Nachweis der Braynbandschabe (Supella longipalpa [Fabricius, 1798]) in Sachsen-Anhalt

Evidence of the brown-banded cockroach (Supella longipalpa [Fabricius, 1798]) in Saxony-Anhalt In the past, evidence of the brown-banded cockroach in the Land of Saxony-Anhalt was based on reports furnished by pest control businesses to the extent that brown-banded cockroaches had been traced on the premises of two Magdeburg companies in 1985. A specimen of brown-banded cockroach was recently detected in the Land of Saxony-Anhalt (March 2000). The roach was found in the office of a smallsized business in the town of Wolmirstedt north of Magde burg. The route along which the pest had entered the premises, or been brought in, could not be elucidated.      

Nachweis der Australischen Schabe (Periplaneta australasiae [Fabricius, 1775]) in Sachsen-Anhalt

The Australian cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae [Fabricius, 1775]) is a roach species that is scarcely found in Germany. On the territory of Saxony-Anhalt it has only been detected twice, these observations dating back more than 60 years. In early 2001, a mass appearance of the Australian cockroach was recorded in a greenhouse of the Magdeburg Zoological Gardens. The author is not aware of any other current appearance of the Australian cockroach in the land of Saxony-Anhalt.     

Nachweis der Australischen Schabe (Periplaneta australasiae [Fabricius, 1775]) in Sachsen-Anhalt

The Australian cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae [Fabricius, 1775]) is a roach species that is scarcely found in Germany. On the territory of Saxony-Anhalt it has only been detected twice, these observations dating back more than 60 years. In early 2001, a mass appearance of the Australian cockroach was recorded in a greenhouse of the Magdeburg Zoological Gardens. The author is not aware of any other current appearance of the Australian cockroach in the land of Saxony-Anhalt.     

über das Auftreten der Lapplandschabe (Ectobius lapponicus [Linné 1758]) in Geb?uden

In Germany, the dusky cockroach (Ectobius lapponicus [Linné, 1758]) lives in woodland. Dwelling of these insects which are not considered a pest, in buildings is an extremely rare observation. In early summer of 2000, several areas of a forest hospital were found to be infested withEctobius lapponicus. In contrast, the German cockroach (Blattella germanica [Linné, 1767]) had not been found in that, hospital for years. In the light of the literature available, an attempt is made to provide a survey of infestation of buildings with the dusky cockroach.      

über das Auftreten der Lapplandschabe (Ectobius lapponicus [Linné 1758]) in Geb?uden

In Germany, the dusky cockroach (Ectobius lapponicus [Linné, 1758]) lives in woodland. Dwelling of these insects which are not considered a pest, in buildings is an extremely rare observation. In early summer of 2000, several areas of a forest hospital were found to be infested withEctobius lapponicus. In contrast, the German cockroach (Blattella germanica [Linné, 1767]) had not been found in that, hospital for years. In the light of the literature available, an attempt is made to provide a survey of infestation of buildings with the dusky cockroach.     

Experimental studies on Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in protected tomato crops in France: biological control and integrated crop protection

Tuta absoluta is a pest from South America which has been detected in many European and Mediterranean countries since 2006. It was identified in Corsica and the South of France in late 2008, and by 2010 this Lepidopteran species had spread to further tomato‐production areas. The pest is present mainly on tomatoes in protected and field crops, and damage on leaves and fruit can be so severe that it can lead to total destruction of the plant. Since 2010, studies have been carried out in experimental insect‐proof glasshouses with artificial infestations of the pest. The objective was to gain better knowledge of this emergent pest and to develop adapted control strategies under the conditions of the South‐East of France. Integrated pest management is widely used on tomato crops in France, and the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus and the parasitoid Trichogramma achaeae were studied, alone and in combination. The possible effect of the concurrent prey Trialeurodes vaporariorum on the impact of the predator on T. absoluta was also studied. The best results were obtained when the two beneficials were released in combination, even in the presence of whiteflies T. vaporariorum.     

The profitability of maize–haricot bean intercropping techniques to control maize stem borers under low pest densities in Ethiopia

Lepidopteran stem borers are the main pests of cereals in Ethiopia. In recent years, habitat management techniques, which aim at increasing plant biodiversity through mixed cropping, have gained increased attention in stem borer control. In the present study, the profitability of mixed cropping of maize with haricot beans at different ratios and the effect on infestation of maize by stem borers, yield and borer parasitism were studied in Melkassa and Mieso, Ethiopia, in a field experiment under natural infestation. In Melkassa, pest infestations were too low for the cropping system to affect pests, plant damage and yields significantly, whereas in Mieso, where the pest densities were high, intercropping of maize with beans at ratios of 1:1 to 2:1 significantly decreased borer densities compared with pure maize stands. Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) and Cotesia flavipes. (Cameron) were the major stem borer and parasitoid species, respectively, recorded both at Melkassa and Mieso. Borer parasitism was higher at Mieso than at Melkassa and tended to increase with the increase of the haricot bean ratio in the intercropping system. Land equivalent ratios of >1 indicated higher land use efficiency in mixed compared with sole cropping, even if pest densities were low.     

Future management of internal quarantine pests of potato in Ukraine1

A strictly regulatory approach has been taken in the past with respect to quarantine pests present with limited distribution in Ukraine. Leptinotarsa decemlineata had at one time this status, but the regulatory strategy against it was not successful, the pest became widespread and was deleted from the quarantine list. It is suggested that an approach based on pest risk analysis, relating the management strategy more closely to the risk specifically arising from each pest, could be more successful in future against the principal internal quarantine pests of potato in Ukraine: Phthorimaea operculella, Globodera rostochiensis and Synchytrium endobioticum.     

Potential spread of kiwifruit bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae) in Europe

Pest risk analyses (PRAs) are conducted to determine whether an organism is a pest and whether and how it should be regulated. Estimation of the potential area of establishment and pest spread are key factors of this analysis. Tools for modelling and mapping of these key factors have to be quick and easily applicable for a wide variety of organisms with limited data for parameterization. For this purpose, a dispersal kernel model based on a 2Dt‐distribution had been developed in a European Union project (PRATIQUE). The aim of the present study was the evaluation of this spread model hitherto tested on insects, plants, fungi and nematodes in order to determine its applicability to bacterial pests. Therefore, the potential distribution and spread of kiwifruit bacterial canker Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in Europe was investigated based on climatic suitability and host plant availability. The results of the modelling were compared with the spread history of the pest in Europe. It is shown that this generic spread model can also be applied to a bacterial pest.     

The Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Mutation in Pyrethroid-Resistant German Cockroaches

A point mutation in thepara-homologous sodium channel gene has been shown to be associated with knockdown resistance (kdr) in several insect species including the German cockroach. In this study, we analyzed the genomic organization of the region where thekdrmutation resides and then performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing using genomic DNA as the template to detectkdrmutation in 24 pyrethroid-resistant German cockroach strains, most of which have been collected recently from the field. Thekdrmutation, G to C at nt 2979 resulting in a leucine to phenylalanine amino acid substitution, was detected in 20 strains including 2 strains from overseas (China and Germany). Our results clearly indicate that thekdrmutation is widespread in German cockroach populations. However, the super-kdrmutation detected in super-kdrhouse flies was not found in any of the 4 strains that showed higher levels of knockdown resistance. Little correlation was observed between the presence of thekdrmutation and the level of knockdown resistance, suggesting the existence of multiple resistance mechanisms in many of these strains.     

Biological Control of the Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus Hirsutus Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Caribbean

The hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green, was first reported in the Caribbean in 1994 in Grenada. This was the first record of the insect as a major pest in the New World. By the beginning of 2001, the pest had spread to over 25 territories from Guyana and Venezuela in the South to Bahamas in the North. The pest has also extended its distribution to Central America (Belize) and North America (California, USA). Early attempts to control the pest using pesticides resulted in failure and a classical biological control approach was adopted. Several exotic natural enemies were introduced but control was attributed to Anagyrus kamali Moursi and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant. In all countries where biological control was implemented, this resulted in success. This paper reviews the remarkable success story. Information is provided on the distribution and factors leading to rapid spread of the pest, its pest status and resultant economic losses, and implementation of the biological control effort.     

Repellancy and contact toxicity of clove bud oil and its constituents against German cockroaches,Blatella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae), under laboratory conditions

Abstract

The German cockroach, Blattella germanica L. (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae), an invasive pest of human habitats, is distributed throughout the world, except in Antarctica. They have developed resistance against chemical pesticides used for the management of their populations. Numerous essential oils and their constituents have been tested; however, the insecticidal activities of clove bud powder, oil, and their constituents have not yet been tested against the German cockroaches. Thus, in this study, clove bud powder, oil, and their major constituents, eugenol and eugenol acetate, were evaluated for their contact toxicity and repellancy against adult German cockroaches under laboratory conditions. The clove bud powder applied at 30?mg/cm² killed 92% of German cockroaches at 6?hours after treatment (HAT). Similarly, clove bud oil, eugenol and eugenol acetate applied at 4.00?ml/cm² provided 95%, 85%, and 87% German cockroach mortality at 24, 6, and 24 HAT, respectively. At 2.0?ml/cm², clove bud oil repelled 80% of German cockroaches within 30?min. In contrast, eugenol and eugenol acetate repelled 85% at 1.0?ml/cm² and 2.5?ml/cm², respectively, at 0.5 HAT. Based on this study, clove bud powder, oil, eugenol, and eugenol acetate could be environmentally friendly tools for the management of German cockroaches.     

First report of the papaya mealybug,Paracoccus marginatus (Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae), in Tahiti,French Polynesia

The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willing (Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae), is a polyphagous pest that damages many tropical crops. It is native to Central America and spread to the Caribbean region and South America in the 1900s. Since then, it has accidentally been introduced to several islands in the Pacific region and some countries in Africa and Asia. The first record of this mealybug in Polynesia was in Hawaii, in 2004. This paper presents the first report of this pest in Tahiti (French Polynesia), where it was found in March 2017 on papaya (Carica papaya) and frangipani trees (Plumeria spp.). Its presence, which is mainly in the inhabited part of the island of Tahiti, suggests the recent introduction of the pest in French Polynesia. Several coccinellid predators have been found feeding on the mealybug in Tahiti: Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Hyperaspis pantherina and Scymnus spp. None of its parasitoids have been found yet.     

A quantitative model for trade pathway analysis of plant pest entry and transfer to a host in European Union territory

A quantitative pathway model, QPAFood, has been designed to support risk assessment for plant pest entry into European Union (EU) territory on a range of edible plant commodities via trade flows. The model calculates the distribution of an imported infested/infected commodity along a pathway into and within the EU from source countries, based on Eurostat data and other data/information. The model determines the implications of global trade pathways for the potential arrival of the infested commodity in the EU28 Member States. Within each Member State, the calculation proceeds by distributing the commodity according to uses, notably retail or processing, to the vulnerable area of commercial host crops determined in each NUTS2 region and then quantifies the consequent potential for pest–host contact which could lead to pest transfer. Annual and monthly estimates of contact risk are tabulated and visualized for Member States and NUTS2 regions. The model was developed originally for the European Food Safety Authority using four case studies of specific pest–commodity combinations. These pests had relatively limited host ranges and the model has now been extended in the context of the EC FP7 DROPSA project for the multiple commodity pathways associated with the highly polyphagous fruit pest Drosophila suzukii.     

First record of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Syria

The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is a lepidopteran pest that can damage and destroy a wide variety of crops. It is widely present in the Americans and has been invasive in Africa since 2016. Larvae of S. frugiperda were found for the first time in four rural farms on maize plants (Zea mays) located in Tafas town (Dara’a Governorate, in the south‐west of Syria) in November 2020. Infested maize showed the typical damage symptoms caused by S. frugiperda. Furthermore, morphological identification of larvae based on standard parameters of larvae confirmed the identity of the pest as fall armyworm. Considering the recent introduction of the pest into the EPPO region, it could be concluded that the pest probably entered Syria through natural spread (active flight and via wind currents) from Jordan, which borders Syria in the southern part and where the pest was found very recently.     

Effect of thiamethoxam on cockroach locomotor activity is associated with its metabolite clothianidin

BACKROUND: In the present study, the effect of thiamethoxam and clothianidin on the locomotor activity of American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), was evaluated. Because it has been proposed that thiamethoxam is metabolised to clothianidin, high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to evaluate the amount of clothianidin on thiamethoxam‐treated cockroaches. RESULTS: One hour after neonicotinoid treatment, the time spent in the open‐field‐like apparatus significantly increased, suggesting a decrease in locomotor activity. The percentage of cockroaches displaying locomotor activity was significantly reduced 1 h after haemolymph application of 1 nmol g^?1 neonicotinoid, while no significant effect was found after topical and oral administration. However, at 24 and 48 h, all neonicotinoids were able to reduce locomotor activity, depending on their concentrations and the way they were applied. Interestingly, it was found that thiamethoxam was converted to clothianidin 1 h after application, but the amount of clothianidin did not rise proportionately to thiamethoxam, especially after oral administration. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that the effect of thiamethoxam on cockroach locomotor activity is due in part to clothianidin action because (1) thiamethoxam levels remained persistent 48 h after application and (2) the amount of clothianidin in cockroach tissues was consistent with the toxicity of thiamethoxam. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Zur aktuellen Situation des Hausrattenbefalls (Rattus rattus [L.]) in der Stadt Magdeburg

Zusammenfassung  Die aktuelle Befallsituation (1998/1999) bei den Hausratten-best?nden (Rattus rattus [L.]) in der Stadt Magdeburg wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit Sch?dlingsbek?mpfern und Objektbesitzern ermittelt. Dabei wurden 10 Objekte bekannt, in denen der Nager nachgewiesen werden konnte. Es handelte sich um Kornmühlen, Silos und Lebensmittelgro?betriebe. In mehreren dieser Geb?ude siedelte die Dachratte seit Jahrzehnten. Bek?mpfungsaktionen verliefen schon immer erfolglos. Zur Zeit wird aus Kostengründen kein Vorkommen mit Konsequenz bek?mpft.

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On the current situation of infestation of the City of Magdeburg with the house rat (Rattus rattus [L.]). In the City of Magdeburg, the current incidence (1998/99) of the house rat (Rattus rattus [L.]) was studied by way of cooperation with those concerned (millers, storekeepers, warehous keepers) as well as business and persons involved in pest control. The ‘blue attic rat’ was detected on ten premises or properties (grain mills, silos, big food companies). Many of the buildings have been infested with the house rat for years. Frequently, control action has failed to turn out successful and hence, not taken at all because of the high cost of eradication involved. Referring to the house rat re-appearing or detected after control action, it was difficult to decide whether it was a re-infestation or just remainders of the previous population of the buildings.

     

Toxicity and electrophysiological effects of Spilanthes amella Murr. extracts on Periplaneta americana L.

The potential insecticidal activity of Spilanthes acmella Murr. (Compositae) extracts was assessed in this study. The extracts were shown to be toxic against adults of American cockroach, Periplaneta americana L. The active component in S. acmella extract was isolated and identified as N-isobutyl-2,6,8-decatrienamide (spilanthol). The results from topical application of spilanthol show that it has a high acute toxicity and spilanthol was the most potent compound when compared to three conventional insecticides. The potency was found to be 1.3, 2.6 and 3.8 times more toxic than carbaryl, bioresmethrin and lindane, respectively. Electrophysiological studies indicated immediate hyperexcitation followed by complete inhibition of the cockroach cercal nerve activity.     

Population Dynamics of Small Rodents in Farm Buildings and on Arable Land1

Live-capture/recapture data on house mice caught in buildings on a single farm in England over a 1-year period showed that the populations were essentially unstable, being characterized by constant changes in size and composition. Less than 50% of the mice were recovered 8 weeks after they had been first captured. Although there was considerable individual variation in the movements of male and of female mice within particular buildings, movement between isolated populations was rare (6/439 animals; 1.4%). The house mouse was also found to be present in hedgerows near and distant to the farm buildings, albeit in low number. Movements of out-door living mice into farm buildings were not extensive, but could be important in relation to the re-invasion of cleared premises. The most abundant small rodent in the hedgerows was found to be Apodemus sylvaticus (L.).     

Note: Evaluating insecticides for the control of overwintered adults ofEurygaster integriceps under field conditions in Turkey

The Sunn pestEurygaster integriceps Puton is the most harmful pest of cereals in Turkey and the surrounding countries. Chemical control has been employed against the nymph stages of the pest. The efficacy of six products [acetamiprid (SL, soluble concentrate), chlorpyrifosethyl (EC, emulsifiable concentrate), lambda-cyhalothrin (CS, capsule suspension), monocrotophos (SC, suspension concentrate), thiacloprid (SC) and zeta-cypermethrin (EC)] was tested on overwintered adults ofE. integriceps, with applications to wheat at the shooting stage. In a study conducted at Siverek, Şanlıurfa in the southeastern Anatolia Region, the most effective insecticide was found to be lambda-cyhalothrin. It gave very promising results in controlling the pest and reduced subsequent egg laying and the appearance of nymphs in the trial area. The results showed that chemical control of overwintered adults of the Sunn pest in early spring is possible with lambda-cyhalothrin. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 18, 2006.