Soil Solution Aluminum,and Nutrient and Aluminum Uptake in Hibiscus Sabdariffa Under Nitrogen and Phosphorous Fertilizers

The result of intensive agriculture in cities is the decline in crop yields and depletion of the resource base. The aims of this study were to assess effects of nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) fertilization on bioavailable aluminum (Al) and their contribution on Al and nutrient uptake in Hibiscus sabdariffa. A pot experiment was led to supply a tropical soil with N and P fertilizers. P amendment decreased Al in soil solution, not N amendment. Fertilizers had effects on Al and nutrient uptake in roots and leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa. The results also showed that the uptake of Al and nutrients depends on Al in soil solution or N supply or P supply. Only P uptake in roots and leaves was explained by combined effects of a nutrient supply × exchangeable Al. Furthermore, P supply does not limit the translocation of Al in shoots of plants in acid soils.     

过量施用磷肥对红壤发育的水稻土化学性质的影响及其与水稻生长的关系

A filed experiment with an early rice-late rice rotation was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red soil in the southern part of Zhejing Province to elucidate the effect of excess P application on some important characteristics of soil properies and its relation to nutrient status and grain yields of rice crops.The experimental results indicated that adequate fertilizer P(15 kg P hm^-2)could increase the content of soil available P at the tillering stage of early rice,the contents of N,P and K in the shoots of early rice at primary growth stages,and the grain yield of early rice by increasing valid ears per hectare and weight per thousand grains,which,was mainly related to the higher contents of reduced,non-reduced and total sugar in the shoot at the heading stage, And early rice supplied with excessive P could not yield more than that applied with adequate, P de to the reduction in the valid grain percentage and weight per thousead grains. In addition,one-time excess P supply at a rate as high as 90 kg P hm^-2 could not improve the soil P fertility in case the soil available P content was lower than the initial(3.74mg kg^-1 soil) after an early rice-late rice rotaion,and made a decline in the grain yield increased by per kilogram fertilzer P.Thus,one-time excess P supply should not be adopted for soils with a large P fixation capacity like the paddy soils derived from red soils.     

CO2浓度升高与增施钾肥对土壤化学性质的影响

采用土培和开顶箱法,研究了大气CO_2浓度升高与增施K肥共同作用对土壤化学性质的影响.结果表明,土壤中N、P的含量在高CO_2浓度和高K肥水平下下降,K的含量随K肥用量增加而增加.高K(200、300 mg/kg)处理和高浓度CO_2下温室次生盐渍化土壤中的NO_3~(-)、PO_4~(3-)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+) 含量也显著降低.因此,在未来CO_2浓度升高的环境中,更多的K肥供应能促进作物对此生盐渍化土壤中养分的吸收,降低此生盐渍化土壤中盐分的积累.     

黑土农田供肥能力及化肥利用率的试验研究

在氮磷钾配合施用条件下,黑土农田土壤养分的供给能力大幅度增加,土壤可以供氮145.5kghm-2、供磷84 2kghm-2、供钾160.7kghm-2;施用氮肥的增产效果显著、肥效高、对吸收磷钾元素的协助作用大,但土壤供氮潜力较磷钾小。黑土农田要特别重视氮肥的施用。     

高寒草甸土CO2流通和氮矿化之间的关系以及对外加碳或氮的响应

In nutrient-limited alpine meadows,nitrogen(N) mineralization is prior to soil microbial immobilization;therefore,increased mineral N supply would be most likely immobilized by soil microbes due to nutrient shortage in alpine soils.In addition,low temperature in alpine meadows might be one of the primary factors limiting soil organic matter decomposition and thus N mineralization.A laboratory incubation experiment was performed using an alpine meadow soil from the Tibetan Plateau.Two levels of NH4NO3(N) or glucose(C) were added,with a blank without addition of C or N as the control,before incubation at 5,15,or 25 ℃ for 28 d.CO2 efflux was measured during the 28-d incubation,and the mineral N was measured at the beginning and end of the incubation,in order to test two hypotheses:1) net N mineralization is negatively correlated with CO2 efflux for the control and 2) the external labile N or C supply will shift the negative correlation to positive.The results showed a negative correlation between CO2 efflux and net N immobilization in the control.External inorganic N supply did not change the negative correlation.The external labile C supply shifted the linear correlation from negative to positive under the low C addition level.However,under the high C level,no correlation was found.These suggested that the correlation of CO2 efflux to net N mineralization strongly depend on soil labile C and C:N ratio regardless of temperatures.Further research should focus on the effects of the types and the amount of litter components on interactions of C and N during soil organic matter decomposition.     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOIL VOLUME USED BY ROOTS AND NUTRIENT ACCESSIBILITY

Increasing the volume of soil available to plants growing in pots increased yields of oats, ryegrass, kale, and tomatoes and decreased the intensity of rooting; it increased the supply of N more than that of P, as P uptake was correlated with root intensity and N uptake was not. Responses to P fertilizer were greater in the larger volumes of soil, but responses to applied N were less than in small volumes. Isoquants showed that, when soil volume is restricted, it is more important to apply a mobile nutrient (nitrate) than an immobile nutrient (phosphate), although the value of either nutrient in compensating for inadequate soil volume depends on the supply of the other.     

RESPONSE OF GROUNDNUTS DEPENDENT ON SYMBIOTIC AND INORGANIC NITROGEN TO HIGH AIR AND SOIL TEMPERATURES

Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are frequently exposed to high temperatures in the semi-arid tropics. The objectives of the present research were: (i) to determine the response of groundnuts to different nitrogen sources; (ii) to quantify the effects of high air and soil temperatures on nodulation, dry matter production, partitioning and pod yields; and (iii) to discover whether plants dependent on symbiotic dinitrogen are more sensitive to heat stress than those dependent on inorganic nitrogen (N). Plants were grown at optimum air and ambient soil temperatures from sowing until the first flowering. Thereafter, plants were exposed to a factorial combination of two air temperatures [optimum: 28°/22°C (day/night) and high: 38°/22°C], two soil temperatures (ambient: 26°/24°C and high: 37°/30°C) and three N-sources [inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strain NC 92 (symbiotic N₂); inoculated and supplied with 20 ppm inorganic N (symbiotic N₂ plus 20 N); or not inoculated and supplied with 100 ppm inorganic N (inorganic N)]. At optimum air and ambient soil temperature dry matter and pod yields were greatest in plants dependent on inorganic N, intermediate in symbiotic N₂ plus 20 N and least in symbiotic N₂. High air or high soil temperatures significantly (P < 0.001) reduced pod yield to a similar extent and their effects were additive and without interaction. High soil, but not high air temperature, significantly (P < 0.001) reduced nodule numbers, nodule dry weight and 100 seed weight. High air and/or high soil temperature had no effect on pod yield in plants dependent on symbiotic N₂ or symbiotic N₂ plus 20 N, but significantly (P < 0.05) reduced pod yield in plants dependent on inorganic N. This suggest that effectively nodulated plants with small quantities of inorganic N are potentially more adaptable to hot environments than those relying on large quantities of inorganic N.     

不同水分条件下表层施磷对小麦吸收下层土壤养分的影响

采用分层隔水盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤状况下,土壤表层(0-15cm)施磷对冬小麦吸收利用下层土壤(15-35cm)中氮磷钾养分影响。结果表明,土壤干旱降低了土壤磷、钾的有效性,严重抑制植株生长。不施磷肥时,小麦根系下扎量高于施磷处理,能从富含水分和养分的下层土壤吸收水分和养分,从而改善其营养状况,增加生物量。在土壤湿润的情况下,小麦对上层土壤养分的吸收量增加,同时由于扎入下层土壤中的根系量增多,因而也能利用一部分下层土壤中的氮磷钾养分。     

氮磷等比与以磷定氮条件下玉米的最大施肥量研究

以前的研究已认识到种植玉米的土壤具有平衡与不平衡的土壤养分供应类型,因而其高产施肥需要相应的养分配比。本研究以养分平衡供应的山西石灰性褐土为对象,按照同步增加氮磷用量和以磷定氮等两种施肥量确定方法设置氮磷施肥量,探讨高产玉米的最大施肥量和最佳施肥比例。研究表明,氮磷等比施肥下玉米最大施氮量较以磷定氮增大46 kg hm-2,产量增加738 kg hm-2;而玉米最佳施氮量较以磷定氮增加39 kg hm-2,产量增加723 kg hm-2。氮磷等比施肥下最佳施氮量氮素的增产效益极大。试验说明氮磷施用比例是影响玉米最大施氮量及其肥效的重要因素。在供试的氮磷养分平衡供应条件下同步增加氮磷用量可以得到两者统一的玉米高产最佳施肥量点。本研究提出,根据土壤养分平衡供应特征调整施肥养分比例可能是作物高产施肥且提高肥料利用率的途径。     

猪粪与牛粪有机肥对水稻产量、养分吸收利用和 土壤肥力的影响

采用连续5年田间定位试验,研究了等量单独施用猪粪或牛粪有机肥以及有机肥与化学肥料配施对水稻产量、氮磷钾养分吸收累积及利用效率、土壤养分含量及其与产量等关系的影响。结果表明:猪粪有机肥施用(7.5t/hm~2+常量化肥、15 t/hm~2+1/2常量化肥和30 t/hm~2+无化肥)时水稻产量、干物质累积、氮磷累积及生理利用效率与常量化肥处理相比无显著差异;牛粪有机肥与化肥减量配施和单独施用时,尽管氮、磷和钾生理利用效率有所提高,但水稻产量、地上部氮、磷和钾累积量均有不同程度下降,且以单独施用时尤为明显。等量猪粪有机肥对土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量以及pH的提升程度大于牛粪有机肥,有机质含量无明显差异;与猪粪有机肥相比,牛粪有机肥施用时土壤养分各指标与水稻产量、干物质累积量、氮磷钾累积量以及利用效率间的相关性更为明显,其中与产量、干物质累积量和氮磷钾累积量极显著负相关,与氮磷钾生理利用效率显著正相关。因此,等量猪粪有机肥和牛粪有机肥的肥效存在较大差异,在实际生产中应根据不同源有机肥特性进行调节施用。     

吉林春玉米氮磷钾养分需求与利用效率研究

【目的】 明确吉林春玉米的氮、磷、钾养分需求和利用效率,为区域春玉米的高效合理施肥提供技术参数。 【方法】 整理2005—2013年国家测土配方施肥项目在吉林省开展的680个 “3414”田间试验,选取N₀P₀K₀、N₀P₂K₂、N₂P₀K₂、N₂P₂K₂和N₂P₂K₀ 5个处理,研究氮、磷、钾肥对春玉米籽粒产量、植株养分吸收量的影响,明确产量、养分吸收量与土壤基础养分供应能力的关系,评估春玉米的氮、磷、钾养分需求量和利用效率。 【结果】 吉林春玉米在氮磷钾配施处理 (N₂P₂K₂) 获得最高的籽粒产量和植株养分吸收量,平均产量达9.6 t/hm2,玉米氮、磷、钾养分平均吸收量分别为N 190.8 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 87.0 kg/hm2和K₂O 215.1 kg/hm2。与不施肥处理相比,氮磷钾配施处理平均增产42.5%,植株氮、磷、钾养分吸收量平均分别提高57.5%、64.2%和49.5%。在其他养分充分供应基础上,增施氮、磷、钾肥平均分别增加吸收N 57.2 kg/hm2 (42.9%)、P₂O₅ 19.2 kg/hm2 (28.4%) 和K₂O 32.1 kg/hm2 (17.5%)。以缺素处理植株养分吸收量表征土壤养分基础供应能力,发现氮磷钾配施处理玉米产量和养分吸收量均随土壤基础养分供应能力的提高而逐渐上升,变化趋势均符合显著的对数关系。经测算,吉林春玉米氮磷钾配施处理生产百公斤籽粒平均需吸收N 1.98 kg、P₂O₅ 0.90 kg和K₂O 2.24 kg,比例为1∶0.45∶1.13。减氮、减磷和减钾处理的百公斤籽粒氮、磷、钾素需求量平均分别为N 1.69 kg、P₂O₅ 0.79 kg和K₂O 2.11 kg,与氮磷钾配施处理相比均显著下降,而且试验点间变异也明显增大。目前,吉林春玉米生产中氮、磷、钾肥的平均养分回收利用效率分别为33.7%、27.5%和45.3%,而平均生理利用效率分别为28.8、52.8和28.3 kg/kg。 【结论】 吉林春玉米对肥料养分的依存度较高,合理施肥是保持高产高效的重要前提。      

Leucaena hedgerow intercropping and cattle manure application in the Ethiopian highlands II. Maize yields and nutrient uptake

 The effects of Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure on maize nutrient uptake and yield were investigated in a hedgerow intercropping trial in the Ethiopian highlands. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. For each leucaena species, the experiment had 16 treatments resulting from a factorial combination of four levels of leucaena leaf prunings (no prunings applied; first prunings applied; first and second prunings applied; first, second and third prunings applied), two levels of air-dried cattle manure (0 and 3 t dry matter ha^–1) and two levels of N fertilizer (0 and 40 kg N ha^–1 as urea). Uptake of N, P and K increased significantly with application of the three nutrient sources, but uptake of Ca and Mg either did not respond or decreased with application of prunings and manure. All the three factors increased maize grain and stover yields significantly, usually with no significant interactions between the factors. At least two applications of prunings were required to significantly increase nutrient uptake and maize yield. Maize in the row closest to the hedge did not respond to these nutrient inputs. It is concluded that hedgerow intercropping, with or without manure application, can increase crop yields moderately (to 2–3 t ha^–1 maize grain yields) in the highlands, but P, Ca and Mg may have to be supplied from external sources if they are deficient in the soil. Additional N is still required for higher yields (>4 t ha^–1 maize grain yields). However, quantification of the competition effects of the trees is also required to confirm these results. Received: 27 January 1997     

不同施肥模式对作物-土壤系统养分收支的影响

以1 组20 年长期定位试验为基础, 针对不同施肥模式下作物-土壤系统养分收支状况进行研究。本试验共8 个处理, 分别由化肥氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)和循环有机肥(M)组合而成。结果表明, 养分循环再利用有利于作物产量的提高, 对大豆和玉米籽实平均增产率分别为22.9%和16.4%; 但随化肥的均衡施用, 有机肥增产作用明显降低。仅施用循环有机肥可缓解土壤养分收支赤字, 但无法实现作物高产和土壤养分收支平衡; 施用氮肥加剧土壤磷收支赤字, 同时施用氮、磷肥加剧土壤钾赤字。本研究中同时施用氮、磷、钾肥和循环肥模式可满足作物高产的养分需求, 同时能够平衡土壤养分收支, 是较为理想的施肥模式。     

Effects of different potassium fertilizers suitable for use in organic farming systems on grass/clover yields and nutrient offtakes and interactions with nitrogen supply

Abstract. In organic farming systems, fertilizing materials can be used when potassium (K) deficiency is shown, but such systems are dominantly nitrogen (N) limited and this is likely to affect crop utilization of K. The supply of K to grass/clover from a range of mineral and organically based K fertilizers and its interaction with N supply were studied in a greenhouse experiment. Sequential plant cuts were taken for yield and nutrient content determinations in crop and soil. Crop yields were limited by N: where N supply was increased either through the mineralization of N from organic materials (rapemeal, farmyard manure) or inorganic fertilizer, plant yields increased significantly. Grass/clover responded better to additional K where sufficient N was available. However, yield responses to K were generally small, even in the presence of adequate N. Of the different fertilizers, kali and MSL-K increased yields above those of the control by less than 5%, sylvinite, DKSI and farmyard manure by 10–20%, and rapemeal and potassium sulphate by more than 25%. In all treatments, K offtakes in the grass/clover were considerably greater than fertilizer K inputs. The grass/clover showed an increased uptake of Na where insufficient K was available. However, the Mg content of the grass/clover was not adversely affected by K fertilizer application. Organic farmers need to consider the soil K status, the rotational nutrient budget, the supply of all nutrients in fertilizing materials and nutrient interactions to achieve effective K management in organic farming systems.     

Early plant height: A defining factor for yields of silage maize with contrasting phosphorus supply

Silage maize (Zea mays L.) is an important crop for forage on Northwestern European dairy cattle farms. We examined the effect of readily available soil phosphorus (P) on early maize growth and linked in-season height growth to final harvest yield using field plots with contrasting P supply in a one-year study embedded in a long-term experiment. Water-extractable P (Pw) was used as a proxy for readily available P in soil. Plant height, dry matter (DM) accumulation, P and nitrogen (N) uptakes were determined eight times from the two-leaf stage until final whole-crop harvest and fitted to logistic growth models. The models revealed that the final yield was significantly related to the time required to reach the maximum rate of height growth (occurring from 330 to 485 accumulated growing degree units, GDU), but not the time required to reach the maximum rate of DM accumulation (occurring from 561 to 649 GDU). Furthermore, plant height at the four-leaf stage and onwards was significantly related to the final harvest yield. Soil Pw linked closely to height growth parameters; higher levels of Pw gave earlier peaks in height growth. For this light sandy loam with a wide gradient in P content, we conclude that suboptimal P supply postpones height growth and reduces final yields. A sufficient P supply links to an early rapid increase in plant height and forms the potential for optimum nutrient uptake and high forage yields. Thus, early-season plant height may serve as a simple morphometric indicator for final yields.     

南京郊区大白菜生长期氮素的供应及利用

在南京郊区露地生产条件下,研究了不同施肥处理秋季大白菜生长期的土壤N素供应、作物养分吸收利用和肥料N素损失。结果表明,在大白菜整个生育期,耕层土壤供N量为50.7kg/hm2,占土壤全N量的1.07%。作物收获期地上部分生物量和N素含量随施N量的提高而升高,施用N肥显著增加了大白菜的生物量,提高幅度高达3~4倍。植株吸收N量70%以上来源于肥料N。在本试验条件下,尿素N肥表观利用率为26%~35%,土壤NO3--N含量随N肥施用量的增加而升高,主要累积在0~40cm土层中。     

Influence of different long-term mineral–organic fertilization on yield,nutrient balance and soil C and N contents of a sandy loess (Haplic Phaeozem) in middle Germany

In a long-term field trial (Halle, Germany, founded in 1949 by K. Schmalfuß, soil type Haplic Phaeozem), the effects of different mineral and organic fertilization on dry matter yields, soil C and N contents and N balances were investigated. Over a period of 60 years, yields increased on average in all cultivated crops (winter and spring cereals, potatoes, sugar beets, silage maize), even without any fertilization. Nitrogen deficiency in unfertilized and PK treatments caused strong decreases in yield (up to 48%) in comparison with the N2PK standard treatment. The effect of omitting K or P supply was smaller (up to 18% and 7% yield reduction, respectively). The highest yields were obtained with high mineral N + PK application and (except winter wheat) with farmyard manure in combination with mineral fertilization. The N balances were negative in all treatments. However, if N immission from the air (40 kg ha^?1 a^?1) was included in the calculation, N balances were negative only in low N treatments. The soil C and N contents increased up to 1975. A considerable decrease has been seen since about 1985. The highest soil C and N contents were observed in the farmyard manure treatments. In addition to fertilization effects, this development of soil properties reflects changes in environmental pollution, climatic changes, as well as shifts in cultivation methods like tillage depths, over recent decades.     

Remediation of oil polluted soils: 1. effect of organic and inorganic nutrient supplements on the performance of maize (Zea may L)

Percentage germination, plant height, leaf area, relative dry matter yield, plant nutrient concentration, soil chemical characteristics and source/sink relationship were assessed for maize (Zea mays L TZ-SR-Y) planted in a soil polluted with 3% (v/w) crude oil or 0% (untreated soil), after remediation of soil with different organic (Poultry manure, peptone water, sawdust and yeast extract) and inorganic (NPK, KNO₃, NH₄H₂PO₄ and (NH₄)₂SO₄) nutrient supplements applied 7 days after oil treatment. Germination of maize in oil polluted soil was not significantly affected by nutrient supplementation (P=0.05). Maize performance in terms of other studied parameters was highest in the oil polluted soil supplemented with poultry manure, and least in oil polluted soil supplemented with sawdust. Oil treatment correlated significantly with organic C, N, Na, Mg and ferrous in the soil (P=0.05) and with nutrient composition in maize plant tissues (P=0.05). For nutrient uptake, significant correlation was only established between soil N and plant N. Population of petroleum hydrocarbon tolerant microbes increased initially but decreased with time. There is every indication that nutrient supplementation of oil polluted soil especially with organic nutrient sources is beneficial for maize growth, because the C/N ratio is narrowed while the rate of biodegradation of oil and soil recovery is also enhanced. Poultry manure is recommended, however sawdust is not recommended since it tends to impose adverse effect by widening the C/N ratio in soil.     

Management practices of macronutrients for potato for smallholder farming system at alluvial soil (Entisols) of India

In the present study, seven fertilizer treatments [T₁, 50% NPK; T₂, 100% NPK (Recommended dose of fertilizer, 200–65.4–124.5 kg N-P-K ha^?1); T₃, 150% NPK; T₄, 100% PK; T₅, 100% NK; T₆, 100% NP and T₇, control (zero NPK)] with four replications were assessed in the new alluvial soil zone (Entisols) of West Bengal, India. The objectives of the study were to generate information on potato productivity, profitability, indigenous nutrient supply and net gain/loss of NPK in post-harvest soil. Plants grown under higher NPK supply resulted in higher tuber yield and there were significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in total yield with nutrient omissions. Nutrient?limited yields were 19.78, 2.83 and 1.77 t ha^?1 for N, P and K, considering total tuber yield (28.24 t ha^?1) obtained under 100% NPK as targeted yield. Indigenous nutrient supply of N, P and K were estimated at 24.1, 22.34 and 110.22 kg ha^?1, respectively that indicates higher K?supplying capacity of experimental soil as compared to N and P. Net income (US$1349 ha^?1 year^?1) and B:C ratio (1.91) was highest with 100% NPK, and further addition of NPK (150%) resulted in decrease on net return (US$1193 ha^?1 year^?1) and B:C ratio (1.73).     

Application of the Bray–Mitscherlich Equation Approach for Economically and Environmentally Sound Fertilization of Field Crops in Hungary

Abstract

A database was compiled from the results of Hungarian long‐term N, P, and K fertilization field trials published between 1960 and 2000. Database correlations were described between the soil organic matter (SOM) content of PK (N control) plots and the responses of winter wheat and corn to N application; between the soil P test (ammonium lactate, AL) values of NK (P control) plots and the responses of wheat and corn to P application; and between the soil K test (ammonium lactate, AL) values of NP (K control) plots and the responses of wheat and corn to K application, using the Bray–Mitscherlich equation approach. The nutrient responses were expressed as both relative yields and surpluses. The database also made it possible to investigate how the responses of winter wheat and corn to N, P, and K fertilization were affected by the available nutrient contents, soil texture, pH, and carbonate status, soil type, and nutrient supply category of the control plots. Based on the correlations established in the database, new, more accurate soil N, P, and K supply categories were elaborated, providing opportunities for cost saving and environmentally sound fertilizaton of Hungarian crops.