霉菌毒素对奶牛的影响及酵母细胞壁脱霉应用

1霉菌毒素的中毒机制奶牛饲料中粗饲料占主要比例,而粗饲料在收获和制作的过程中易造成霉菌毒素的产生,与单胃动物相比,奶牛受霉菌毒素的危害更大。奶牛瘤胃微生物对霉菌毒素有一定的降解作用。另外,由于只有瘤胃原虫能降解霉菌毒素,而奶牛由于精料的     

瘤胃微生物对饲料中霉菌毒素的脱毒作用

反刍动物瘤胃内微生物数量巨大、种类繁多,具有多种生理功能,对霉菌毒素也具有高效的脱毒作用。本文介绍了近年来瘤胃微生物对几种主要的霉菌毒素的脱毒作用。     

饲料和全混合日粮中的霉菌毒素及其对奶牛的危害

霉菌毒素是霉菌在生长、代谢过程中产生的代谢产物。霉菌无处不在，有些饲草收获前就感染了真菌。有些草料（如干草、秸秆或青贮料）在储存过程中感染了真菌。反刍动物对大多数霉菌毒素的敏感性较弱．这是因为瘤胃微生物能有效地降解大部分的毒素：但一次摄人大量霉菌毒素或长期小剂量摄人也会给奶牛带来营养不良、生长缓慢、免疫力下降等危害。     

霉菌毒素吸附剂对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃发酵指标及微生物区系的影响北大核心

试验旨在探讨霉菌毒素吸附剂对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃发酵指标及微生物区系的影响。选择健康、体况良好、平均体重为365.64 kg的西门塔尔育肥牛32头,随机分为2组,每组16个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组牛饲喂基础日粮,处理组在基础日粮中添加0.2 g/kg霉菌毒素吸附剂。预试期7 d,正式试验期193 d,霉菌毒素吸附剂在晨饲时投喂。结果显示,与对照组相比,处理组西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃菌体蛋白(MCP)含量显著提高(P<0.05),瘤胃的Simpson指数具有升高的趋势(P>0.05),棒状菌门的丰度具有降低的趋势(P>0.05)。研究表明,添加0.2 g/kg霉菌毒素吸附剂具有促进西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃微生物对氮的利用、丰富微生物区系的物种多样性和降低棒状菌门相对丰度的趋势。     

霉菌毒素对瘤胃微生物发酵的影响

霉菌毒素是由霉菌分泌产生的次级代谢产物,在动物饲料中广泛存在。霉菌毒素进入反刍动物瘤胃后,影响瘤胃微生物的正常生长增殖,改变微生物的结构和形态,进而改变发酵模式,最终导致瘤胃微生物发酵异常。文章就霉菌毒素对反刍动物及瘤胃微生物发酵的影响进行综述。     

霉菌毒素对奶牛生产的影响

<正>在畜牧生产行业中,我们不仅要注意霉菌毒素对猪禽生产的危害,也应重视霉菌毒素对奶牛生产和奶制品所造成的危害。虽然由于奶牛瘤胃的独特生理作用,使得奶牛对霉菌毒素的抵抗力比猪禽强,但是霉菌毒素对奶牛生产性能的影响也不容忽视。随着中国乳品工业的发展,霉菌毒     

饲料中黄曲霉毒素对奶牛的危害及其防治研究进展

黄曲霉毒素普遍存在于奶牛饲料中。对于奶牛而言,一部分霉菌毒素的毒性可以被瘤胃菌群弱化,但是还有很大一部分霉菌毒素可以直接通过瘤胃。而且瘤胃这种弱化毒素的保护机制很容易受到动物自身生理状态影响,一旦保护机制被破坏,饲料中黄曲霉毒素的吸收率就会上升,不仅会影响奶牛的健康,还会危害奶牛生产。有效防止饲料霉变的方法包括合理干燥、设备处理和储存加工,当然也可以用化学处理、生物处理以及脱霉剂处理等方式减少饲料中霉菌毒素带来的危害。     

玉米霉变对奶牛养殖业危害及应对措施

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在，并严重地威胁着奶牛健康，影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。一般认为反刍动物的瘤胃能把部分的霉菌毒素代谢掉，会比单胃动物更能耐受霉菌毒素。     

奶牛瘤胃微生物的调控

奶牛属草食家畜即反刍动物,最主要的消化特点是有4个胃,并能够利用纤维和非蛋白氮。其中瘤胃中生活着大量的微生物,饲料中的营养成分在瘤胃中可被微生物降解发酵为挥发性脂肪酸、肽类、氨基酸及氨等成分。同时瘤胃微生物可以利用氮源、能源等发酵产物合成微生物蛋白质和B族维生素等营养物质。调控奶牛消化代谢过程的目标是,使奶牛发酵的有利方面达到最理想,     

奶牛瘤胃微生物的研究进展

奶牛的瘤胃中含有大量的微生物,这些微生物对奶牛的生产和健康具有重要意义,可以将日粮中的一些营养物质分解成微生物蛋白以及挥发性脂肪酸,为奶牛提供能量,维持其生产性能。测定奶牛瘤胃中的微生物变化,可以检测奶牛机体的变化,为奶牛疾病及代谢的诊断提供依据。此外,实现人工干预瘤胃菌群的组成,可以有效调控奶牛消化代谢,提高生产性能。本文归纳了奶牛瘤胃微生物的功能及其影响因素,介绍了瘤胃微生物移植方法及研究进展,以期为同行提供参考。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …