Dyeing properties and colour fastness of cotton and silk fabrics dyed with<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cassia tora L.</Emphasis> extract

A natural colorant was extracted fromCassia tora L. using buffer solutions (pH: 2–11) as extractants. The dyeing solution (Cassia tora L. extract) extracted using pH 9 buffer solution was found to give the highest K/S values of dyed fabrics. Cotton and silk fabrics were dyed withCassia tora L. extract at 60°C for 60 min with pre-treatment of various metal salts as mordants. It was found thatCassia tora L. extract was polygenetic dyestuffs and its major components were anthraquinones. Studies have been made on the effects of the kind of mordant on dyeing properties and colour fastnesses of cotton and silk fabrics. The K/S of cotton fabrics increased in the order of the dyeing using FeSO₄>CuSO₄>ZnSO₄>MnSO₄≅Al₂(SO₄)₃>NiSO₄>none, however, the K/S of silk fabrics increased in the order of the dyeing using FeSO₄>CuSO₄>ZnSO₄≅Al₂(SO₄)₃>MnSO₄≅NiSO₄>none. It was found that the K/S values of dyed fabrics were largely affected by the colour difference (ΔE) between mordanted fabric and control fabric. However, they were not depended on the content of mordanted metal ion of the fabrics. Mordants FeSO₄ and CuSO₄ for cotton fabric, FeSO₄, CuSO₄, and Al₂(SO₄)₃ for silk fabric were found to give good light fastness (rating 4).     

Graft copolymerization of granular allyl starch with carboxyl-containing vinyl monomers for enhancing grafting efficiency

Graft copolymerization of granular allyl starch with carboxyl-containing vinyl monomers using H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ initiator in aqueous dispersion was investigated for enhancing grafting efficiency of the copolymerization. The graft copolymerization was evaluated in terms of grafting efficiency, grafting ratio, and conversion of monomer to polymer. Influences of both allyl etherification of starch and structures of vinyl monomers used on the copolymerization were revealed. Variables such as molar ratio of Fe²⁺ to H₂O₂, initiator concentration, monomer concentration, polymerization temperature, and time of the graft copolymerization were also studied. It was found that allyl etherification of starch enhanced the grafting efficiency and grafting ratio evidently. Acrylic acid exhibited the greatest grafting efficiency and ratio for the copolymerization after starch was allyl-etherified. The copolymerization should be carried out under the protection of nitrogen gas at 30–35 °C for 3 h by using H₂O₂/Fe(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂ as initiator. Preferred molar ratio of H₂O₂/Fe(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂/anhydroglucose was in a range of 20/1/1000 to 60/3/2000.     

Aluminium-tolerant regenrants from potato cell cultures

Summary Cell cultures were developed from dihaploid clones ofSolanum tuberosum L. Selection in cell suspensions as well as plating of cells on selective medium supplemented with 5 mmol Al produced tolerant cell lines. The constancy of Al-tolerance of cell lines was confirmed by culturing the calli for 3 months in Al-free medium and then transferring them back to selective medium. 4 tolerant regenerant clones were obtained which maintained Al-tolerance also after subculture in control medium. Two of the 4 clones that constantly maintained Al-tolerance, originated from cell lines subcultured for 5 months under stress conditions. However, the regeneration rate of these cell lines was low compared with that of lines obtained after a shorter selection period.     

外源硫诱导玉米镉胁迫耐性的生理机制研究

采用水培试验,研究根部施加外源SO_4~(2-)对Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗相关关键生理指标的影响,并分析Cd在玉米组织和亚细胞分布情况,探究外源硫S对玉米响应镉(Cd)胁迫的影响机制。结果表明,外源SO_4~(2-)处理,可显著降低Cd胁迫下玉米叶片与根中的丙二醛含量、相对电导率和抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT)活性。同时,根中抗坏血酸、非蛋白硫醇、植物螯合素含量在外源SO_4~(2-)处理后显著上升,在叶片中的变化不显著。外源SO_4~(2-)处理可降低玉米叶片中Cd含量,提升在根中的含量。根细胞壁和液泡中的Cd含量显著上升,从而减少Cd向地上部分的运输量。根细胞液泡膜中Cd运输专一性基因HMA3在外源SO_4~(2-)处理后,表达水平显著增强。因此,外源S可以通过提升Cd胁迫处理下玉米根细胞壁中Cd含量和抗坏血酸的保护作用,同时促进液泡的区室化作用,降低Cd向玉米地上部位的转运,以增强玉米对Cd胁迫的耐受性。     

不同氮肥对污染土壤玉米生长和重金属Cu、Cd吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验研究污染红壤不同氮肥处理对玉米生长和吸收重金属Cu和Cd的影响。结果表明,尿素和硝酸钙处理玉米生物量高于低硫酸铵用量处理和对照处理。在污染土壤中施入高氮量的尿素较其他处理有利于玉米生长和降低玉米植株体内重金属含量。与对照相比,尿素和硫酸铵的施用降低土壤pH值,从而增加红壤水溶态以及盐提取态Cu、Cd含量;硝酸钙处理升高土壤的pH值,降低盐提取态Cu含量。用1.0 mol/L NH₄NO₃盐提取态或水溶态根区土壤重金属含量能够很好地预测玉米对Cu和Cd的吸收。在Cu和Cd污染的酸性土壤上种植玉米,施加高用量尿素或者低用量硝酸钙来促进玉米生长和降低重金属含量,避免硫酸铵氮肥的施用。     

Studies on the macromolecular components of nonwood available in Bangladesh

The structural feature of macromolecular component of dhaincha, cotton stalks, jute fiber, rice straw and wheat straw, which are commonly used in paper pulp production in forest deficient countries, was thoroughly studied. Lignin was isolated by classical Bjorkman method and characterized by elemental and methoxyl analysis, alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The C₉ formulas for cotton stalks, jute fiber, dhaincha, rice straw and wheat straw were C₉H_8.95O_3.53(OCH₃)_1.00, C₉H_8.12O_4.03(OCH₃)_1.65, C₉H_8.10O_4.65(OCH₃)_1.32, C₉H_8.58O_3.74(OCH₃)_1.23 and C₉H_8.31O_3.54(OCH₃)_1.23, respectively. The alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation products showed that syringyl to vanilin ratio of these nonwood varied from 1.1 to 2.9. Jute fiber showed the highest syringyl to vanilin ratio that are consistent with C₉ formula. The β-O-4 units in these nonwood lignins had predominately erythro stereochemistry type. The crystalline structure of these nonwood cellulose was also studied using X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The proportions of crystallinity, crystal size were varied from plant to plant. Jute fiber showed the highest proportion of crystallinity (73.4%) and crystal size (4.2 nm). The degree of polymerization of these nonwoods cellulose has also been studied. Degree of polymerization of jute cellulose was also the highest (3875). FTIR spectroscopy showed that these nonwoods cellulose was monoclinic unit cell structure (I_β). Carbohydrate analysis showed that the main sugar component in the hydrolyzates of these nonwoods were xylose apart from glucose.     

Effect of sources of nitrogen on yield and nitrogen absorption of potatoes

In tests with sources of N, (NH₄)₂SO₄, when banded in the soil, usually resulted in highest tuber yield. Yields with Nitroform and sulfur-coated urea were similar to each other, and somewhat less than those from urea. Application of Aqua Humus, a humic acid derivative, in addition to several sources of N, had no significant effect on yields. Nitrogen absorption was highest from (NH₄)₂SO₄, as measured by NO₃ content of the petioles or total N absorption by the entire plant. There was little difference in N absorption from Nitroform and sulfurcoated urea. These materials did not result in increased N absorption by plants during late growth. In Kern County experiments, about 80% of the N from (NH₄)₂SO₄ and urea had nitrified and leached from the fertilizer band by 40 days after application. At 80 days after application, half of the N from Nitroform was still in place. In an experiment at Davis on a heavier soil, Nitroform had a slower rate of N release than sulfur-coated urea, followed in order by (NH₄)₂SO₄ and urea.     

Solid-state polymerization of EDOT derivatives containing acenaphthenequinoxaline ring

The poly (8, 11-bis (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophen-2-yl) acenaphtho [1, 2-b] quinoxaline) (PBEAQ), was synthesized by solid-state polymerization using ferric chloride (III) as an oxidant in high yield. The structure of the monomer and polymer was elucidated by FT-IR, UV-vis absorption spectrum and element analysis. PBEAQ has an [η] value of 0.42 dl g^?1 at 25 °C in H₂SO₄ (w=98 %). The electrochemical performance of PBEAQ was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with three-electrode cell configuration in acidic (1 M H₂SO₄), alkaline (6 M KOH) and organic (0.1 M tetraethylammoniumtetrafluoroborate (TEABF₄) acetonitrile solution) electrolytic solutions and PBEAQ exhibits good performance in acidic medium.     

农杆菌介导法将抗草甘膦基因转入玉米自交系

利用农杆菌介导法将抗草甘膦基因(ssu-G₂-aroA)转入优良玉米自交系R18-599和齐319,侵染后的愈伤组织转至潮霉素浓度为10 mg/L的筛选培养基上,继代筛选3轮,每轮3周;得到的抗性愈伤组织在含有潮霉素浓度为3 mg/L的分化培养基上进行分化,R18-599获得30株再生植株,齐319获得18株再生植株。经PCR鉴定后共得到7株转化抗性植株(4株R18-599、3株齐319)。经PCR-Southern及RT-PCR检测结果表明,ssu-G₂-aroA基因已稳定整合到了玉米基因组中,并在RNA水平上得到表达。     

The response of four potato cultivars to chloride salinity,sulfate salinity and calcium in pot experiments

Potato plants (cvs. ‘Russet Burbank’, ‘Red Pontiac’, ‘Norchip’ and ‘Norgold Russet’) were grown in an artificial medium for 28 days under greenhouse conditions and were watered with solutions containing various rates of NaCl or Na₂SO₄ alone and in combination with CaSO₄. NaCl and Na₂SO₄ slowed growth of young plants. On a mole basis Na₂SO₄ slowed growth more than NaCl. The addition of CaSO₄ reduced the deleterious effect of NaCl or Na₂SO₄ solutions. Growth of ‘Russet Burbank’ plants was the most adversely affected by solutions of NaCl or Na₂SO₄. Watering with solutions of NaCl or Na₂SO₄ also reduced the number of ‘Russet Burbank’ plants.     

Nitrogen concentrations in the cell wall and lignocellulose of smooth homegrass herbage*

Applying nitrogen (N) fertilizer to grass generally increases N concentration in herbage. Not as well documented, however, are N fertilizer effects on concentrations of N in plant cell walls and lignocellulose. The objective four study was to ascertain how N fertilizer applied with or without a nitrification inhibitor would affect N concentrations in the cell wall (neutral-detergent fibre (NDF)) and lignocellulose (acid-detergent fibre (ADF)) of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss). Nitrogen fertilizer ((NH₄)₂SO₄) was applied at 0, 125, or 230 kg N ha^?1 in combination with 0, 2–5, or 50 kg ha^?1 of nitrapyrin (2- chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine) to smooth bromegrass in April of 1985 and 1986. Herbage was harvested at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after treatment. Freeze-dried herbage samples were analysed for in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM), total N, and N in neutral- and acid-detergent fibre (NDFN and ADFN, expressed as g kg^?1 NDF and ADF, respectively). Nitrapyrin had no effect on IVDDM, total N, NDFN or ADFN, Nitrogen fertilizer increased concentrations of total N in herbage dry matter, and increased N concentrations in NDF and ADF. Most of the increase in total N concentration occurred in the neutral-detergent soluble portion. When NDFN and ADFN concentrations were expressed on a total N basis (g k g^?1 of total N), N fertilizer had no effect. Available fibre N (AFN; calculated as NDFN minus ADFN, each expressed as g kg^?1 total N) was not affected by N fertilizer. The average AFN concentration was 93 g kg^?1 total N. Nitrogen fertilizer did not affect herbage quality; however, age of herbage had marked effects on herbage quality.     

Mild peroxyformic acid fractionation of Miscanthus × giganteus bark. Behaviour and structural characterization of lignin

Miscanthus × giganteus bark was subjected to mild fractionation with peroxyformic acid by a two stage process. A factorial experimental design was used to study and quantify the effect of the variables (formic acid concentration (80-90%), hydrogen peroxide concentration (0.2-0.4%), temperature of the first stage (60-80 °C), and treatment time of the second stage (60-120 min)) on the main parameters of fractionation: pulp yield, remaining lignin and total polysaccharides in pulp. The dependence of lignin precipitation rate on hydrogen peroxide concentration in liquor was also studied. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations inferior to 0.5% seems to be suitable to recover high percentages of lignin. The isolated lignin was analysed by 2D-HSQC, ¹³C- and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography and chemical analysis. The most important chemical modifications taken place in the lignin during the fractionation were identified: β-O-4′ cleavage and hydrolysis of LC-bond structures. The C9-formula was also determined: C₉H_6.81O_2.90(OCH₃)_0.68(COOH)_0.07(OH^Ph)_0.38(OH^Al)_0.33.     

利用秸秆和肥料增殖木霉及对玉米茎基腐病的生物防治

以玉米秸秆为基质,筛选对木霉增殖有利的营养物质,对生防制剂的田间应用提供依据。利用Plack-ett-Burman试验设计筛选影响木霉产孢的主要营养物,采用最陡爬坡试验测定3种营养物的最适浓度范围;通过Box-Benhnken试验设计,对3种营养物浓度进行优化;盆栽试验检测木霉在土壤中的存活情况防治玉米茎基腐病。结果表明,筛选对木霉产孢影响较大的3个营养物质(氯化铵、硫酸钾、七水硫酸亚铁),最佳配方为氯化铵0.97 g/L,硫酸钾0.92 g/L,七水硫酸亚铁0.97 g/L,在此配方条件下孢子产量为2.61×10~9个/g。盆栽试验表明,利用木霉结合秸秆还田和肥料施用,可增强其存活能力和降低玉米茎基腐病的发生率和病情指数。     

转TaSCL14基因小麦的遗传稳定性及农艺性状分析

为了获得农艺性状优良的转TaSCL14基因小麦品系,以普通小麦品种小偃39为受体获得的转TaSCL14基因小麦T1～T3代株(系)为材料,对其中TaSCL14基因的遗传稳定性和主要的农艺特性进行分析。结果表明,转TaSCL14基因小麦的T1和T2代植株的阳性率分别达到55.9%和85.6%,穗粒数、冬前分蘖与对照存在显著差异;T3代4个转基因株系3-4、3-7、3-8和3-11的阳性率达到90%以上,且TaSCL14基因在各株系中的表达水平都高于对照。与野生型相比,转基因小麦T3代部分株系的冬前分蘖、冬后分蘖、有效分蘖和小穗数均较野生型呈显著或极显著提高,但千粒重都较野生型有所降低,其中株系3-4和3-7降低幅度较大,分别达到显著和极显著水平。以上结果说明,TaSCL14基因的过表达能够影响转基因小麦的部分农艺特性,并且在株(系)间有差异。     

Response to GA and Variation of the Culm Length in Doubled Haploid Lines of Wheat

Abstract

An F₁ hybrid with the semi dwarf genes, Rht1 and Rht2, was crossed with Hordeum bulbosum and maize (teosinte) (bulbosum method and maize method) to produce doubled haploid (DH) lines, and 102 seedlings of each DH line produced by the two methods were treated with GA. The sensitivity to GA was shown by the GA index (GAI) which is (length of the first leaf sheath (LS) in GA-treated seedlings / length of LS in GA-untreated seedlings) × 100. The scatter diagram of GAI plotted against culm length was divided into three groups, low, medium and high GAI groups. The segregation ratio of these gametophytic phenotypes was close to the expected ratio; 1 : 2 : 1 = Rht1Rht2 :(Rht1rht2+rht1Rht2): rht1rht2, in both DH lines produced by the two methods. The frequency distribution of culm length in DH₃, DH₄, DH₅ and DH₆ populations from DH produced by the bulbosum method showed two peaks, though that in F₃, F₄, F₅ and F₆ populations from the same F₁ hybrid (nonselective population) showed a continual normal distribution. The ratio of individuals with a shorter culm length to those with a longer culm length in DH lines was close to the expected ratio; 1 : 3 [Rht1Rht2 : (Rht1rht2 + rht1Rht2 + rht1rht2)]. The frequency distribution of culm length in F₆ was significantly different from that in F₃-F₅ populations, indicating an unintentional selection during the generation of the selfed hybrid, but the frequency of short culm relative to long culm individuals was lower in F₃-F₆ populations than in DH lines. These findings suggest the usefulness of selecting the medium culm-length lines in the DH lines produced by the bulbosum or maize method in addition to examining the GA sensitivity (GAI).     

Secondary Metabolites of a Mangrove Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus terreus (No. GX7-3B) from the South China Sea

The mangrove endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus (No. GX7-3B) was cultivated in potato dextrose liquid medium, and one rare thiophene compound (1), together with anhydrojavanicin (2), 8-O-methylbostrycoidin (3), 8-O-methyljavanicin (4), botryosphaerone D (5), 6-ethyl-5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxynaphthoquinone (6), 3β,5α-dihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (7), 3β,5α,14α-trihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6-one (8), NGA0187 (9) and beauvericin (10), were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data. This is the first report of a natural origin for compound 6. Moreover, compounds 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10 were obtained from marine microorganism for the first time. In the bioactive assays in vitro, compounds 2, 3, 9 and 10 displayed remarkable inhibiting actions against α-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with IC₅₀ values 2.01, 6.71, 1.89, and 3.09 μM, respectively. Furthermore, in the cytotoxicity assays, compounds 7 and 10 exhibited strong or moderate cytotoxic activities against MCF-7, A549, Hela and KB cell lines with IC₅₀ values 4.98 and 2.02 (MCF-7), 1.95 and 0.82 (A549), 0.68 and 1.14 (Hela), and 1.50 and 1.10 μM (KB), respectively; compound 8 had weak inhibitory activities against these tumor cell lines; compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 9 exhibited no inhibitory activities against them.     

Potato starch factory waste effluents I. Recovery of potassium and other inorganic cations

A process for recovery of valuable constituents from potato starch factory waste water is under development. Recovery of protein, amino acids, organic acids and a potash fertilizer should reduce the BOD markedly and provide a more economic waste treatment. Fertilizers containing 32–42% K₂SO₄, 53–56% (NH₄)₂SO₄, and 1% amino acids as well as trace elements from the tuber can be made as a byproduct of the amino acid recovery process. Data needed for design of the potash recovery part of the process are given, including: C/C₀ curves, exhaustion and regeneration rates, resin capacities and product recoveries, and a flow sheet for a proposed process.     

Plant nutrient uptake and potato yield response to banded and broadcast nitrogen

The response of potato plants to banding and broadcasting of N was evaluated under sprinkler irrigation utilizing well water containing 20 to 24 ppm NO₃-N. A potato crop was grown for three consecutive years on a Wasco sandy loam soil at rates of 67, 134, 202, and 269 kg N/ha, as (NH₄)₂SO₄. At each rate of N, 58 kg P/ha as superphosphate, and 112 kg K/ha as K₂SO₄, were included. Differences in PO₄-P or K concentrations in petiole tissue were minimal with no consistant differences in NO₃-N concentration whether N was banded or broadcast. With each increment of N the NO₃-N concentration increased. Total or U.S. No. 1 yields of potatoes were not consistently different whether N was banded or broadcast. Total yields increased when N was increased from 67 to 202 kg/ha. Neither yield of U.S. No. 1 grade or dry matter content of potatoes was improved when N was increased above 134 kg/ha.     

Comprehensive utilization of the hydrolyzed productions from rice hull

The study based on pretreatment, hydrolyzation and separation processes with the raw material rice hull, provides a comprehensive utilization of the hydrolyzed productions, such as glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) from cellulose, silica (SiO₂), and byproduct crystalline sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄·10H₂O). The optimum hydrolysis conditions are as follows: the concentration of H₂SO₄ is 72% (wt.%), the temperature is 50 °C, the ratio of H₂SO₄ solution volume (mL) to the rice hull mass (g) is 10:1 and the time is 5 min, the glucose yield rate reaches 45.6% (wt.%). The concentration of glucose solution could be 0.1 g/mL after neutralization measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV-VIS). Silica powder was below 50 nm characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The main byproduct crystalline sodium sulfate was featured by XRD and photographs.     

Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark extracts

Chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark, waste products of the food and wood industries, respectively, were analysed as potential sources of antioxidant compounds. The extraction yield, the antioxidant activity and total phenols content of the extracts were greater in chestnut shell than in eucalyptus bark for most of the extraction conditions essayed. Extraction of chestnut shell with a 2.5% Na₂SO₃ aqueous solution led to the highest extraction yield, 25.6%, total phenols, 13.4 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g oven-dried shell, and FRAP antioxidant activity, 80.7 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent/100 g oven-dried shell. Extraction with methanol:water (50:50, v/v) provided the best results for eucalyptus bark. The antioxidant activity and the total phenols content of the extracts had a positive linear correlation. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the higher content of phenolic compounds in chestnut shell extracts compared to eucalyptus bark extracts. Chestnut shell extracts were characterized by the presence of high molecular weight species whereas lower molecular weight species were predominant in eucalyptus bark extracts.