旱作条件下新疆天山北坡中山带人工草地建植效果评价

在新疆天山北坡中山带选用紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)等8种牧草,旱作建植豆禾混播、豆科及禾本科单播多年生人工草地。运用AHP和DTOPSIS分析法进行产量、营养品质、土壤养分综合比较,旨在筛选适宜于该区域及类似生态区域推广种植的旱作人工草地类型。结果表明:在本地区最适宜的混播人工草地类型是红豆草+无芒雀麦+冰草+苇状羊茅混播;最适宜的单播人工草地类型是红豆草。     

大力发展旱作栽培草地的生态思索

为提高我区草牧业水资源利用率,重新认识生态系统中的水资源平衡,创新人工草地的灌溉方式,推行非充分灌溉的旱作栽培草地,逐步培育抗旱节水和抗养分贫瘠的牧草品种,,打造与自然环境相协调的草牧业生产基础。     

旱作人工草地建植综合技术研究

通过在干旱草原区建植旱作人工草地的试验,筛选出了蒙古冰草、紫花苜蓿、黄花草木樨和沙打旺4种适于建植旱作人工草地的草种,以及蒙古冰草、老芒麦2种适于建植旱作种子田的牧草,同时对其建植技术进行了探讨.建成的人工草地,其草地生产力是原来的7倍.经济效益分析表明,投入产出比为14.72.     

旱作人工草地建植综合技术研究

通过对干旱草原区建植旱作人工草地的试验，筛选出了蒙古冰草、紫花苜蓿、花花草木沙打旺4种适于建植旱作人工草地的草种，以及蒙古冰草、老芒麦2种适于建植旱作种子田的牧草，同时对其建植技术进行了探讨。建成的人工草地，其草地生产力是原来的7倍，经济效益分析表明，投入产出比为1：4.72。     

沙化草地旱作条件下混播人工草地的试验研究

探索在旱作条件下,沙化、退化草地建植混播人工草地技术措施。结果表明,在内蒙古西部沙化草地建立混播人工草地,应采取雨前或雨后撒播,播后网型镇压器镇压效果很好。适宜牧草混播组合为润布勒苜蓿 草木樨状黄芪 扁蓿豆 蒙古冰草。     

红豆草在高寒牧区的栽培技术

<正> 川西北草地牧草资源十分丰富,但适宜人工栽培的豆科牧草种类贫乏。随着畜牧生产的发展,建立人工草地,种植优良豆科牧草,解决牲畜冬春草缺质劣,蛋白质不足已势在必行。红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia Sap.)是豆科红豆草属的多年生牧草。     

沙化草地旱作条件下混播人工草地的试验研究

探索在旱作条件下，沙化，退化草地建植混播人工草地技术措施。结果表明，在内蒙古西部沙化草地建立混播人工草地，应采取雨前或雨后撒播，播后网型镇压器镇压效果很好，适宜牧草混播组合为润布勒苜蓿 草木樨状黄芪 扁蓿豆 蒙古冰草。     

牛鞭草在盘县地区的产草量测定

近年来，我县大力发展草地畜牧业，推广人工牧草种植，开展种草养畜的同时保护生态环境。2005年，我们从铜仁地区引进牛鞭草进行种植，为了解该牧草品种在盘县地区的产草量情况，2005年3月至2009年3月特进行该测定试验。现将试验方法和结果报道如下。     

临夏县优质牧草新品种引进筛选及丰产模式化栽培技术

为研究不同牧草品种在临夏县适应情况,建立高产、稳定、优质的人工草地,临夏县引进了优质加拿大阿尔冈金紫花苜蓿、甘肃红豆草品种,在尹集：韩集、刁集、黄泥湾、井沟5个乡（镇）建立示范点进行示范研究。进而筛选出适宜在临夏县大规模种植的牧草品种,系统研究总结牧草丰产模式化栽培技术,为草畜养殖提供坚实的饲草料。     

石羊河流域浅山干旱区牧草引种试验

为选择适合石羊河流域干旱地区种植的牧草,对9个多年生禾本科牧草进行了物候期、产草量和适应性研究。结果表明：老芒麦、肥披碱草、垂穗披碱草、冰草和西伯利亚冰草在产草量和适应性方面表现较好,适宜在该地区推广种植,可以作为退耕还草、建立人工草地的优质牧草。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein