超声波辅助酶法提取甘薯渣膳食纤维的研究

为了高效提取薯渣膳食纤维,本文以甘薯渣为原料,采用超声波技术辅助酶法提取甘薯膳食纤维,探讨料水比、超声功率、超声时间、酶用量和酶解温度对甘薯膳食纤维得率和可溶性膳食纤维含量的影响,并采取正交法对提取工艺进行优化。确定甘薯渣膳食纤维的提取条件为:料液比1∶50,超声功率400W,超声时间10min,纤维素酶用量3μL·g-1,酶解温度65℃;该工艺条件下膳食纤维得率为39.17%,可溶性膳食纤维含量高达13.49%。本研究为甘薯的精深加工提供了理论依据,并为进一步研究甘薯膳食纤维的构效关系奠定了基础。     

杏鲍菇深加工残渣多糖酶法微波辅助提取工艺优化

为了研究杏鲍菇残渣中多糖的酶处理-微波辅助提取工艺及生物活性,该文以杏鲍菇深加工后的残渣为原料,在纤维素酶处理的基础上,微波辅助法提取杏鲍菇多糖;利用响应面试验设计对提取工艺条件进行优化,并与传统热水提取方法进行比较;对杏鲍菇多糖进行抗氧化和抑菌活性评价。结果表明,微波辅助提取杏鲍菇多糖的较佳条件为:水料比35∶1 m L/g,提取时间15 min,微波功率570 W,此条件下多糖的提取率为12.11%±1.02%,比热水提取高出41.21%,且提取时间缩短了105 min。杏鲍菇多糖对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基具有一定的清除作用,其半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为22.9、19和21.1 mg/m L,对枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具有较好的抑制作用,其最低抑制质量浓度分别为8、16和16 mg/m L,对黑曲霉和酿酒酵母没有明显的抑制作用。研究结果为进一步开发杏鲍菇多糖功能和利用杏鲍菇残渣提供一定的技术依据。     

微波辅助提取仙人掌多糖的工艺研究

该文采用微波辅助法提取米邦塔仙人掌多糖,并与热回流提取方法进行比较。通过设计正交试验,得出优化的工艺条件：以水为提取剂,料液比1∶10(w/v),提取2次,每次提取3 min,微波炉功率700 W,选用70%乙醇沉淀。微波提取粗多糖的得率和含量分别为6.8%和8.5%,高于热回流提取粗多糖的得率4.7%和含量8.3%。微波提取不仅缩短了提取时间,降低提取剂用量,而且提高了仙人掌多糖得率。     

超声波辅助提取紫丁香叶叶绿素的工艺

以深秋的紫丁香树叶为原料,利用超声波辅助提取其中的叶绿素。首先研究了4种不同溶剂对提取的影响,然后在单因子试验基础上,探讨了料液比、超声波功率、超声波处理时间和超声提取次数4个因素对叶绿素提取的影响,用正交试验法优化了超声波辅助提取叶绿素的条件。最后将超声波法与传统提取法进行了对比。结果表明,紫丁香树叶中叶绿素a和叶绿素b的含量分别为0.37%和0.15%,叶绿素的总含量为0.52%;以乙醇∶丙酮为1∶2之混合溶剂的提取效果最好;优化的叶绿素超声波辅助提取条件为:料液比1∶7.5,超声波功率400W,提取3次,每次处理时间20min,提取率能达到(91.85±0.8)%。室温条件下,超声波辅助提取的提取率高于传统提取法17.13个百分点。     

酶-超声双辅助提取中华芦荟多糖的工艺分析

提出了酶-超声双辅助提取中华芦荟多糖工艺,并优化提取条件,最终获得到最佳提取工艺条件为,纤维素酶、果胶酶之比(V∶m)为1∶2、超声温度80℃、超声时间60 min、料液比1∶20、乙醇浓度80%、超声功率300 W、超声次数3次。     

主成分分析法优选枸杞乳酸菌发酵饮品发酵剂

乳酸菌发酵作为果蔬汁的一种绿色加工技术,不仅可以赋予产品独特的风味,还可以转化其中的活性物质,提高产品的营养价值和保健功效。该研究以湖北杂交枸杞为原料,使用6种乳酸菌(植物乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌及发酵乳杆菌)进行发酵,研究发酵前后枸杞果汁理化特性、主要活性成分及体外抗氧化变化,并利用主成分分析进行综合评价优选出理想的发酵菌株。结果表明,6种乳酸菌在枸杞果汁中生长良好,活菌数均能达到10.0 lg CFU/mL以上。发酵后的枸杞果汁中总糖和还原糖含量显著降低(P0.05),且植物乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌产酸能力更强,发酵后总酸含量达6.74、6.07g/kg。与未发酵枸杞果汁相比,经植物乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌和发酵乳杆菌发酵的枸杞果汁中总酚含量增加了13.76%～28.07%,而嗜酸乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌发酵后无显著性差异(P0.05)。6种乳酸菌发酵后枸杞果汁中总黄酮含量增加了55.80%～161.97%。发酵枸杞果汁的抗氧化活性与发酵前相比均有显著提高(P0.05)。基于主成分分析的综合评价函数显示经植物乳杆菌、发酵乳杆菌发酵的枸杞果汁品质更优,适宜作为开发枸杞高值化绿色加工饮品的发酵剂。     

裙带菜中褐藻糖胶的提取纯化及其组成的研究

该实验优化了裙带菜褐藻糖胶的提取工艺,对粗多糖进行了分离纯化,并研究了各组分的单糖组成和硫酸根含量.利用响应面优化法,依据二次叫归分析确定裙带菜褐藻糖胶的最佳提取工艺为:提取温度76°C,提取时间2.5 h,料液比1:6.5.在此条件下提取2次,粗多糖的提取率可达到7.53%.提取的粗多糖用DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析分离纯化,共得到5个峰,干燥后得到5个组分.用硫酸钡比浊法测定5个组分的硫酸根含量分别为8.3%、19.2%、30.1%、38.4%和33.0%.糖腈乙酸酯衍生物气相色谱测得各组分的单糖组成分别为:组分1主要含有甘露糖和半乳糖;组分2主要含有鼠李糖,岩藻糖,木糖,甘露糖,葡萄糖和半乳糖;组分3主要含有鼠李糖,岩藻糖和甘露糖;组分4主要含有岩藻糖和半乳糖;组分5主要含有岩藻糖,甘露糖和半乳糖.     

超声法协同表面活性剂提取苦瓜多糖的工艺研究

以多糖提取率为指标,应用单因素试验方法考查表面活性剂、液料比、超声功率、超声温度、超声时间对苦瓜中总多糖提取率的影响,并通过正交实验优化提取工艺。结果表明,表面活性剂(吐温80)的用量为9μL,最佳工艺条件是:提取温度60℃,液料比1∶35,提取功率70%,提取时间30 min。     

超声法协同表面活性剂提取苦瓜多糖的工艺研究

以多糖提取率为指标,应用单因素试验方法考查表面活性剂、液料比、超声功率、超声温度、超声时间对苦瓜中总多糖提取率的影响,并通过正交实验优化提取工艺。结果表明,表面活性剂(吐温80)的用量为9μL,最佳工艺条件是:提取温度60℃,液料比1∶35,提取功率70%,提取时间30 min。     

超声波辅助提取裂褶菌多糖及分离纯化的研究

本文研究了超声波辅助法分离纯化裂褶菌多糖的工艺条件。分别从超声时间、超声功率、液料比、提取时间和提取温度5个因素考察了对裂褶菌多糖提取率的影响,且在此条件下进行响应面优化。试验结果表明,在超声时间30min、超声功率200W、液料比40∶1和提取温度40℃时裂褶菌多糖提取率为69.56%。经DEAE纤维素-52色谱柱和葡聚糖凝胶G-100分离各得到2种组分,对其进行紫外-可见光光谱(UV)分析和红外光谱分析得出,裂褶菌多糖Sp G不含蛋白质或核酸,可能为含呋喃环的α构型的多糖。研究为裂褶菌多糖的开发利用提供理论依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.