儿茶素在食用植物油中的抗氧化应用效果

采用一种食用有机溶剂溶解儿茶素,而后添加到新鲜的植物油中,比较儿茶素与几种常用的合成抗氧化剂在植物油中的抗氧化效果,并用ＮＤ－１００１ＤＰ测色色差计测定儿茶素的氧化产物对油脂色泽及清亮度的影响。结果显示,儿茶素的抗氧化效力强于ＢＨＴ、ＴＢＨＱ和维生素Ｅ等合成抗氧化剂。不过,儿茶素氧化后对油脂的色泽及清亮度有一定影响,但可通过添加某些有机酸（如柠檬酸等）增效剂加以改善。文中还对儿茶素在植物油中的抗氧化机理和中介物质进行了讨论。     

维生素E、维生素C和BHT对大豆磷脂脂质体的抗氧化作用

用共轭二烯法和硫代巴比妥酸法,研究了维生素E对大豆磷脂脂质体的抗氧化作用,以及维生素C和BHT对维生素E抗氧化作用的影响．结果表明,维生素E可抑制大豆磷脂脂质体的氧化,其抑制作用随着加入量的增加而增强。维生素C和BHT对维生素E的抗氧化作用具有明显的协同作用,BHT的协同作用强于维生素C。因此以大豆磷脂为原料制备脂质体的最佳抗氧化剂是维生素E和BHT,最佳用量是x（维生素E）=5％,x（BHT）=4％。     

不同氮肥增效剂对水稻产量和养分利用率的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究不同氮肥增效剂在水稻上的应用效果。结果表明:氮肥增效剂增产效果明显,有效穗数和每穗粒数显著增加。添加双氰胺的增产效果最好,产量达到7982.8 kg/hm2,添加氢醌和复合增效剂的产量分别为7922.9和7892.2 kg/hm2,增产幅度在4.95%~6.15%之间。氮肥增效剂增加水稻养分含量和积累量,提高肥料利用率,氮磷钾肥料利用率分别提高4.22%~8.44%、3.87%~7.40%、2.90%~8.72%。添加双氰胺的氮钾肥料利用率最高,分别达到64.21%和48.45%。     

基于感官评价研制红茶固体饮料的研究

以速溶红茶粉为原料,白砂糖作为甜味剂,柠檬酸和维生素C作为酸味剂制成红茶固体饮料,采用感官评价偏爱法和模糊矩阵方法对产品进行判定,得到最佳配比:速溶红茶粉0.20%、糖10.0%、柠檬酸0.11%、维生素C0.09%、香精0.05%。     

茶叶及其提取物在肉兔养殖中的应用

正在茶资源的综合开发利用中,将茶叶及其提取物应用于畜禽以及水产饲料的开发是目前的热点之一,已经取得了理想的应用效果。以往的研究表明,在动物日粮中添加茶叶提取物具有改善饲料转化率、增强动物免疫力、促进动物生长、改进肉质等作用。例如,可以提高奶牛产奶量,改善猪肉品质,提高禽类的产蛋率、免疫力等,还可以改善鸡蛋的品质,对蛋黄中胆固醇有明显的降低效果,同时可以使鸡蛋的维生素E含量显著增加等。此外,在饲料中添加一定量的茶叶或     

海外饮茶风情·茶艺拾掇──Ⅵ.抗氧化茶

一、从“β-儿茶索”说起日本蓝天食品（SkyFood）公司新近推出了一个抗氧化茶饮料──“β-儿茶素”。“β-儿茶索”得名于其中二个重要的抗氧化物质β-carotene（β-胡罗卜素）和Carotene（儿茶素）。该产品主要成分是茶叶抽援物（茶多酚为主），再配以果糖、葡萄糖、果汁、还原麦芽糖、环状多糖、大豆蛋白（Lecitin）、香料、维生素C、维生素E、香麻（Saseme）抽援物（具抗氧化作用）、胡罗卜素以及“乳化剂以防止成分沉淀。其中茶多酚之含量是一般喝茶时的10倍左右。显而易见，此产品是以茶多酚配以其它不同性能的抗氧化剂，旨在提高…     

谈谈绦茶的维生素C

茶叶含有多种维生素,其中有维生素C;维生素B_1、B_2、烟碱酸、汛酸、叶酸、生活素等维生素B群;有维生素A作用的胡罗卜素;有作为维生素E的生育醇;有维生素P效果的儿茶素等.     

不同施肥类型对马铃薯生长发育及产量效益的影响

马铃薯是一种高产喜肥的作物,由于马铃薯品种和肥料配比的差异性,各地区土壤养分和气候条件的不同,关于马铃薯具体的施肥种类、水平、方式等需细致研究。为研究不同类型底肥对马铃薯农艺性状和产量性状的影响,选用马铃薯新品种‘垦薯1号’为试验材料,设水溶肥、复合肥、掺混肥3种底肥并分别添加总肥量10%剂量增效剂及不施肥对照共计7个处理,研究其对马铃薯的主要农艺性状、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明,基施50kg/667m~2水溶肥、复合肥和掺混肥均提高了马铃薯的根长度、根数、根鲜重、株高、茎粗、单株结薯数、大中薯率和小区产量,降低了主茎数;各指标在混施10%增效剂的处理下明显好于单一施肥处理,水溶肥混施增效剂处理的所有测定指标均显著高于对照;所有施肥处理的经济效益也都高于对照,从大到小排序为水溶肥添加增效剂、复合肥添加增效剂、掺混肥添加增效剂、水溶肥单一施用、复合肥单一施用、掺混肥单一施用处理。试验结果确定了3种肥料的施肥效果,证明了水溶肥较其他类型底肥效果好,且配合施用增效剂对马铃薯生长发育及产量起到促进作用,经济效益更高。     

大豆豆渣粗提物清除DPPH自由基活性及其协同效应的研究

用二苯代苦味肼基自由基(DPPH)-TLC法和酶标仪法对大豆豆渣石油醚、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、乙醇粗提物的自由基清除活性进行了定性和定量分析,考察了抗氧化剂维生素C、柠檬酸对大豆豆渣乙醇粗提物清除DPPH自由基活性的协同效应。结果表明:大豆豆渣不同极性粗提物均有一定的自由基清除活性,其中乙醇粗提物的自由基清除活性最强,在浓度为10.0 mg.mL-1,于37℃下保温15 min时,对0.4 mg.mL-1的DPPH自由基的清除率可达76.48%;维生素C和柠檬酸对大豆豆渣乙醇粗提物均能产生一定的协同效应,且维生素C的协同作用强于柠檬酸。     

茶儿茶素对鱼油的抗氧化活性

研究了添加茶儿茶素对鱼油中多烯脂肪酸（ＤＨＡ、ＥＰＡ）分解和过氧化物形成的抑制效果。结果表明，茶儿茶素可有效地抑制鱼油的过氧化物形成和多烯脂肪酸分解，在相同的温度（３０℃）条件下，茶儿茶素的抗氧化活性优于维生素Ｅ     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.