A unique race of the wheat stem rust pathogen with virulence on Sr31 identified in Spain and reaction of wheat and durum cultivars to this race

Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is a re-emerging disease, posing a threat to wheat production. In Spain, stem rust has been rarely detected since the 1970s, but infection was observed in wheat fields in 2018. We analysed six stem rust samples collected in Rota, Cádiz province and one from Monteagudo del Castillo, Teruel province. All the samples from Rota were typed as race TKTTF, whereas the sample from Monteagudo del Castillo, collected in a wheat field adjacent to barberry bushes, was typed as race TKHBK. This race has a unique and significant virulence combination that includes virulence to Sr31, Sr33, Sr53 and Sr59, and is avirulent to Rusty, a durum line developed for universal susceptibility to the wheat stem rust pathogen. TKHBK is the first race outside the Ug99 race group with virulence to Sr31 and the first known race with virulence to Sr59. Genotyping studies indicate that race TKHBK does not belong to the Ug99 or TKTTF race groups and constitutes a previously unknown lineage. Two hundred bread and durum wheat cultivars and breeding lines from Spain were evaluated against TKHBK, TKTTF, and six additional races. Resistance was observed to all the races evaluated. Molecular markers confirmed the presence of Sr7a, Sr24, Sr31, Sr38 and Sr57 in bread wheat, and Sr13 in durum wheat. The re-emergence of wheat stem rust in Spain and the occurrence of unique virulences underscore the need to continue surveying and monitoring this disease.     

The wheat stem rust pathogen in the central region of the Russian Federation

A total of 387 isolates of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) collected in the central region of the Russian Federation from 2000 to 2009 was analysed with North American differential sets comprising 16 genotypes for samples of 2000–2006 and 20 genotypes for samples from 2007–2009. Forty‐five races were identified. The race composition of the local population underwent changes during this period. Race MKBT was the predominant race in the earlier years, but TKNT and TKNTF were in the majority later. During 2000–2009 there were no stem rust epidemics in the region. It was assumed that the local pathogen population cycled on wild grasses (including Elytrigia, Agropyron, Festuca, Dactylis, Phleum and Lolium spp.) and not only on wheat. The existence of host communities of wheat stem rust was supported by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers produced with high‐GC primers. The local population of Pgt was considered to be sexual based on the relatively high diversity of races isolated from various hosts and the absence of correlation between virulence attributes and molecular markers.     

云南小麦条锈菌群体对18个抗条锈近等基因系的毒性分析

为监测云南省小麦条锈菌群体毒性及小麦抗条锈基因的有效性动态,2016年采用18个抗条锈近等基因系鉴别寄主对云南省9个州市的136个小麦条锈菌株进行毒性分析,并按八进制法对小种进行命名。结果表明,云南省小麦条锈菌群体毒性丰富,共鉴定出64个小种类型,其中居于前2位的小种是550273和550073,出现频率分别为28.68%和11.76%,是本年度优势小种;其它小种出现频率均在4.41%以下,为次要小种。条锈菌群体对Yr5、Yr10、Yr15、Yr32四个抗条锈基因的毒力频率均为0,对Yr24、Yr Tr1、Yr8、Yr17四个抗条锈基因的毒力频率在0.74%~11.76%之间,表明这8个基因是云南省当前有效的抗条锈基因;对Yr27的毒力频率为52.94%,对Yr1、Yr6、Yr7、Yr9、Yr43、Yr44、Yr SP、Yr Exp2、Yr Tye九个抗条锈基因的毒力频率为77.94%~91.91%,表明这10个抗条锈基因的抗性已减缓或丧失,说明这些基因在云南省已失效。     

Characterization of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici isolates derived from an unusual wheat stem rust outbreak in Germany in 2013

An unusual stem rust infestation occurred in German wheat fields in summer 2013. This study analysed 48 isolates derived from 17 Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) samples and six races were identified: TKTTF, TKKTF, TKPTF, TKKTP, PKPTF and MMMTF. Infection type and genotypic data confirmed that none of these races belonged to the TTKS (Ug99) race group. German isolates of race TKTTF are phenotypically different to the ones responsible for the stem rust epidemic in Ethiopia in 2013–2014. Forty isolates were genotyped using a custom SNP array. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these 40 isolates represented two distinct lineages (clade IV and clade V). Thirty‐eight isolates clustered into clade IV, which previously was defined by Ethiopian isolates of race TKTTF. Race TKKTP is of special concern due to its combined virulence to stem rust resistance genes Sr24, SrTmp and Sr1RS^Amigo. The vulnerability to race TKKTP in US and international winter wheat was confirmed as 55% of North American and international cultivars and breeding lines resistant to race TTKSK (Ug99) became susceptible to TKKTP. Races identified in Germany in 2013 confirmed the presence of virulence to important resistance genes that are effective against race TTKSK. This information should be useful for breeders to select diverse and effective resistance genes in order to provide more durable stem rust resistance and reduce the use of fungicides.     

Thermal generalist behaviour of invasive Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici strains under current and future climate conditions

Yellow rust is a devastating wheat disease. Since 2000, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici strains PstS1 and PstS2 have become adapted to high temperatures and have spread worldwide. By 2011, Warrior strains had invaded both warm and cold areas of Europe. This study questioned whether thermal aptitude promoted the spread of Warrior strains, similar to PstS1/PstS2, by comparing infection efficiency (IE) at five temperatures and latent period (LP) under warm and cold regimes for Warrior isolates and pre‐2011 reference strains on two susceptible wheat varieties. The Warrior isolates showed a range of IE and LP responses to temperature that was intermediate between the northern reference isolates adapted to cold conditions and both the southern and invasive PstS2 isolates adapted to warm conditions. Warrior isolates had the highest IE under optimal temperatures of 10 and 15 °C, and displayed reduced infectivity under the warmest (20 °C) and coldest (5 °C) temperatures. Warrior strains acted as thermal generalists and the reference isolates acted as specialists. An IE thermal response was used to simulate the development of each isolate under future climate scenarios in a temperate and Mediterranean region. Isolates had the same ranking for yearly IE over the three 30‐year periods (1971–2000, 2021–2050, 2071–2100) and both locations, with a slight infection increase in the future. However, in the future IEs increased in earlier months. The thermal generalist profile of Warrior isolates for IE was confirmed, with an intermediate capacity to tolerate warming climate, whereas the southern isolates are better adapted to warm conditions, but do not have the virulences necessary to develop on current varieties.     

Effect of wheat cultivar mixtures on populations of Puccinia striiformis races*

This study quantifies the frequency of simple and complex races (races that can infect two or more components) of Puccinia striiformis in mixtures of wheat cultivars possessing different race-specific resistance genes. Treatments were designed so that the complex race changed depending on the host mixture, thus enabling us to observe the influence of pathogen complexity in different genetic backgrounds. Six cultivar mixtures and one pure stand of winter wheat were inoculated with three races of P. striiformis at two locations for two seasons. Potted plants of three winter wheat cultivars, each susceptible to one of the three races of the pathogen, were used to sample the pathogen during the field epidemics. Disease incidence on the differential cultivars was used to calculate the proportion of the three races in each treatment. The specific cultivars included in the mixtures influenced the frequencies of the three races. Increasing the number of virulent races in a mixture reduced the frequency of the complex race relative to the other two races. The results suggest that genetic background of the pathogen race, host composition, and interaction among pathogen races may be as important as cost of virulence in determining race frequencies in mixtures.     

源自陕、甘野生小檗的小麦条锈菌有性生殖后代的毒性分析

 小麦条锈病是我国最具毁灭性的小麦病害之一,其流行常常造成小麦严重减产。种植抗病品种是防治该病害最经济、有效和环保的措施。但是,由于新毒性菌系的出现,抗病品种在种植短短数年内便“丧失”其抗病性。研究证实病原菌毒性变异产生新菌系是导致小麦品种抗病性“丧失”的根本原因。近年来,随着小麦条锈菌转主寄主小檗的确定,发现自然条件下我国小麦条锈菌在野生小檗上可以完成有性生殖。本研究通过对2015年自然发病小檗小麦条锈菌的分离及其单夏孢子堆纯化,利用中国鉴别寄主进行了毒性测定分析。从陕西、甘肃两省的3种感病小檗共分离获得小麦条锈菌菌系8个,其中有1个菌系与已知小种Su11-126的毒性完全匹配,其余7个为新菌系;93个单夏孢子堆群体可分为47个不同的致病类型,包括14个已知小种类型,33个新小种类型;有56个菌系与已知小种的毒性完全匹配,37个为新小种。本研究再次获得了条锈菌自然条件下存在有性生殖并因此导致新菌系产生的证据,证实了野生小檗在我国小麦条锈菌的生活史和病害循环中具有作用。     

小麦白粉病菌生理小种的鉴定与病菌毒性的监测

１９９１～１９９４年小麦白粉病菌生理小种鉴定的结果表明,１１,１５号小种这几年的优势小种,３１５号小种有上升的趋势,用毒性频率分析的方法对所获数据进行分析表明,Ｖ１,Ｖ３,Ｖ５及Ｖ８等毒性的当前白粉菌群体中已基本固定（毒性频率接近１００％）,小麦白粉菌对Ｐｍ４ａ的毒性频率呈较快的上升趋势,说明Ｐｍ４ａ基因的使用应该审慎,白粉菌对Ｐｍ２１为目前最有效的抗白粉病基因,对北京,西南及江浙三地区小区白粉菌     

Genetics of resistance to race TTKSK of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Triticum monococcum

Race TTKSK (or Ug99) of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici possesses virulence to several stem rust resistance genes commonly present in wheat cultivars grown worldwide. New variants detected in the race TTKSK lineage further broadened the virulence spectrum. The identification of sources of genetic resistance to race TTKSK and its relatives is necessary to enable the development and deployment of resistant varieties. Accessions of Triticum monococcum, an A-genome diploid wild and cultivated wheat, have previously been characterized as resistant to stem rust. Three resistance genes were identified and introgressed into hexaploid wheat: Sr21, Sr22, and Sr35. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic control and allelic relationships of resistance to race TTKSK in T. monococcum accessions identified through evaluations at the seedling stage. Generation F(2) progeny of 8 crosses between resistant and susceptible accessions and 13 crosses between resistant accessions of T. monococcum were evaluated with race TTKSK and often with North American races, including races QFCSC, TTTTF, and MCCFC. For a selected population segregating for three genes conferring resistance to race TTKSK, F(2:3) progeny were evaluated with races TTKSK, QFCSC, and TTTTF. In that population, we detected two genes conferring resistance to race TTKSK that are different from Sr21, Sr22, and Sr35. One of the new genes was effective to all races tested. The identification of these genes will facilitate the development of varieties with new resistance to race TTKSK.     

中国小麦条锈菌4个主要流行小种的寄生适合度

 以12个全国大面积种植的小麦生产品种和1个高感品种为试材,利用抗性组分法研究了中国小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici,Pst)4个主要流行小种条中32号、条中31号、水源11-14和水源11-4的寄生适合度。因子分析结果表明,病害量是度量条锈菌生理小种寄生适合度最重要的参数,其次是夏孢子生活力、产孢能力、产孢面积、产孢期,由此提出寄生适合度=(产孢量×侵染概率×夏孢子堆密度×夏孢子萌发率)/潜育期。研究还发现,条中32号的寄生适合度最高,致病性最强,与目前该小种为优势小种的事实相符;水源11-14的寄生适合度较高,有较大的发展潜力,在抗病育种中应予以高度重视。     

Race distribution of Phytophthora sojae on soybean in Hyogo, Japan

Since 1987, Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Tanbakuro], caused by Phytophthora sojae Kaufman and Gerdemann, has been increasing in the Sasayama, Nishiwaki, and Kasai regions in Hyogo, the most famous soybean (cv. Tanbakuro)-producing areas in Japan. In 2002 to 2004, 51 isolates (one from each field) of P. sojae were recovered from 51 fields in Hyogo. These isolates were tested for virulence on six Japanese differential soybean cultivars used for race determination in Japan, and three additional ones containing four Rps genes used in Indiana, USA. Race E was the most prevalent from 2002 to 2004, followed by races A, C, D, and four new races (proposed as races K, L, M, and N). Interestingly, none of the new races had high virulence on the Japanese differential cultivars, compared with other races in each area. One (race N) was avirulent on all six soybean differentials. There was a difference in race distribution on each of three individual areas; race E seemed to be a major component of the P. sojae population in Sasayama, whereas race A and the new race M were the most prevalent in Nishiwaki and Kasai, respectively. Rps6 (cv. Altona) and Rps1a + Rps7 (cv. Harosoy 63) were infected by 90.2% and 33.3% of all isolates, respectively. However, Rps1d (cv. PI103091) was not susceptible to any of the 51 isolates, nor was cv. Gedenshirazu-1. These two soybean cultivars were considered to be potential sources of resistance to breed new resistant cultivars with the desirable characteristics of cv. Tanbakuro for this region.     

Temperature-sensitive wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr15 is effective against Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK

The wheat stem rust fungus, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), race TTKSK and related races pose a serious threat to world wheat production. Knowing the effectiveness of wheat stem rust resistance (Sr) genes against Pgt race TTKSK is fundamental in mitigating this threat through resistance breeding. Sr15 was previously identified as being ineffective against Pgt race TTKSK. Here, multirace disease phenotyping data, linkage analyses, allelism testing and haplotype analyses are presented to support the conclusion that Sr15 is effective against Pgt race TTKSK. Resistance to race TTKSK was mapped to Sr15 in a biparental population. Thirty-two accessions with Sr15 displayed seedling resistance phenotypes against race TTKSK. However, these accessions were susceptible as seedlings at high temperatures (22–25 °C), consistent with previous reports that the interaction between avirulent Pgt isolates and Sr15 is temperature-sensitive. Markers STS638, wri4 and KASP_IWB30995 were found to predict the presence of Sr15, suggesting the utility of these assays for marker-assisted selection in breeding programmes. The effectiveness of Sr15 to specific Pgt races and temperatures makes it a less-desirable TTKSK-effective gene. Wheat lines assayed as resistant to race TTKSK at the seedling stage may possess Sr15 and breeders should be aware of the limitations of Sr15 for conferring stem rust resistance.     

Frequency of Avirulence Alleles in Field Populations of Leptosphaeria maculans in Europe

This paper describes the first large-scale Europe-wide survey of avirulence alleles and races of Leptosphaeria maculans. Isolates were collected from the spring rape cultivar Drakkar, with no known genes for resistance against L. maculans, at six experimental sites across the main oilseed rape growing regions of Europe, including the UK, Germany, Sweden and Poland. Additionally in Poland isolates were collected from cv. Darmor, which has resistance gene, Rlm9. In total, 603 isolates were collected during autumn in 2002 (287 isolates from Germany and the UK) and 2003 (316 isolates from Poland and Sweden). The identity of alleles at eight avirulence loci was determined for these isolates. No isolates had the virulence allele avrLm6 and three virulence alleles (avrLm2, avrLm3 and avrLm9) were present in all isolates. The isolates were polymorphic for AvrLm1, AvrLm4, AvrLm5 and AvrLm7 alleles, with virulence alleles at AvrLm1 and AvrLm4 loci and avirulence alleles at AvrLm7 and AvrLm5 loci predominant in populations. Virulent avrLm7 isolates were found at only one site in Sweden. Approximately 90% of all isolates belonged to one of two races (combinations of avirulence alleles), Av5-6-7 (77% of isolates) or Av6-7 (12%). Eight races were identified, with four races at frequencies less than 1%. The study suggested that Rlm6 and Rlm7 are still effective sources of resistance against L. maculans in oilseed rape in Europe. The results are comparable to those of a similar survey done in France in autumn 2000 and 2001.     

The Identification of Two New Races of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis from the Host Center of Diversity Confirms a One-to-One Relationship in Tan Spot of Wheat

ABSTRACT Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, causal agent of tan spot, induces necrosis and chlorosis in its wheat host. The tan spot system conforms to the toxin model and three host-specific toxins have been identified (Ptr ToxA, Ptr ToxB, and putative Ptr ToxC). Processing of a collection of isolates, obtained in the Fertile Crescent and Caucasus regions, yielded two new virulence patterns. Isolate Az35-5 combined the virulences of races 2 and 5 and was classified in the new race 7. Isolates TS93-71B and TS93-71F had a virulence pattern that combined those of races 2, 3, and 5 and were grouped in the new race 8. Southern analysis revealed that all three isolates possessed copies of the ToxA and ToxB genes, the first time the genes were found in a common background. The production of Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB by the isolates was confirmed by western blotting. Virulence patterns suggested that TS93-71B and TS93-71F may also produce Ptr ToxC, even though it was not present at detectable levels in culture filtrates. The identification of races 7 and 8 complete the theoretical maximum number of races that can be differentiated by three loci in the host (2(3) = 8), assuming a one-to-one relationship. It appears that the wheat/P. tritici-repentis system is a mirror image of the classical gene-for-gene relationship.     

Pathotype diversification in the invasive PstS2 clonal lineage of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici causing yellow rust on durum and bread wheat in Lebanon and Syria in 2010–2011

Yellow rust is the major wheat disease in central West Asia and North Africa. Recently, severe epidemics have occurred, with major yield losses in 2010–2011 in Lebanon and Syria. We conducted an extensive field survey, with a collection of 273 samples of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, to explore the origin of these epidemics. All samples were genotyped with 20 microsatellite markers, and 54 isolates were pathotyped. The population was dominated by the PstS2 lineage, which has spread worldwide since 2000 and displays considerable pathotype diversity (10 pathotypes). The 22 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) detected corresponded to variants of the clonal lineage PstS2, but they differed from the common PstS2 genotype found in the worldwide study conducted between 1981 and 2010. No strong differentiation was observed between Lebanon and Syria. The dominant MLG in Syria was common to both countries. Nine MLGs were found exclusively in the Syrian population and four were restricted to the Lebanese population, including the dominant MLG in Lebanon. The predominant MLG-11 was found in nine pathotypes, at high frequency. The dominant pathotype in Syria was virulent against widely deployed resistance genes (Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr25, and Yr27); virulence against Yr3, Yr8, Yr17, and YrSP occurred at various frequencies, but Yr1, Yr4, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, and Yr32 were effective against all isolates. No host effect was detected. The presence of diverse host populations consisting of landraces and elite varieties, and diverse climatic conditions may account for the unexpectedly high diversity of this clonal population.     

小麦秆锈菌不同小种间相对生存能力研究

 将我国小麦秆锈菌优势小种21C3分别与历年来出现频率很低的34C1或116小种的夏孢子等量混合,在不同温度条件下,转接于八个来自次要越冬区长江中下游感病的生产品种上。经几个夏孢子世代的继代转接结果表明:21C3小种的毒力虽弱但与34C2或116种相比,其相对生存能力强;而34C2和116小种的毒力虽强,但相对生存能力却弱。小种间毒力强弱与其生存能力强弱呈负相关的现象,可能是我国小麦秆锈菌21C3小种在相当长的时期处于优势的原因之一。在一定高温条件下,虽能影响小种频率上升或下降的速度,但未能左右其总的趋势。试验应用的继代品种对不同小种的感病性没有显著差别。     

小麦条锈病菌致病类型G22-83及流行小种CYR32和CYR33在四川省小麦品种(系)上寄生适合度的测定及分析

为了解致病类型G22-83及流行小种CYR32和CYR33对四川省近年小麦生产品种和后备品种的寄生适合度,在田间分别将致病类型G22-83、流行小种CYR32和CYR33接种于四川省109个小麦品种(系),采用综合病情指数法测定3个供试菌株的相对寄生适合度。结果显示,致病类型G22-83、流行小种CYR32和CYR33的平均寄生适合度分别为0.1930、0.0560和0.0379,且前者显著高于后两者;流行小种CYR32和CYR33的平均相对寄生适合度有差异,但是差异不显著。致病类型G22-83、流行小种CYR32和CYR33在四川省109个小麦品种(系)上相对寄生适合度的中位数分别为0.0626、0.0000和0.0000,前者在四川省109个小麦品种(系)上相对寄生适合度的平均水平和波动程度均高于后两者。致病类型G22-83在四川省小麦生产品种和后备品种上的寄生适合度较高,在今后一段时间内可能成为该地区小麦条锈菌的优势菌系。     

小麦秆锈菌不同小种间竞争能力的研究

本试验首次在小麦成株期把我国致病力较弱的优势小种21C3和致病力较强的低频或稀有小种34C2、34C4及116的新鲜夏孢子等量混合后,在长江流域选出的8个感病品种上继代转接。试验结果表明:温室转接5代与田间重复侵染3代后,小种21C3出现频率显著上升,小种34C2频率明显下降,小种34C4和116则下降更快,甚至完全消失。小种21C3与34C2、34C4和116相比或小种34C2与34C4和116相比,其出现频率都表现极显著差异。而小种34C4和116之间则差异不明显。说明小种21C3致病力虽不强,但竞争能力最强,故在自然界能维持优势;34C2竞争能力弱于21C3,但强于34C4和116,而且致病力较强,故在自然界也能维持一定数量。小种34C4和116致病力虽强,但竞争能力极弱,因此在自然界数量极少。     

小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主和小种命名现状

 中国是世界上小麦条锈病最大的流行区之一,也是限制中国小麦生产的最严重病害之一,特别是当条件适于其发生时会造成巨大的产量损失.小麦条锈菌小种生理专化性研究及小种监测是掌握小麦条锈菌及其毒性变化动态、抗病基因有效性及病害流行预测预报的重要依据,是治理由此病原菌引起的小麦条锈病的基本环节之一.由于地域、条锈菌群体结构、研究水平和历史等的差异,目前国际上不同国家和地区采用相应的小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主和小种命名方法.中国、美国和印度均使用了各自不同的小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主,并采用了相应的小种命名体系,例如从1957至2002年,中国利用10多个鉴别寄主已鉴定和命名了32个小种和30多个致病类型,美国利用10多个鉴别寄主已鉴定和命名了80个小种;另一类是采用1972年Johnson提出的二进制国际小种命名法,这种体系包括了国际鉴别寄主和欧洲鉴别寄主,象一套鉴别寄主被整体使用,欧洲、中东、亚洲、非洲和南美国家及澳大利亚和新西兰均采用此体系监测小麦条锈菌变化,是一套被最为广泛接受和使用的小麦条锈菌小种鉴别方法和命名系统,但随着研究深入和各国实际情况差异等原因,不同研究人员加入了不同的辅助鉴别寄主,以更能准确和实际地反映本国和地区的现实情况,为生产服务,本文对此现状进行了分析和比较.由于此病菌具有长距离气传和扩散的特点(地区间、国家间和洲际间),因而也讨论了未来小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主组成、小种命名方法和研究结果的交流和比较等实际问题.