刈割残茬对新麦草种子产量和产量构成的影响

禾本科种子收获后的残茬管理对次年的种子产量非常重要。研究了刈割残茬时间和留茬高度对新麦草 Psathyrostachys juncea次年种子产量和产量构成的影响。结果表明：不同刈割残茬时间和不同留茬高度显著影响单位面积生殖枝数和种子产量（P<0.05）。其中,收获后立即刈割处理和齐地刈割处理获得了最高的生殖枝数和种子产量。不同刈割残茬时间和留茬高度处理对生殖枝小穗数、小穗小花数、小穗种子数和千粒重影响不显著（P<0.05）。相关分析表明,在留茬高度处理和刈割时间处理条件下,新麦草的单位面积生殖枝数与种子产量之间存在显著的正相关关系（P<0.05)。     

不同物候期刈割对羊草再生和根形态及产量的影响北大核心CSCD

刈割是羊草草地一种常见的利用方式,为探究不同物候期刈割对羊草再生和产量的影响程度,分别设置了对照组(CON)和刈割组。刈割组包括拔节期刈割(ES)、抽穗期刈割(HS)和开花期刈割(FS)。对照组不刈割,8月15日收获;刈割组起始刈割后,8月15日收获。结果表明,与对照相比,HS和FS刈割处理增加了(P<0.05)羊草干物质(DM)总产量而ES刈割处理则降低了(P<0.05)DM总产量。此外,所有处理均提高了(P<0.05)羊草的粗蛋白总产量。不同物候期刈割羊草的再生过程是不同的,ES处理羊草细根长、根表面积和体积最低。FS处理羊草再生后期净光合速率高于其余处理(P<0.05),导致其后期再生效率较高,但根中水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量最低(P<0.05)。HS和CON处理在羊草根形态和WSC含量上则无显著差异。尽管不同物候期刈割后羊草的再生过程不同,但其再生产量是接近的,特别是ES和HS处理,这是因为较长的再生周期被较低的再生效率所抵消,因此,总DM累积量主要由刈割前的DM来决定。综上所述,应在抽穗期进行刈割,能提高羊草产量并保持其持久性。     

饲喂牧草应注意的几个问题

1以刈割舍饲为主种草养畜应以刈割舍饲为主,最好不要放牧。刈割舍饲可以减轻对草地的破坏,保护生态环境。刈割舍饲还可以控制留茬高度,促进牧草再生,增加牧草产量。同时牲畜舍饲可比放牧减少维持营养需要15%～50%,提高养殖效益。2适时收获、合理利用牧草的营养价值和产量与收获     

黄土高原多次刈割提高长叶车前的产草量和营养品质

车前(Plantago asiatica)饲用品质高,能提高反刍动物的蛋白利用率。为此在黄土高原开展两年的田间试验,研究长叶车前(P.lanceolata)在多次刈割(模拟轮牧)和一次刈割(收获干草)两种利用方式下牧草产量和营养品质。结果表明:多次刈割下粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量和产量均高于一次刈割,而中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的含量和产量均低于一次刈割(P<0.05)。多次刈割的车前产草量随着生长时间的延长和≥0℃积温增加呈上升趋势,而粗蛋白、粗脂肪等含量呈下降趋势(P<0.05)。利用生长时间和≥0℃积温,建立了预测长叶车前品质和产量的线性和Logistic模型,≥0℃积温2069~2984℃是长叶车前产量和品质形成较为关键的时期,研究区对应的生长时间为102~161 d。研究结果可为黄土高原栽培草地的管理和利用提供理论依据。     

辽宁地区苜蓿干草收获技术研究

试验旨在确定辽宁地区苜蓿干草最适收获条件。试验以“康赛”紫花苜蓿为试验材料，测定不同刈割期、刈割次数和留茬高度对苜蓿干草产量、品质及越冬的影响。结果表明，随着刈割期推迟，苜蓿的营养品质明显下降，干草产量明显增加（P<0.05）。随着刈割次数增加，苜蓿的干草产量和越冬率变化不显著（P>0.05）。留茬高度越高，第三茬苜蓿的营养成分、越冬率显著提高（P<0.05），干草产量显著下降（P<0.05）。研究表明，辽宁地区苜蓿干草初花期收获最佳，全年刈割3次较为合理，留茬高度5～8 cm，末次刈割留茬高度10～13 cm为宜。     

储备饲草的技术要点

(一)牧草储备1.收获适时。收割牧草时既要照顾到牧草的产量,又要兼顾牧草各种营养物质和收获量的变化,同时还要考虑牧草刈割时间对牧草再生性、牧草刈割次数对多年生牧草下年度产量的影响。一般来说,豆科牧草在孕蕾期干物质、可消化蛋白质和维生素含量最高;禾本科牧草在抽穗期干物质含量最高,在这个时期收获最好。     

刈割对紫花苜蓿草产量和品质的影响

刈割是紫花苜蓿收获、利用和管理的主要方式,刈割的合理与否直接影响当年收获苜蓿的产量和质量,间接影响到后来年份生产力的维持与提高。刈割通常包括刈割时间、茬次、次数和留茬等。文章全面综述了不同刈割形式对紫花苜蓿草产量和草品质的影响以及相应作用机理,表明紫花苜蓿适宜刈割期是现蕾—初花期,最佳刈割期是初花期。适宜刈割次数3～5次,留茬高度3～5 cm,最后1次刈割留茬8～9 cm。     

甘薯饲用高产栽培技术研究

为探讨甘薯饲用高产栽培利用技术,进行了不同种植密度、刈割茬次对秧蔓和块根产量影响试验。结果表明:密植饲用甘薯比对照组干物质产量提高125.7%,刈割3、4茬,分别比对照组提高39.2%和43.0%(P<0.01);若蔓块兼顾,以刈割4茬最佳。     

密植饲用甘薯栽培利用技术研究

为探讨饲用甘薯栽培利用技术,进行了不同种植密度、刈割茬次对秧蔓和块根产量影响试验,结果表明：密植饲用甘薯比对照组干物质产量提高125.7%,刈割3、4茬,分别比对照组提高39.2%和43.0%（P〈0.01）;若蔓块兼顾,以刈割3～4茬最佳。     

刈割频率对牧草影响的研究现状

刈割频率是牧草刈割方式的一个关键因素。它不仅直接关系到当年收获干草的数量和品质,而且也间接影到以后草地生产力的维持和提高。适宜的刈割频率不仅能保证草地的产量和营养物质的高额收获量,还可以提高草地翌年的越冬率、再生性和产草量。刈割频率不同,会对牧草的生长发育、产量、质量、再生等状况产生相应的影响,使其发生一定的变化。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein