生态环境与动物医学

生态环境（包括人们的生产生活）对动物生命活动及其致病因素的影响十分巨大而深远；动物的生命活动及其致病因素对生态环境影响直接而明显；两者相互关联、相互影响、相互作用、互为一个整体。因此，动物医学应将生态环境从宏观上作为重要的研究对象，并在实践中采取综合措施既有效地控制疫病，又能保护生态环境。研究和应用生态环境与动物医学之间的关系，具有很重要的作用和意义。     

论生态环境与动物医学之间的关系

生态环境(包括人们的生产生活)对动物生命活动及其致病因素的影响十分巨大而深远,而动物的生命活动及其致病因素对生态环境的影响亦直接而明显,两者相互关联、相互作用、互为一个整体。因此研究生态环境与动物医学之间的关系,对控制疫病、保护环境有着重要的现实意义。     

生态环境与动物医学

生态环境(包括人们的生产生活)对动物生命活动及其致病因素的影响十分巨大而深远;动物的生命活动及其致病因素对生态环境影响直接而明显;两者相互关联、相互影响、相互作用、互为一个整体.因此,动物医学应将生态环境从宏观上作为重要的研究对象,并在实践中采取综合措施既有效地控制疫病,又能保护生态环境.研究和应用生态环境与动物医学之间的关系,具有很重要的作用和意义.     

DCAD的概念及其在奶牛营养中的作用

ＤＣＡＤ的概念及其在奶牛营养中的作用东北农业大学动物科学系（哈尔滨１５００３０）张永根体液的酸碱平衡是保证机体正常生命活动的重要条件。影响体内酸碱平衡的因素较多，饲料是其中的主要因素。通常把含钠、钾、钙、镁等阳离子较多的饲料称为碱性饲料；把含硫、氯、...     

气候因素对母猪繁殖力的影响

气候因素对母猪繁殖力的影响李玉欣，张忠诚（中国农业大学北京１０００９４）前言气候因素是动物机体生命活动的重要环境因素，气候变化可改变家畜的生殖内分泌功能及其与环境之间的能量交换，从而影响家畜的生产和繁殖性能。尤其对我国现有的规模化猪场，在尚不具备调控...     

功能性寡糖的生理功能及其在养猪生产上的应用研究

摘要：功能性寡糖是动物生命活动的活性物质，在体内起着重要的生理调节作用，成为当今新型添加剂的研究热点，本文简述了功能性寡糖的种类、性质，分析了其生理功能与消化特点，综述了其在养猪生产上的应用及其影响利用效果的因素，为合理利用、开发和研究功能性寡糖提供了理论与实践依据。     

温度对动物的影响

任何动物都生活在一定温度的外界环境中,并受温度变化的影响。除了空间、地理因素外,温度对动物的影响在时间上会随季节和昼夜而变化。可以说,外界的环境温度对动物生命活动起着尤为重要的作用,直接或间接的影响着动物的生长、发育、繁殖、生活状态、行为。同时,动物对环境温度及其变化又有着很好的适应性。常年放牧饲养的草食家畜必须适应天气变化,利用好气象条件,合理饲养家畜,从而达到提高养殖效益的目的。     

肉仔鸡采食行为及其影响因素的研究

采食行为是动物从外界环境获取营养物质，以维持新陈代谢和个体生命活动的一种重要行为，也是福利状况的重要体现。本文在国内外相关研究的基础上，综述分析了肉仔鸡采食行为及其影响因素，主要包括饲料因素、环境因素（温度、光照）、饲养管理（饲养方式、饲养密度）等，旨为促进肉仔鸡采食行为的表达、提高其生产性能及福利水平提供参考依据。 [关键词] 肉仔鸡|采食行为|影响因素     

综合应用多种方法尝试《兽医微生物学》的教学

《兽医微生物学》是研究引起动物疾病的微生物及其生命活动规律的科学,是江苏畜牧兽医职业技术学院动物医学、动物检验检疫等畜牧兽医类专业的一门重要专业基础课程。本课程具有很强的理论性和技术性,在专业体系中起着承前启后的作用,占有非常重要的地位,它要求以生物化学、动物解剖与组织胚胎学、生理学、动物病理等课为基础。目标是     

饲粮电解质平衡对仔猪生长性能及营养素利用效率的影响

电解质平衡对动物的生命活动和生产性能起着非常重要的作用。大量研究表明，动物最佳的生理状况和生产性能需要适宜的饲粮电解质平衡，后者直势头影响机体内的酸碱平衡，进而影响营养素的利用效率和动物的生产性能。本文综述了饲粮电解质平衡状况的表示方法及其饲粮电解质平衡对仔猪生长性能及营养素的消化吸收和代谢的影响。     

Stakeholder position paper: companion animal veterinarian

The total quantity of use in companion animals is generally believed to be relatively small in comparison with antimicrobial use in food animals. Use in companion animals is principally for treatment, whereas the greater proportion of use in food animals is for prophylaxis, metaphylaxis and growth promotion. Therefore, it is important to collect data on end use in companion animals so that overall estimates of use in companion animals can be generated and separated from estimates for food animals. However, data from antimicrobial use in companion animals are extremely limited and no serious attempts to collect such data have ever been made in the United States. The lack of usage data in is concomitant with the dearth of information on antimicrobial resistance in companion animals. Companion animals have been involved in the transmission to humans of, or become infected with, foodborne zoonotic bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Companion animals are an integral part of the ecology of antimicrobial resistance through their contact with food animals and exposure to antimicrobials for disease treatment and through contact with humans and the environment. In the practice of companion animal medicine, antimicrobial use data are important for understanding the potential impact on companion animal heath posed by antimicrobial resistance transferred from food animals, humans and the environment, and the threat to humans and other companion animals posed by antimicrobial use in companion animals. Basic information on the patterns and quantities of antimicrobial use in combination with resistance surveillance data, could help companion animal veterinarians understand the potential for development, or evidence of, an antimicrobial resistance problem in their practices, the role of companion animals in the overall epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance, and for comparison with local, regional, or national data. The combination of data from either a sentinel site system of clinics or a use survey with national data from the pharmaceutical industry should provide sufficient data to credibly estimate the total volume and patterns of antimicrobial use in companion animal medicine. The time and effort for use monitoring or to complete a survey would likely become burdensome. Practice management software now utilized at most companion animal clinics could be used to generate antimicrobial use data as well as patient population data as surrogate for the true population at risk for patient encounters in a companion animal practice.     

新生隐球菌病研究进展

隐球菌是条件致病性深部真菌,易发于细胞免疫功能受损的人群.新生隐球菌是隐球菌属的重要致病菌,属环境腐生菌,可从土壤和鸽粪中分离到,并被认为是人和动物最主要的传染源.医学方面,近年来由新生隐球菌引起的感染有逐渐增多的趋势,主要引起人的脑膜炎和肺炎.动物医学方面,可引起马的呼吸道病、牛羊的乳腺炎.鸽是隐球菌的自然宿主,但并不引起发病.该文从隐球菌病的病原特征、分类、毒力因子、致病性等生物学特性进行了概述,并对人和动物新生隐球菌病的传染和流行的基本环节、发病机制、临床表现、防治等方面的研究进展进行了综述.     

Genetics and disease resistance

Genetic components of disease resistance have been described in most of important diseases in human as well as in laboratory and livestock animals. However the basic mechanisms have been established in a few examples only. The reasons herefore are the mostly polygenic inheritance of disease resistance traits, the missing of suitable animal models and the dominance of environmental effects like infection pressure, immune status, and stressors, limiting the view on responsible gene variants. Ethical and practical aspects may further hinder research on disease resistance in certain species. Livestock animals play a crucial role in disease resistance research, because of distinct genetic diversity within and between breeds, because of an often distinct metabolic congruency with humans, and aiming towards the improvement of hygiene and economy of production and animal welfare. The following sections will review disease resistance in livestock animals and their practical implications, completed by examples of our own research activities.     

枯草芽孢杆菌微生态制剂的研究进展

微生态制剂具有绿色、环保、无害等诸多优点,其已在食品、医疗、改善环境、动物疾病防控及健康养殖等方面应用。随着人们对动物产品安全性关注程度的增加、自身健康保健意识的提高及对自身生存环境改善的迫切需求,微生态制剂还将拥有更广阔的发展空间。作者现对枯草芽孢杆菌作为微生态制剂在动物生态养殖、动物疾病防制、生态环境改善及其他一些领域中的应用进行了综述。     

己烯雌酚残留检测研究进展

己烯雌酚是人工合成雌激素中作用最强的一种,曾一度作为促生长剂应用于畜牧养殖业。研究发现,其在动物性产品中的残留对人体健康和生态环境都会造成严重危害。阐述了己烯雌酚的残留特点及其危害,重点对其残留检测方法的研究进展进行了综述。     

转基因兔的研究进展

本文简要介绍了以ＤＮＡ显微注射法、胚胎干细胞介导法为主,包括其它一些转基因技术的转基因兔的生产方法,着重阐述影响外源基因在受体兔中的整合及性传递的因素,对转基因兔在基础理论研究、动物生产性能改良,建立人类疾病模型及作为生物反应器等方面的应用进行了概括总结。     

刍议动物类型自然保护区兽医的素养

传统养殖和动物园养殖的动物发病时,其发病时间、数量和症状等情况,兽医可以仔细询问畜主或饲养人员;而野生动物生活在自然环境中,是动物类型自然保护区从事兽医专业人员的服务对象,发病时及以后的一系列情况无从问及。所以动物类型自然保护区的兽医职业,不同于传统养殖和动物园内的兽医工作,必须掌握多学科基础理论知识,必须主动从野外观察入手,充分掌握野生动物的生物学特性,收集和梳理好有效的本土自然信息、本区内野生动物信息、保护区周边社区家养动物信息,并将它们融为一体,才能分辨出野生动物发病时,是属于个发、散发、群发,还是普通病与传染病。因此,动物类型自然保护区的兽医比传统兽医人员会有更高、更严且更全面的素养。     

动物氧化应激及其营养调控措施研究进展

动物机体内存在氧化还原平衡,正常状态下保持相对的稳态,当环境或自身状态发生改变时,这种平衡可能会被打破,进而引发机体氧化应激。研究发现,引起氧化应激的因素有很多：如环境因素、动物自身状态改变和外源致病菌以及病毒等,这些因素造成的氧化应激对动物的健康状况、生产性能和繁殖功能等方面会产生不同程度的影响,严重时甚至引发动物死亡,因此,寻求和添加安全有效的抗氧化制剂以调节动物氧化还原状态具有重要的现实意义。目前,针对动物氧化应激的营养性添加剂主要有益生菌、维生素、微量元素、激素类和植物类活性物质等。本文对引发动物氧化应激的主要原因和其对动物产生的影响进行了总结,并概括了具有缓解动物氧化应激功能的营养性饲料添加剂,以期为动物氧化应激和其缓解策略的进一步研究提供参考。     

Household Animal and Human Medicine Use and Animal Husbandry Practices in Rural Bangladesh: Risk Factors for Emerging Zoonotic Disease and Antibiotic Resistance

Animal antimicrobial use and husbandry practices increase risk of emerging zoonotic disease and antibiotic resistance. We surveyed 700 households to elicit information on human and animal medicine use and husbandry practices. Households that owned livestock (n = 265/459, 57.7%) reported using animal treatments 630 times during the previous 6 months; 57.6% obtained medicines, including antibiotics, from drug sellers. Government animal healthcare providers were rarely visited (9.7%), and respondents more often sought animal health care from pharmacies and village doctors (70.6% and 11.9%, respectively), citing the latter two as less costly and more successful based on past performance. Animal husbandry practices that could promote the transmission of microbes from animals to humans included the following: the proximity of chickens to humans (50.1% of households reported that the chickens slept in the bedroom); the shared use of natural bodies of water for human and animal bathing (78.3%); the use of livestock waste as fertilizer (60.9%); and gender roles that dictate that females are the primary caretakers of poultry and children (62.8%). In the absence of an effective animal healthcare system, villagers must depend on informal healthcare providers for treatment of their animals. Suboptimal use of antimicrobials coupled with unhygienic animal husbandry practices is an important risk factor for emerging zoonotic disease and resistant pathogens.