Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi-Specific C6 Antibody in Dogs Before and After Implementation of a Nonadjuvanted Recombinant Outer Surface Protein A Vaccine in a Rhode Island Small Animal Clinic

The in vitro activity of 10 cephalosporin antimicrobial agents against 75 isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius derived from dogs was assessed. The lowest minimal inhibitory concentration for 90% of strains (MIC90) values obtained were for cephalothin, cefovecin, and cefazolin (0.12 ug/mL), followed by ceftiofur and cefoxitin (0.25 ug/mL), cefpodoxime (0.5 ug/mL), and cefaclor and cefadroxil (1 ug/mL). The highest MIC90 values were found for cephalexin and cefixime (2 ug/mL). In this in vitro study, sensitivity to cephalothin was indicative of cephalexin susceptibility, although there were marked differences in MICs. Cephalothin susceptibility was not indicative of susceptibility to all tested cephalosporins, nor was there a clear trend in susceptibility based on cephalosporin generation.     

治疗奶牛乳腺炎蒙药复方提取物抗大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌作用研究

对两种蒙药复方进行乙醇回流提取,然后分别用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,得到石油醚层浸膏、乙酸乙酯层浸膏、正丁醇层浸膏和水母液浸膏,并分别对各种提取物进行奶牛乳腺炎两种主要致病菌大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌和体内抗菌作用,用牛津杯法测定提取物对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈直径,用二倍稀释法测定了其在体外的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。又以两种致病菌的混合菌感染小鼠,灌服蒙药复方提取物以测定其体内抗菌效果。结果表明,两种蒙药复方的体外抑菌成分主要集中在乙酸乙酯层浸膏和正丁醇层浸膏内,抑菌环直径均大于16.88 mm,最大达到21.61 mm;对两种致病菌的MIC和MBC最低可达到0.031 5 g/mL和0.062 5 g/mL;两种蒙药复方提取物的体内抗菌成分重要集中在石油醚层浸膏和水母液浸膏内,对小鼠死亡保护率明显高于阴性对照组,可达87.5%。     

8味中药对奶牛乳房炎病原菌的体外抑菌试验

选用金银花、连翘、蒲公英等8味中药分别采用乙醇回流法进行提取,用试管二倍稀释法测定来自奶牛乳房炎的3种主要致病菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌、停乳链球菌)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示,以金银花和连翘对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌效果最强,MIC值均为15.63mg/mL,其MBC值为31.25mg/mL和62.5mg/mL;芙蓉花对大肠杆菌和无乳链球菌的效果最强,MIC值为31.25mg/mL和15.63mg/mL,MBC值为62.5mg/mL。本试验结果,对临床用药选取合适的中药有直接的指导意义,同时为体内用药的浓度提供参考依据。     

肉桂醛体外抑制奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌的研究

研究天然化合物肉桂醛对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌——大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌的抑菌效果。采用试管二倍稀释法测得肉桂醛对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌金黄色葡萄球菌和标准金黄色葡萄球菌的体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为3.2 mmol/L和1.6 mmol/L;链球菌1.6 mmol/L;大肠杆菌和标准大肠杆菌6.4 mmol/L和3.2 mmol/L,且能完全抑制这三种菌的生长。肉桂醛的最小杀菌浓度(MBC)金黄色葡萄球菌和标准金黄色葡萄球菌分别为25.6 mmol/L和12.8 mmol/L;链球菌12.8 mmol/L;大肠杆菌和标准大肠杆菌25.6 mmol/L和12.8 mmol/L;在7 h内能有效杀灭这三种菌,肉桂醛对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌有抑菌和杀菌能力,是一种潜在的奶牛乳房炎的临床治疗药物。     

火绒草的抗菌活性研究

采用试管稀释法，分别测定了火绒草水煎液、水提醇沉液、醇提物、醇提石油醚部分、醇提乙酸乙酯部分、醇提正丁醇部分、醇提水溶部分等7种提取物时大肠杆菌C83882、大肠杆菌C83803、大肠杆菌C83814、沙门氏菌C79-20、金黄色葡萄球菌Newbould S-305、金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株等6株病原菌的最低抑菌浓度（M1C）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）。试验结果表明，火绒草醇提物及其石油醚部分和乙酸乙酯部分时两种金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强的抑制作用，其M1C为0．14mg／ml生药浓度，MBC为0．27mg／ml生药浓度，而其它部分时金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用较弱。火绒草醇提正丁醇部分和水溶部分时3株大肠杆菌和1株沙门氏菌具有较强的抑制作用，其MIC为2．70mg／ml生药浓度，MBC为2．70mg／ml生药浓度．显示了较强的抗菌活性。     

Antimicrobial resistance patterns to beta-lactams of gram-positive cocci isolated from bovine mastitis in Lithuania

The aim of the study was to isolate gram-positive cocci from cows with mastitis and to determine their resistance to beta-lactamic antibiotics. Eight hundred and nine strains were isolated and identified as staphylococci (n=516), streptococci (n=199) and enterococci (n=94) from sub-clinical and clinical cases of bovine mastitis in Lithuania. The most common causative agents of udder disease included: S. epidermidis (n=176), S. aureus (n=176), S. agalactiae (n=134), S. hyicus (136) and E. hirae (n=68). Isolates were analysed for antimicrobial resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalothin, cephalexin, amoxicillin + clavulanate. The susceptibility patterns were analysed using the agar disk diffusion method. S. aureus showed the highest level of resistance to amoxicillin (81.3%), penicillin (76.7%) and ampicillin (78.4%). The corresponding values for CNS strains were 59.7%, 59.7% and 50.6% against penicillin, ampicillin and amoxicillin respectively. Streptococci were the most frequently resistant to amoxicillin (29.3%), and enterococci to penicillin (27%), amoxicillin (27.5%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (23.8%). The resistance of all tested mastitis pathogens to aminopenicillins and penicillin highly correlated (r=0.83). Compared with other antibiotics, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination tended to be more effective (p<0.05) against all tested bacteria in vitro. However, S. aureus, in 38.1% of cases, was resistant to this combination of antimicrobials. This study demonstrates that S. epidermidis, S. aureus, S. hyicus, S. agalactiae and E. hirae remain the most frequent mastitis causative agents on Lithuanian cattle farms. The highest resistance in vitro to penicillins was demonstrated by S. aureus, S. hyicus and S. intermedius. Resistance to cephalosporins remains low, irrespective of bacterial species of gram-positive cocci.     

苦荞麦中芦丁提取及体外抑菌活性研究

采用乙醇回流法提取苦荞麦中的芦丁,并进行TLC检测、紫外光谱和红外光谱检测。将芦丁对两种供试菌进行体外最小抑制浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)、半数抑菌浓度(IC50)测定。结果表明,其对大肠埃希氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为0.40mg/mL和0.20mg/mL;MBC分别为0.50mg/mL和0.20mg/mL;IC50分别为0.2605mg/mL和0.1607mg/mL。     

牛源耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的检测

本研究旨在了解甘肃地区奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的感染情况,为奶牛乳房炎的防制提供理论依据。采用KB纸片扩散法,检测17株金黄色葡萄球菌对8种不同抗菌药物的敏感性;再用琼脂稀释法检测了苯唑西林、万古霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MICs);头孢西丁纸片扩散法和PCR扩增特异性mecA耐药基因对所有受试菌株进行全面的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检测。结果表明,菌株对青霉素、磺胺异恶唑具有较强抗性,而对环丙沙星、头孢唑啉、万古霉素和苯唑西林全敏感;头孢西丁纸片扩散法未能检测出表型为MRSA的阳性菌株,而PCR方法却检测出8株mecA基因阳性菌株,且这些菌株的苯唑西林MIC均小于2 μg/mL。菌株的耐药情况较严重,对甲氧西林敏感而携带mecA基因的菌株高频存在于被调查地区的奶牛场中。     

7 味中药对奶牛乳房炎病原菌的体外抑菌试验研究

选用紫锥菊、金银花、连翘、紫苏、杜仲叶、黄芪、甘草7 味中药,分别采用75%乙醇回流法提取2 次,浓缩至每毫升含1 g生药,采用试管二倍稀释法测定其对奶牛乳房炎的3 种主要致病菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）。体外抑菌结果显示：以金银花和甘草对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌效果最强,MIC值均为15.63 mg/mL,MBC值均为31.25 mg/mL;紫锥菊对大肠杆菌的效果最强,MIC值为15.63 mg/mL,MBC值为31.25 mg/mL;金银花和连翘对无乳链球菌抑菌效果最强,MIC值均为31.25 mg/mL,MBC值均为62.50 mg/mL。结果表明：所选中药金银花和甘草对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑制作用;紫锥菊对大肠杆菌具有抑制作用;金银花和连翘对无乳链球菌具有抑制作用。     

防治奶牛乳房炎中药组方的筛选及其抑菌杀菌作用研究

试验根据中兽医治疗奶牛乳房炎的辨证施治原则,筛选出抑制引起奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌（金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌）的最佳中药组方,为其临床防治提供新的途径与方法。选用蒲公英、马齿苋、金银花、紫花地丁、赤芍、白芍、菊花、黄芩、漏芦、红花10味中药,通过L₁₂（2¹¹）正交试验初步筛选抗菌中药组方中的最佳优选因素,再通过L₁₆（4⁵）正交试验进一步筛选药物组方配比;采用牛津杯法测定中药组方对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌的体外抑菌效果;采用二倍稀释法和平板计数法分别测定中药组方对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果显示,通过L₁₂（2¹¹）正交试验初步筛选出了抗菌中药组方最佳优选因素：赤芍、黄芩、红花、菊花和白芍;L₁₆（4⁵）正交试验进一步筛选药物组方最佳配比为黄芩：赤芍：菊花：白芍：红花=3：3：3：1：2;新药组方对大肠杆菌的抑菌直径为17.39 mm,MIC和MBC分别为62.50、125.00 mg/mL,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌直径为25.44 mm,MIC和MBC均为31.25 mg/mL。本研究成功筛选出了一种对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌具有良好抑菌、杀菌作用的中药新配比组方。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from mammary parenchymas of slaughtered dairy cows

The high prevalence of the great resistance to antimicrobials shown by the aetiological agents of infectious bovine mastitis, often leads to chronic recurrent mastitis, one of the main causes of early culling of dairy cows. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from mammary parenchymas of slaughtered dairy cows, to different anti-microbials. A total of 45 Staphylococcus spp. strains [33 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) and 12 Staphylococcus aureus (SA)] were used. These strains were tested with 12 different antimicrobials by the Kirby and Bauer standardized disc diffusion method; 84.44% and 86.66% of the 45 strains were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin, respectively. The highest sensitivity was to cephalothin (84.44%), gentamicin (80%) and to sulphazotrin (77.77%). CNS showed higher resistance (P < 0.05) than SA. The in vitro susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus spp. strains isolated from mammary parenchymas studied in the present investigation was similar to that observed in recent studies of in vitro and in vivo susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from cases of bovine mastitis.     

20味中药对奶牛隐性乳房炎主要病原菌体外抗菌效果

采用平板法和试管法,分别测定了20味中草药对奶牛隐性乳房炎临床分离主要病原菌金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌的抑菌直径、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果发现,20味单味中草药对临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌和无乳链球菌均有一定的抗菌活性,尤其是蒲公英、黄连、连翘、穿心莲、黄芩、红花、野菊花等7味中草药的体外抗菌效果明显。     

夏枯草等14味中药对金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌活性

采用索氏提取,超声波和水煎煮方法提取夏枯草等14味中药的有效部位,应用二倍试管稀释法分别测定其提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果显示,夏枯草、虎杖、何首乌、连翘、柴胡、穿心莲、地榆7味中药有效部位对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性最强,其MIC为1．953～3lI250g／L,MBC为3．90～31．25g／L;佛手、黄柏2味中药有效部位具有较强的体外抗菌活性,其MIC值为62．5g／L,MBC值为125．0g／L;大青叶、板蓝根、金银花、杜仲、白头翁5味中药有效部位的抗菌活性较差,其MIC值为125．0g／L,MBC值为250．0,≥250．0g／L。不同中药有效部位对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性有所差异,其中夏枯草、虎杖、何首乌、地榆和佛手有效部位对金黄色葡萄球菌具有较好的抗菌活性。     

Susceptibility of Bacteroides from swine abscesses to 13 antibiotics

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 129 strains of genus Bacteroides, isolated from abscesses in pigs, for 13 different antimicrobial agents were determined by an agar-dilution method under anaerobic conditions. Clindamycin, the most active antibiotic tested, had a median MIC of 0.8 micrograms/ml. Penicillin G, talampicillin, minocycline, chloramphenicol, and cefoxitin also inhibited all isolates at lower concentrations. Some isolates of B pyogenes were susceptible to gentamicin (MIC, 0.4 micrograms/ml), erythromycin (MIC, 0.8 micrograms/ml), cephalexin (MIC, 0.8 micrograms/ml), and cefoxitin (MIC, 3.2 micrograms/ml). Erythromycin, at a concentration of 3.2 micrograms/ml, was active against 70% of B suis tested, but it was less active against the other Bacteroides species. Some strains tested were resistant to streptomycin and neomycin.     

乳房炎源性金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜检测及药敏试验

金黄色葡萄球菌是奶牛乳房炎的最主要病原之一,由其引起的奶牛乳房炎发病率高、防治困难,常常会给奶业造成巨大经济损失,对食品安全造成巨大威胁.以新疆阿克苏地区奶牛乳房炎性金黄色葡萄球菌分离株为研究对象,详细观察了菌株在刚果红培养基上的形态,并通过K-B扩散法分析了5株金黄色葡萄球菌乳房炎分离株对19种抗生素的耐药情况.结果表明,5株金黄色葡萄球菌均具有生物被膜形成能力,且对青霉素、链霉素、氨苄西林和四环素等常用抗生素完全耐药,对万古霉素、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、阿米卡星等抗生素中度敏感,而对恩诺沙星、头孢西丁和头孢噻肟3种抗生素高度敏感.研究结果提示,乳房炎性金黄色葡萄球菌具有较强的耐药性,而这种耐药性可能与其生物被膜形成有关.     

Antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate against mastitis pathogens and its effect on superoxide production of bovine neutrophils

Antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysates (LFH) on microorganisms isolated from bovine mastitis, and superoxide (O(2)(-)) production of bovine neutrophils were evaluated. Antibacterial effects of LFH were measured in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococci, Enterococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, yeast-like fungi and Prototheca zopfii isolated from clinical cases of bovine mastitis. To compare susceptibilities against LFH, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined by a micro-plate assay method. Most organisms were sensitive to LFH. Prototheca zopfii was highly sensitive to LFH; the growth of the microorganism was inhibited completely even at 1 mug/ml. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were resistant to LFH. The production of O(2)(-) by bovine neutrophils was used to evaluate the effect of LFH administration on functional activity. Increase in O(2)(-) production by bovine neutrophils occurred upon addition of LFH to neutrophils. These results demonstrate that LFH possesses antibacterial activity against pathogens that cause mastitis and activates neutrophil superoxide production.     

Bactericidal properties of pradofloxacin against veterinary pathogens

Pradofloxacin is a new veterinary 8-cyano-fluoroquinolone developed for use against bacterial infections in dogs and cats involving both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The minimal bactericidal concentrations have been determined against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus canis, Proteus spp., Fusobacterium spp., Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella species. A subset of these species was selected, and the in vitro rate of kill by pradofloxacin was determined. For 27 of the 30 tested aerobic strains the pradofloxacin MBC was within two doubling dilutions of the MIC. For the remaining strains, the MIC and MBC were within three to four doubling dilutions. Pradofloxacin also demonstrated bactericidal activity against all anaerobic strains, and the MBC was equal to the MIC for four of the strains, within 1 doubling dilution for three strains, within 2 dilutions for a further 3 strains and within 3 dilutions for the remaining five strains. As pradofloxacin concentration was increased, a faster rate of killing was observed; bactericidal effects were seen in all cases at concentrations ≤ 0.25 μg/mL. The bactericidal activity against the anaerobic strains was marked, of particular relevance was the complete absence of regrowth even at 48 h at concentrations as low as 0.125 μg/mL. In conclusion, pradofloxacin exhibits clear bactericidal activity in terms of MBC and kill kinetics against aerobic and anaerobic clinical isolates from dogs and cats at concentrations that are greatly exceeded within the systemic circulation after administration of the recommended therapeutic doses to the target animals. It is expected that such a rapid rate of kill will play a significant role in clinical efficacy. These data demonstrate the complete and rapid killing of anaerobic bacteria by a veterinary 8-cyano-fluoroquinolone.     

Survey of marbofloxacin susceptibility of bacteria isolated from cattle with respiratory disease and mastitis in Europe

A monitoring programme conducted in Europe since 1994 to survey the marbofloxacin susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from cattle has established the susceptibility of bacterial strains isolated before any antibiotic treatment from bovine mastitis and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) cases between 2002 and 2008. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by a standardised microdilution technique. For respiratory pathogens, Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica isolates (751 and 514 strains, respectively) were highly susceptible to marbofloxacin (MIC≤0.03 μg/ml for 77.39 per cent of the strains) and only 1.75 per cent of M haemolytica strains were resistant (MIC≥4 μg/ml). Histophilus somni isolates (73 strains) were highly susceptible to marbofloxacin (0.008 to 0.06 μg/ml). Mycoplasma bovis MIC (171 strains) ranged from 0.5 to 4 μg/ml. For mastitis pathogens, the majority of Escherichia coli isolates were highly susceptible to marbofloxacin (95.8 per cent of 617 strains). Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (568 and 280 strains) had a homogenous population with MIC centred on 0.25 μg/ml. Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (660 and 217 strains) were moderately susceptible with MIC centred on 1 μg/ml. Marbofloxacin MIC for these various pathogens appeared stable over the seven years of the monitoring programme and was similar to previously published MIC results.     

苦豆子碱对产β-内酰胺酶动物源性菌株的药敏分析

目的:了解40株动物源性大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的敏感性,在此基础上探讨苦豆子总碱对产β-内酰胺酶动物源性阴性菌株的抗菌活性,目的筛选出能够逆转耐药菌株的中药。方法:以肉汤稀释法和纸片扩散法筛选产超光谱β-内酰胺酶耐药菌株。以琼脂稀释培养法、试管稀释法、活菌计数法检测苦豆子总碱对大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌的体外最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果:40株大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌共有16株为产超光谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)耐药菌株,苦豆子总碱在体外对抗生素敏感株、产β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)耐药菌株和产超光谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)耐药菌株均有较好的抑菌作用。     

Clinical pharmacology of mecillinam in calves

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of mecillinam, a novel beta-amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with unusual activity against Gram-negative bacteria, were compared with the MIC of cephazolin, cephalothin, amoxycillin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, dihydrostreptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin and sulfadoxin/trimethoprim (TMP) against pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria recovered from neonatal calves. The MIC values of mecillinam ranged between 0.05 microgram/ml and 12.5 micrograms/ml, and the MIC90 values were 1.56 micrograms/ml and 3.12 micrograms/ml. The activity of mecillinam against salmonella, Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida was similar to or slightly greater than the activities of the first-generation cephalosporins, gentamicin and sulfa/TMP. Mecillinam concentrations less than or equal to 3.12 micrograms/ml inhibited the growth of the majority of isolates which were resistant (MIC90 greater than 100 micrograms/ml) to the other antibiotics studied. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of mecillinam were two- to three-fold higher than the MIC values. The two-compartment open model was appropriate for the analysis of serum mecillinam concentrations measured after intravenous administration. The distribution half-life (t1/2 alpha) was 11.7 min, the elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) was 53.3 min, and the apparent volume of distribution (Vd (area)) and the distribution volume at steady state (Vd (ss)) were 0.568 and 0.896 l/kg, respectively. The drug was quickly absorbed after intramuscular (i.m.) injection; peak serum drug concentrations were directly related to the dose administered. They were obtained 30 min after treatment and the i.m. t1/2 was approximately 65 min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)