproduction of grafted slash pine

Establishment of the University of Florida Cooperative Forest Genetics Research Program's clone banks provided an opportunity to look at scion maturation effects on growth and reproduction of many grafted slash pine clones. In 1988 and 1989, clone banks were established in nine locations in the Southeastern United States. Over 460 scion clones varying from 5 to greater than 40 years old from time of seed germination (chronological age) were grafted into the clone banks. Comparisons of diameter growth, height growth, lateral branch number and female and male strobili production were made annually for six years after grafting.Within slash pine clone banks, there were significant effects due to scion chronological age. Chronologically older scions (backward selections) grew less, had fewer branches and produced only a few more female strobili than chronologically younger material (forward selections). Forward selections produced significantly more catkin clusters than backward selections. By year six, there was no significant difference in numbers of female strobili per tree between backward and forward scions, but forward selections produced about 2.5 times as many catkin clusters as the backward selections. Similar effects on growth and reproduction due to chronological age were also found among clones within the forward selections, with older selections growing more slowly and producing fewer catkin clusters. The size and breadth of this study lends strong support to the idea that these patterns of growth will occur for grafted slash pine in any location throughout its native range.