肉桂枝枯病菌毒素的研究

本文是对肉桂枝枯病病原菌毒素研究的首例报道。生物活性测定显示，病菌知液体培养基中可产生导致内桂嫩梢萎蔫和叶盘褐变坏死的致病毒素。改良Fries液体培养基振荡培养和PD液体培养基青止培养为较好的产毒培养方式。病原菌毒素为非寄主专化性毒素，除肉桂外，还对香樟、马尾松、薇苷菊、卤地菊和番茄等植物具有致萎活性，毒素为弱酸性（pH5.4），对冷、热稳定性强，极性较大，易深于水、乙醇、丙酮、正丁醇＋丙桐及乙酸乙酯，部分溶于氯仿，基本不溶于乙醚。研究表明毒素为非蛋白质、多糖及核酸类大分子物质。含毒滤液可能含有糖醛类物质，其致毒活性经乙醇和丙酮纯化后有所增强，经HPLC分离出的组分I可能为毒性成份。肉桂叶盘经毒素处理后，其相对电导率较对照大幅度增加，感病的本地桂比抗病的大叶青化桂增加更为明显。     

枯斑盘多毛孢菌粗毒素的基本性质研究

本文对松赤枯病菌（Pestalotia funeren Desm.)培养液粗提物的基本性质进行了初步研究。结果表明，松赤枯病菌培养液中有致病物质即毒素存在，该菌在PD培养液中能达到最大产毒量；松针浸出汁对毒素的产量和致病活性没有明显的促进作用，培养15天的培养液有较高的致萎蔫的活性，随着培养时间的延长其致萎活性没有较大的提高。该毒素是一类极性较大的非蛋白类物质，能用甲醇将其从培养液中较好地提取出来。pH值对毒素粗提液致病活性无显著影响，毒素粗提液中活性成分能被活性碳吸附。     

松针褐斑病菌毒素的研究

通过对松针褐斑病毒素的培养、提取和生物测定，对培养基的选择、培养方法和时间、毒素提取方法等进行了初步探索。试验结果表明，ＰＤＡ液体培养基和小麦粒固体培养基最适于该病菌的产生；病菌培养２３天所产生毒素最多；毒素浓度越高，其致病力越强；８０℃和１００℃条件下浓缩获得的毒素提取液的致病力最强；毒素粗提液煮沸２０分钟仍不失效，毒素易被活性炭吸附。     

四川松针上散斑壳菌致病毒素的确定及其致病性差异研究

生物活性测定表明,针叶树散斑壳真菌、松针散斑壳真菌、四川散斑壳真菌及二郎山散斑壳真菌在液体培养基中均可产生导致其寄主针叶枯死的致病毒素。研究表明4种散斑壳真菌毒素均为非蛋白质类组分,结合电导率的测定,发现4种毒素对其来源寄主松针及其他几种松针的毒性存在着差异,其中四川散斑壳真菌所分泌的毒素致病性相对最强。通过对3种不同科属杂草和雪松针叶的生物测定,得出4种毒素均为非寄主专化性毒素。     

绿色京东板栗主要病虫害发生规律及综合防治技术

<正>1京东板栗主要病害及其发生规律1.1胴枯病主要危害树干和主枝,发病初期枝干褪绿,病斑黄褐色圆形,后发展成赤褐色大斑块,病斑环枝条、环树干一周,新叶萎蔫、干枯死亡,整枝或整树死亡。病菌以菌丝体     

松针褐斑病菌毒素处理后湿地松组培苗 PAL、PPO、SOD活性变化研究

为研究抗松针褐斑病菌在湿地松子代组培苗体内的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性变化与其抗病性的关系,以抗病湿地松瓶内组培苗和温室1年生组培苗针叶为材料,测定PAL、PPO、SOD的活性。结果表明:松针褐斑病菌毒素处理后,湿地松PAL和PPO活性与抗病性成一定正相关关系,SOD活性与植株抗病性在48 168 h内表现有一定的负相关性。     

松针褐斑病菌毒素LA-Ⅰ的分离纯化及其化学结构

采用柱层析和高效液相色谱分离相结合,从松针褐斑病菌的PD培养液中分离提纯到一种致毒活性物质LA-Ⅰ,该物质为无色油状物.紫外扫描显示LA-Ⅰ的最大吸收波长为207 nm.在365 nm和254 nm波长下LA-Ⅰ无吸收.FAB-MS和HRFAB-MS分别显示该毒素物质的相对分子质量和分子式为162和C6H10O5;氢谱中的2个信号(δ1.26,δ4.22)表明该毒素物质存在一OCH(CH3)-基团.碳谱显示有3个碳信号(δ181.09,δ66.99,δ21.69),证明存在-COOH,-CH,-CH3基团.综合质谱、核磁共振谱分析确定LA-Ⅰ为COOHCH(CH3)OCH(CH3)COOH(α,α′-二丙酸醚),红外光谱也证实了毒素的这一化学结构.     

油橄榄炭疽病菌C. gloeosporiodes毒素对油橄榄原生质体的毒害作用

在改良的Czapek-Dox培养液中,用振荡法培养Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes菌8天,从培养滤液中分离制备C. gloeosporiodes毒素。毒素制备物使蕃茄切条发生萎蔫,使油橄榄愈伤组织的原生质体遭受毒害,停止生长和坏死。抗病品种和感病品种的愈伤组织的原生质体对C. gloeosporiodes毒素的敏感性不同,抗病品种“佛奥”的原生质体对毒素100mg/ml浓度的抵抗力约为感病品种“钟山24”原生质体的3倍。Fe~(+++)能够强化毒素的毒害作用,Cu~(++)则弱化毒素的毒害作用。     

松针褐斑病菌和松针红斑病菌的风险分析

参照国内外有害生物风险分析(Pest Risk Analysis,简写PRA)方法,从有害生物的国内分布状况、潜在的危害性、寄主植物的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性以及风险管理的难易程度等方面对松针褐斑病菌和松针红斑病菌的风险性进行定性和定量分析,评价结果表明:两者在我国均属于中度危险的森林有害生物,建议列入相关省区的检疫性林业有害生物补充名单进行管理。     

松针褐斑病菌毒素LA-I的分离纯化及其化学结构

采用柱层析和高效液相色谱分离相结合 ,从松针褐斑病菌的PD培养液中分离提纯到一种致毒活性物质LA -I,该物质为无色油状物。紫外扫描显示LA -I的最大吸收波长为 2 0 7nm。在 36 5nm和 2 5 4nm波长下LA -I无吸收。FAB- MS和HRFAB- MS分别显示该毒素物质的相对分子质量和分子式为 16 2和C6 H1 0 O5;氢谱中的 2个信号 (δ1 2 6 ,δ4 2 2 )表明该毒素物质存在—OCH(CH3)—基团。碳谱显示有 3个碳信号 (δ181 0 9,δ6 6 99,δ2 1 6 9) ,证明存在—COOH ,—CH ,—CH3基团。综合质谱、核磁共振谱分析确定LA -I为COOHCH(CH3)OCH(CH3)COOH(α ,α′ -二丙酸醚 ) ,红外光谱也证实了毒素的这一化学结构     

Improving the evaluation of multiple-dowel-type connection strength

Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (n_ef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of n_ef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code.     

Effects of the lignan, pinoresinol on the moulting cycle of the bloodsucking bug Rhodnius prolixus and of the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus

The furano-lignan pinoresinol was toxic to fourth-instar larvae of the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus and of the haematophagous insect Rhodnius prolixus, a vector of Chagas disease. At lower doses, it also exerted antifeedant activity and dose-dependent antimoulting activity on both insects.     

Traditional fallow systems of the Americas

Six neotropical traditional fallow systems are described: 1) enriched fallows of the Amazon, 2) Babassu palm (Orbignya phalerata Mart.) forests of central and northern Brazil, 3) bracatinga (Mimosa scabrella Benth) improved fallow of southeastern Brazil, 4) carbon negro (Mimosa tenuiflora Willd.) fallow of the wet-dry zone of Mesoamerica, 5) frijolillo (Senna guatemalensis Donn. Smith) of high-elevation zones in southern Honduras, and 6) caragra (Lippia torresii) fallow of humid zones of Costa Rica.These systems include both biologically and economically enriched fallows. Some (e.g., the enriched fallows of the Amazon) require a considerable degree of human intervention, while others (e.g., the bracatinga and carbon negro fallows) seem to form with little human encouragement, following the burn in shifting cultivation systems. Some of the systems (e.g., frijolillo and caragra) are quite site-specific and have a limited distribution; others (e.g., babassu, bracatinga, and carbon negro) occur over large areas and could be adapted to considerable areas in the Americas. As economic analyses are generally lacking, it is unclear what benefits would be achieved from a wider use of these systems. Most of the biologically enriched fallows seem able to maintain low yields of food crops at low input levels. Some of the economically enriched fallows seem able to produce higher economic returns.     

Litterfall,litter decomposition and the use of mulch of four indigenous tree species in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica

Litterfall, forest-floor litter biomass and nutrients, short-term litter decomposition and the effects of leaf mulches on initial growth of maize were studied for four indigenous tree species with agroforestry potential:Stryphnodendron microstachyum Poepp. et Endl.(S. excelsum), Vochysia ferruginea Mart,Vochysia guatemalensis Donn. Sm. (V. hondurensis) andHyeronima alchorneoides (O), growing in a young experimental plantation in the Atlantic humid lowlands of Costa Rica. Total annual leaf litterfall was higher inV. ferruginea plots, followed byS. microstachyum, V. guatemalensis andH. alchorneoides; all with values comparable to those reported for other tree species grown in agroforestry combinations in humid tropical regions. Forest-floor litter accumulation was highest underV. ferruginea andV. guatemalensis. Both litterfall and forest-floor litter material had similar patterns in nutrient concentrations: N was higher inS. microstachyum, Ca was higher inV. guatemalensis, K was higher inH. alchorneoides; Mg was higher inV. guatemalensis andH. alchorneoides; H. alchorneoides andV. guatemalensis had the highest P.V. ferruginea litter decomposed more slowly, whileS. microstachyum apparently decomposed faster than the other species. The twoVochysia species showed increases in N and P concentration in decomposing litter after seven weeks in the field,H. alchorneoides showed an increase in litter N and a decrease in litter P, andS. microstachyum showed a net decrease in both N and P over the same time period. The patterns found in the litter bag study were confirmed by results obtained in a tethered-leaves experiment.S. microstachyum andV. ferruginea litters lost more weight when mixed in a 11 proportion than either of them alone. Maize seedlings growing in plots mulched withS. microstachyum andH. alchorneoides leaves showed greatest initial growth, confirming patterns found in decomposition and nutrient release studies. The results show that these species could be used in agroforestry combinations with different advantages according to the specific objectives desired, whether these are soil protection, nutrient recycling, or enhancement of the growth of associated crops.     

Influence of leaf portion and plant species on the egg-laying behaviour of the predatory ladybird Serangium parcesetosum Sicard (Col., Coccinellidae) in the presence of a natural enemy

The effectiveness of natural enemies against arthropod herbivores can depend on the characteristics of the plant on which they are found. The influence of the plant on the egg-laying behaviour of the promising whitefly predator, Serangium parcesetosum Sicard (Col., Coccinellidae) was examined in order to be able to use it effectively in biological control programs. The present work investigated the possible influence of the portion of the leaf on the number of eggs laid as well as the effect of plant species on the way in which eggs are deposited by S. parcesetosum. The experiments were conducted on cucumber and cotton leaves with Bemisia tabaci (Genn .) (Hom., Aleyrodidae) as prey in the absence and presence of a natural enemy, the lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neur., Chrysopidae) at two different temperatures. The results showed that at 18°C, S. parcesetosum females significantly preferred to lay their eggs between the veins and close to the veins of cucumber leaves, mean of 10.1 and 7.5 eggs, in the absence of C. carnea, respectively, while in its presence significantly more eggs were deposited close to the veins and close to the petiole. On cotton leaves, close to the petiole, a mean of 8.4 eggs in the absence of the lacewing, as well as close to the veins, mean of 6.3 eggs in the presence of the lacewing, were found to be the most suitable leaf portions for egg-laying. At 30° C, the females laid their eggs preferentially close to the veins of cucumber leaves in the absence and presence of C. carnea. On cotton leaves, S. parcesetosum females significantly preferred to lay their eggs close to the petiole, mean of 7.6 and 6.1 eggs, as well as close to the veins, mean of 6.2 and 8.7 eggs, in the absence and presence of the lacewing, respectively. At both temperatures, the ladybird females laid their eggs singly on cucumber leaves in the absence and presence of C. carnea. While on cotton leaves, the females had a tendency to deposit their eggs together in the absence and presence of the lacewing, except at 30°C in its absence. Within the same plant species, significant differences were found in the total number of eggs laid by S. parcesetosum females on cotton leaves at 18°C as well as on cucumber leaves at 30°C in the absence and presence of the natural enemy. In addition to the effects of presence and absence of C. carnea, and where eggs were laid, some significant differences due to plant species was found at both temperatures.This article is dedicated to Prof. Dr Wolfgang Schwenke on his 84th birthday.     

The importance of seedling competition in the segregation of spruce and fir in the southern Appalachians

Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir.) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) are codominants of southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests. Fraser fir generally dominates above 1740 m, while red spruce usually dominates below this elevation. This study was designed to determine whether the present segregation of the two species along elevational gradients is associated with seedling competition or contrasting physiological responses to environmental factors. Seedlings were grown for two years in a replacement series experiment along two elevational transects extending from 1300 m to 1900 m, and harvested for growth analysis.Competition increased with decreasing elevation and Fraser fir was apparently the stronger competitor. Mortality was inversely correlated with elevation and was most evident in red spruce in May, and in fir in late summer. Fir growth increased with elevation and red spruce grew most at the middle elevation (1600 m). Neither competitive interactions nor growth responses completely explained the elevational segregation of red spruce and Fraser fir. We hypothesize that the early-successional Fraser fir quickly dominates at higher elevations following disturbance and that continued disturbance will favor its dominance at higher elevations. However, the late-successional noncompetitive red spruce slowly establishes itself and, while consistently present, may only dominate in the absence of disturbance and where other species are at the margins of their distribution.     

松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)耐久型幼虫(LIV)携带的香茅醇假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas citronellolis)分离与鉴定

[目的]目前有关松材线虫与伴生细菌的关系及伴生细菌的病原作用是松树枯萎病研究的重点。为了揭示松材线虫与伴生细菌之间存在的密切关系,作者对松材线虫L_IV幼虫携带的细菌进行了分离鉴定。[方法]根据培养性状和16S rDNA序列同源性以及系统发育学等方面进行分析鉴定。[结果]确定L_IV幼虫携带的是香茅醇假单胞杆菌（Pseudomonas citronellolis）,携带率为100%;每条L_IV幼虫携带量在1.4×10⁵~4.5×10⁵。L_IV幼虫生活在松褐天牛体内,是引起松材线虫病侵染流行的唯一虫态;新发现的香茅醇假单胞杆菌能分解纤维素及降解或合成萜烯和酚类化合物。[结论]L_IV幼虫携带香茅醇假单胞杆菌的发现,揭示了松树、松褐天牛、松材线虫、细菌同为一体的紧密关系,并为揭示松树枯萎病机制提供了一种新病原和重要的研究思路。     

A Comparison of the Utility and Agronomic Traits of Indigenous and Exotic Trees in the Mount Kenya Region

On-farm indigenous (Cordia africana) and exotic (Grevillea robusta) tree species were compared in terms of the quality of their utility and their agronomic traits in the Meru Central district of Kenya. These two species are the most common indigenous and exotic trees, respectively, among the recorded 117 trees on farms. Interviews with farmers and collected documents on tree felling and planting showed that farmers considered C. africana to be more useful than G. robusta. However, farmers wanted to plant more G. robusta than C. africana because the easily established and fast growing G. robusta has a higher short-term contribution to the household economy. The advantages of C. africana, however, should be redefined in terms of its long-term contribution to farmers; C. africana contributes to farming more effectively than does G. robusta. The lower growth performance and relative difficulty in the establishment of C. africana can be compensated for by its higher timber quality and coppicing ability.     

Nutrient composition of the leaf biomass of three selected woody leguminous species

In order to assess the value of leaf biomass the foliar nutrient content of Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium and Flemingia macrophylla was studied under field conditions. In total 5 series of leaf samples were collected and analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium content over a period of 42 months of growth observation. Results are compared with mean values derived from a literature study. Factors contributing to the variation observed are discussed and suggestions towards variation control are made.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.