再生水灌区地下水防污性能区划模型的建立与验证

为促进地下水水资源保护和利用,根据研究区域的特点以及地下水防污性能的影响因素,基于DRASTIC模型,选用以下6个因子：地下水水位埋深、降雨入渗补给量、表层土壤类型、包气带岩性、含水水力传导度以及土地利用类型建立了再生水灌区地下水特殊防污性能区划模型。采用地理信息系统GIS技术和内梅罗指数法,绘制研究区域地下水综合污染指数分布空间图,并且探讨了防污性能区划的验证方法以及等级划分标准。结果表明：地下水综合污染指数与研究区域的防污性能具有很好的相关性（R2=0.9591）,采用DRASTIC模型评价地下水特殊防污性能是可行的,可为再生水灌区地下水的保护以及利用规划提供重要借鉴。     

Vulnerability Assessments of Colorado Ground Water to Nitrate Contamination

Nitrate (NO₃-N) contamination of ground water aquifers is an important problem in the United States and throughout the world, particularly as ground water resources become increasingly relied upon to support human needs. Cost effective methodologies are needed to facilitate decision-making for ground water protection. To aid ground water protection organizations, we designed two tools to assess aquifer vulnerability to NO₃-N contamination in Colorado. The first tool is a statewide aquifer vulnerability map (VM) that identifies regions vulnerable to ground water contamination. The VM uses five factors that influence aquifer vulnerability on a regional scale: aquifer locations, depth to water, soil drainage class, land use, and recharge availability. We validated the VM using 576 discrete ground water sample points from throughout the state and found that the VM was able to delineate areas of increased aquifer vulnerability to NO₃-N contamination (r ²= 0.78). The second aquifer assessment tool is a vulnerability matrix (VMX) developed to help practitioners determine relative aquifer vulnerability to NO₃-N contamination on a field scale. The VMX consists of a series of factors that are rated and combined for a particular field. This rating is used to give landowners an index of general aquifer vulnerability to NO₃-N contamination for a specific field, and inform them of changes in management practices to reduce the vulnerability. The VMX can be used in conjunction with the VM to determine NO₃-N contamination potential from intensive agriculture.     

石门沟水源地的地下水脆弱性评价

对石门沟水源地地下水系统进行了脆弱性评价,以期为该区地下水资源的合理利用和科学管理提供技术支持。采用参数系统法中的DRASTIC指标,对研究区进行分区并对评价因子评分,通过构建矩阵进行运算得出脆弱性指数。结果发现,石门沟水源地地下水系统的脆弱性指数介于100～128之间,为低脆弱性和中等脆弱性。将整个研究区划分为两类6个区域,其脆弱性呈现由东北向西南逐次减弱的趋势。研究表明,岩溶发育地区的地下水脆弱性较其它岩性地区偏弱。地下水系统的脆弱性由含水层固有属性因子决定,但人为外部因素的改变也会对其造成极大的影响。     

基于AHP的DRASTIC模型在银川市潜水防污性能评价中的应用

[目的]探讨银川市区域地下水防污性能,为都市圈的建设、规划以及地下水资源的保护等方面提供科学依据。[方法]以银川市绕城高速内的城区为研究区,综合水文地质条件,选取地下水埋深、净补给量、含水层富水性、土壤类型、包气带岩性和水力传导系数等6个评价因子,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定因子权重,建立适合银川市当地的地下水防污性能DRASTIC评价模型,对银川市地下水防污性能进行了分区评价。[结果]①银川市地下水防污性能整体表现为中等-弱,防污性能弱区位于西夏区一带,防污性能强区位于金凤区的北部地区;②防污性评分与NO-3的污染特征存在一致性。[结论]地下水防污性能评价是预防和保护地下水资源的重要手段。金凤区北部阅海湖区域可作为今后城市扩建的首选区域。     

典型岩溶地下河系统不同水体中硝酸盐时空分布规律及其影响因素分析

岩溶地下河在西南地区分布极广,作为当地重要的生活和生产水源,近年来遭受了不同程度的污染,其中硝酸盐污染是岩溶地下河面临的最突出最普遍的问题之一。且由于岩溶地区含水层的高度非均质性,使得硝酸盐的分布及其形成规律很难通过模拟手段揭示。本文选取广西柳州市大良镇官村的典型岩溶地下河系统作为研究对象,分别于丰水期和枯水期系统采集不同水体样品。通过水化学及氢氧同位素示踪和统计分析等方法,分析硝酸盐浓度及稳定同位素的变化特征。结果表明,该岩溶地下河系统中,丰水期和枯水期硝酸盐浓度变化趋势一致,上湖洞到下湖洞段硝酸盐浓度逐渐升高,下湖洞到地下河出口硝酸盐浓度呈降低趋势;水体明显受到人为活动的影响,水体中的硝酸盐主要来自农业源和生活源,农业源的输入对水体中硝酸盐浓度的影响较强;由于不同季节地下河系统硝酸盐来源的差异及补给水的不同,使地下河系统不同水体的氢氧同位素特征和硝酸盐浓度分布呈现明显的季节性差异,丰水期水体中硝酸盐平均浓度大于枯水期硝酸盐平均浓度;受外源硝酸盐输入、不同补给水的混合作用及还原作用的影响,岩溶地下河系统中不同水体的硝酸盐浓度分布亦呈现明显的空间差异性。本研究通过示踪的方法分析了硝酸盐在岩溶地下河系统中的时空分布规律及其影响因素,对岩溶地区面源污染防治策略的形成具有重要意义。     

西南岩溶地区地下水污染及防治途径

岩溶地下水资源是西南岩溶山区最重要的生活生产用水来源,也是西南岩溶地区实现社会经济与生态建设全面可持续发展的重要保障。在分析西南岩溶山区地下水资源开发利用状况的基础上,对西南岩溶地区地下水污染现状及特点进行了调查分析。结果显示,西南岩溶地区地下水污染源主要来自城市经济活动、工矿开采及"三废"排放、农业生产面源污染、农村生活垃圾污染4个方面。提出了加强岩溶地区地下水调查及定位监测;加强水环境保护的宣传教育,提高村民水环境保护意识;调整产业结构,推进农村垃圾集中处理;发展有机生态农业;推进农村生态环境综合治理及地下水污染治理技术攻关等相应的防治与调控对策,认为防治岩溶地下水污染的关键在于预防。     

A Case of Hydrochemical Characterization of an Alluvial Aquifer Influenced by Human Activities

21 physico-chemical parameters have been determined in 47 groundwater samples collected in October 1994 from the alluvial aquifer of the Pisuerga river, located at the north-east of Valladolid (north-western Spain). Conventional hydrochemical methods and multivariate statistical analysis have been used to discriminate natural phenomena and pollution processes in the area. It has been demonstrated the existence of a heterogeneity in groundwater mineral contents related to anthropic actions such as irrigation, source of irrigation water and location of polluting sources. This study demonstrates the existence of two sub-units in the alluvial aquifer (left and right river banks) with different hydrochemical characteristics, and identifies three different singular areas in the left bank. Groundwater from this bank showed higher levels of dissolved ions caused by concentration processes derived from the predominant use of groundwater for crop irrigation, whilst in the right bank of the aquifer less saline water from canals is used. Degradation of groundwater quality has been observed in some areas of the left aquifer sub-unit (north, Santovenia and south-central sites) where anomalous high concentrations of sulphate, sodium, chloride and nitrate were measured, and can be related to the presence of potentially polluting sources such as leachates from industrial waste disposals, sewage effluents and use of organic and inorganic fertilizers.     

Aquifer Vulnerability Zoning, an Indicator of Atmospheric Pollutants Input? Vanadium in the Salamanca Aquifer, Mexico

Aquifer vulnerability assessments can be incorporated in groundwater contamination studies. Atmospheric pollutants as vanadium, V, can reach aquifers after soil deposition if the system is vulnerable. Vanadium concentrations were detected in soil and groundwater in Salamanca Mexico. V origin is related mainly to particulate emissions from a thermoelectric plant that is using fuel oil number 6 with high V content. To determine the V origin in groundwater, a soil and groundwater monitoring was carried out. A SINTACS vulnerability zoning was done. Vanadium in soil, emissions and groundwater is well correlated. The V input is associated to aquifer vulnerable zones.     

The nature and management of saprolite aquifers in the wheatbelt of western Australia

Regional weathered-zone goundwaters in the southern part of Western Australia are primarily stored in a granular saprolite aquifer derived from the isovolumetric weathering of granitic and gneissic rocks. Recent drilling has confirmed the existence of permeable materials capable of yielding groundwater of a suitable quality for livestock. Development of supplies of 10 to 250 kl d⁻¹ is realisic and would complement local livestock, domestic and Government water supply systems. Wheatbelt aquifers currently supply 18 to 25 per cent of all water used for livestock in the agricultural areas of the southern part of Western Australia, although less than 1 per cent of the available resource is being utilized. Unused groundwater, artificially recharged by water-use inefficiencies of agricultural development, provides both a potential resource and a cause of soil and water quality deterioration. Groundwater pumping may provide one method of aquifer control to mitigate the influence of secondary salinization. Pumping the low transmissivity Wheatbelt aquifers provides a means to lower water-tables and limit the volume of groundwater reaching saline discharge areas at low points in the landscape. Unlike aquifer pumping systems developed in saline discharge areas, extraction systems in groundwater recharge areas, or in saline areas where groundwaters are of a suitable quality for agricultural use, can be used to mitigate salinity. The volume of groundwater available in southwestern Western Australia usually exceeds livestock requirements, to maintain low water-tables, the water has either to be pumped to suitable drainage systems or alternative uses must be sought.     

桑树坪井田地下水化学特征及矿井水的再生利用

简要介绍了桑树坪井田地质与水文地质概况,按地层的含水性将井田含水层划分为第四系砂砾石层孔隙潜水中等含水层组(H1)、二叠系砂岩裂隙承压弱含水层组(H2)、石炭系砂岩灰岩裂隙承压极弱含水层组(H3)和奥陶系石灰岩溶隙溶洞承压强含水层组(H4)等4种类型。在分析各含水层组水质特征及矿井水水化学特征的基础上,得出奥灰水是矿井水的主要补给来源;并针对该井田矿井水硬度大,矿化度、SO_4~(2-)含量高的水质特征,提出了以物理一物理化学方法为基础,以电渗析法为主的净化处理矿井水方法。     

河北省唐山市山间盆地岩溶塌陷特点及成因分析——以遵化市刘备寨村岩溶塌陷为例

发生在唐山市西北部山间盆地的岩溶塌陷，具有与唐山市区不完全相同的时空分布特点。它主要发生在枯水季节末期和雨季初的交替时期；在不同厚度盖层中塌陷均有分布，不存在稳定的盖层厚度；第四系松散岩类孔隙水与岩溶水之间不形成双层水位。根据上述特点，运用抽水对土洞的形成和发展理论，说明该区岩溶塌陷的主要诱发因素是大强度开采岩溶地下水，而在盖层厚度较薄的基岩与第四系交汇处，塌陷多与降雨有直接关系。针对该区塌陷灾害的分布规律，提出了防治岩溶塌陷的防治对策。     

Groundwater Pollution in a Karstic Region (NE Yucatan): Baseline Nutrient Content and Flux to Coastal Ecosystems

The quality of groundwater is threatened in karstic regions with very high population growth, such as the eastern coast of Yucatan. As polluted groundwater flows towards the ocean, coastal ecosystems and coral reefs may also be affected. Pollution and the interaction between the coastal aquifer and the reef lagoon were assessed at a developing area (Puerto Morelos, NE Yucatan Peninsula) within the Mesoamerican Coral Reef System. Coastal environments along the land?Csea gradient (wells, mangroves, beaches, submarine springs, the reef lagoon, and the open sea) were sampled. Silicate and salinity were used as tracers of groundwater and seawater, respectively. Their patterns evidence water flow and mixing among these coastal environments. High nitrate concentrations (268.6 ??M) and coliform bacteria densities indicate groundwater pollution in most of the wells sampled and also in mangroves, beaches, and submarine springs. Phosphorous content peaks (14.2 ??M) in mangroves, where it is likely released due to reducing conditions in the sediments. Nitrogen flux toward the lagoon reef through groundwater discharge is estimated at 2.4 ton N km^?1 year^?1 and phosphorous at 75 to 217 kg P km^?1 year^?1. These results provide evidence of the need for more detailed groundwater studies and for the integrated management of aquifers and coastal ecosystems in karstic regions.     

The Role of Leaky Boreholes in the Contamination of a Regional Confined Aquifer. A Case Study: The Campo de Cartagena Region, Spain

Poorly constructed wells (leaky or without a gravel pack) and abandoned wells can behave as conduits for the interconnection of aquifers at different depths and facilitate the transfer of contaminants between these aquifers. This is the case with Campo de Cartagena (SE Spain) where the primary land use is intensive irrigated agriculture, along with a high density of wells. The unconfined aquifer is heavily impacted by a high concentration of nitrate associated with agricultural activities. The present work provides a methodological approach to evaluate the impact of the unconfined aquifer on the water quality of the confined aquifer caused by leaky wells in high-density areas of production wells. The research approach included the use of geochemical and isotopic tools; specifically, nitrate was used as a tracer for evaluating the impact, and the code MIX_PROGRAM was used for mixing calculations. Results show an increase of the impact of the unconfined aquifer on the confined aquifer along the groundwater flow direction toward the coast, although this general pattern is controlled by local factors (pumping, intensity of agricultural practices, density of wells, and groundwater residence time).     

Delineation of chemically polluted groundwater regions in Visakhapatnam Basin,India

Water quality investigations were carried out in the Visakhapatnam basin to delineate groundwater pollution. It was observed that the groundwater in some localities of the basin is contaminated due to natural geological formation sources, industrial effluents, irrigation, and urbanization. The ring average method used in geophysical interpretation to separate regional and residual anomalies was modified and applied to the water quality data in the basin to locate chemically polluted groundwater regions. It is observed that the method can be applied successfully to delineate regions of groundwater pollution and it may also be helpful in identifying the sources.     

基于DPSIR-TOPSIS模型的长春市水资源脆弱性评价

[目的] 分析吉林省长春市水资源脆弱性现状及影响因素,为长春市水资源开发利用、保护及管理提供参考。[方法] 结合长春市水资源现状,基于DPSIR模型选取19项指标构建了长春市水资源脆弱性评价体系,采用熵权法计算各项指标权重,采用TOPSIS法对长春市2005—2019年水资源脆弱性状况进行评价。[结果] 长春市水资源系统仅2005年处于轻度脆弱水平,2006—2019年在区间[0.3,0.5]波动,处于中等脆弱水平;各子系统对综合评价结果的影响力为：压力(P)＞影响(I)＞驱动力(D)＞状态(S)＞响应(R)。[结论] 长春市总用水量和水资源总量是影响其水资源脆弱性的重要因素,地下水较地表水对水资源脆弱性影响更大。政府应持续加大在节能环保方面投入资金,出台相关环境保护政策,提高城市水污染治理力度。进一步优化水资源配置,推广节水灌溉技术,提高水资源利用率,缓解枯水年供水压力。     

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Processes in the Temara Aquifer in Northwestern Morocco

The physico-chemical characteristics of the groundwater of the Temara aquifer were studied by means of piezometric mapping and determination of the ionic composition of the groundwater. In general, the agricultural activity is intense in the area, with water being pumped from numerous wells. Two aquifer formations can be distinguished which, over a wide area, are separated by layers of low permeability. The increased salinity at some points of the coastal zone is probably linked to the combined action of the washing out of Miocene marls, dissolution of carbonate rocks, agricultural pollution and seawater intrusion.     

基于NDVI的喀斯特水资源遥感定量监测及分析——以贵州省为例

喀斯特是一类脆弱的生态环境,水资源是脆弱生态环境的重要组成部分,NDVI是流域赋水状况及空间分布的重要指标,因此,喀斯特水资源监测是研究脆弱生态环境的重要内容。在贵州省内选择20个流域作为研究样区,根据Landsat TM的植被光谱特征,利用遥感技术,提取LNDVI和ρNDVI;利用数学分析方法,建立喀斯特流域水资源监测模型。通过分析得出:①植被覆盖率是喀斯特流域赋水的重要指标;②利用地物表观反射率的归一化植被指数(ρNDVI)对喀斯特流域水资源进行监测,效果更好、精度更高;③建立了喀斯特水资源遥感监测模型。     

四川省会东县雷家湾金沙江河谷地段水化学特征

利用水化学、氢氧同位素分析,结合研究区水文地质条件,阐述了研究区水环境特征,为工程建设提供了参考依据。水化学、同位素分析表明,该区地下水径流条件较差,水交替性弱;溶滤作用和蒸发作用对于该区地下水中各化学组分的形成有较大的贡献;大气降水和雪山融水为该区水体主要来源。以石英砾岩（P1）为界的双层含水系统,上部的风化裂隙水为就近的大气降水渗入补给,下部含水系统接受长距离运移的高山补给源补给。     

Model‐based evaluation of agri‐environmental measures in the Federal State of Brandenburg (Germany) concerning N pollution of groundwater and surface water

GIS‐based modeling of soil‐crop interactions and hydrological processes is a valuable instrument to assess land‐use effects on N pollution of water resources from the agricultural sector. A case study is presented using spatial information on soils, climatic zones, land use, and distribution of agri‐environmental measures within the federal State of Brandenburg (Germany) to assess the reduction effect of EU‐funded measures on N pollution of water resources. In a first step, the area was classified concerning the risk for groundwater and surface‐water pollution. For this, spatially distributed model calculations of the soil‐solution exchange frequency were intersected to a vulnerability map for groundwater derived from geological data and zones of different transit times from the root zone into surface waters. In a second step, model calculations of water and N dynamics in the soil‐crop system for different crop and management systems were performed to calculate nitrate leaching from the root zone and to estimate the effect of present agri‐environmental measures to reduce N pollution on groundwater and surface waters. The results indicated that 75% of the agri‐environmental measures were placed in areas with low impact on groundwater and surface waters. Therefore, the effectiveness of the agri‐environmental measures concerning water‐protection aims was moderate.     

铬在含水介质中的迁移及释放规律

根据天津某铬渣堆周边地区的污染情况和水文地质条件,选取该区域3种典型含水介质(黏土、粉质黏土、粉土)填充土柱,开展室内土柱淋滤实验,研究铬在含水介质中的迁移及释放规律。铬溶液淋滤实验表明,Cr(VI)在粉土中的迁移速率最快,粉质黏土中次之,黏土中最慢。清水淋滤实验表明,吸附在含水介质中的铬会在清水淋滤作用下解吸并重新释放到地下水中,从而造成地下水再次污染。根据土柱实验结果获得铬在黏土、粉质黏土和粉土中的弥散系数分别为1.87×10~(-4)m2d~(-1)、7.49×10~(-4)m2d~(-1)和1.17×10~(-4)m2d~(-1),渗透系数分别为8.60×10-6cm s~(-1)、2.14×10-5cm s~(-1)和1.34×10-5cm s~(-1),为模拟铬在含水介质中的迁移模型提供实测参数,进而为地下水中铬污染的控制与防治提供理论参考。