抗草甘膦野生大豆筛选及其抗性生理机制研究

利用田间试验对67份野生大豆材料进行草甘膦抗性筛选,结果在草甘膦有效剂量为1.23 kg.hm-2条件下,不同野生大豆对草甘膦抗性存在明显差异,其中ZYD0685和ZYD2405的存活率最高,分别为87%和83%;7份材料的存活率为2.7%～38%;58份材料死亡。以抗性材料ZYD0685和敏感材料ZYD0790进行生理指标研究,结果在未经草甘膦处理时,二者的叶绿素含量、莽草酸含量及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)活性基本相同。在草甘膦不同剂量处理下,抗性材料ZYD0685叶绿素和莽草酸含量没有明显变化,GSTs活性明显增加;而敏感材料ZYD0790莽草酸含量明显升高,叶绿素含量明显降低,GSTs活性变化幅度较小。因此,植物体内莽草酸积累量较少是抗草甘膦的主要生理反应。     

利用“微创刷”法获得抗草甘膦转基因大豆

以发芽3 d的大豆成熟种子胚尖生长点为作用点,利用"微创刷"法将抗草甘膦基因(EPSPS)转入绥农22中,对转化植株T1代进行草甘膦筛选,对筛选后的抗性植株进行PCR检测,得到抗草甘膦转基因大豆。同时研究了不同浓度草甘膦对野生型绥农22与抗草甘膦转基因绥农22大豆植株的影响。结果表明:绥农22 T0代成株率为97.38%,对T1代具有草甘膦抗性的植株进行PCR检测,初步证明EPSPS基因成功转入大豆中,T1代转化效率为6.20%;对野生型绥农22与"微创刷"法获得的转基因绥农22大豆在不同浓度草甘膦进行相关生理指标测定,抗草甘膦转基因绥农22大豆在不同浓度草甘膦作用下叶片叶绿素含量指数、光合速率高于野生型绥农22大豆,莽草酸含量低于野生型绥农22大豆,进一步证明了大豆抗性植株对草甘膦的抗性。     

草甘膦胁迫对茶树叶片中莽草酸含量的影响

为探明草甘膦胁迫对茶树生长及莽草酸代谢的影响，通过水培试验考察草甘膦对茶苗的表观药害，采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱对叶片中的非挥发性代谢物进行非靶向分析，并对叶片中的莽草酸和草甘膦进行定量测定。结果表明，高剂量草甘膦(200 mg·L^-1)处理组茶苗出现药害特征，而低剂量草甘膦(50 mg·L^-1)处理组和对照组茶苗未出现表观药害。质谱检测和统计学分析表明，发生药害的茶树叶片中莽草酸途径代谢物的含量发生显著变化，其中莽草酸是主要的差异代谢物之一。在试验期内(0～21 d)，茶树叶片中莽草酸的积累量与草甘膦的吸收量和作用时间高度正相关，当草甘膦吸收量达到28 mg·kg^-1以上时，茶树的莽草酸代谢受到明显抑制，导致叶片中莽草酸大量积累，与对照组相比，发生药害的茶树叶片中莽草酸的含量约高16倍。本研究表明莽草酸是茶树响应草甘膦胁迫的主要代谢物之一。     

干旱胁迫对野生和栽培大豆根系特征及生理指标的影响

以4份野生大豆(永5、永26、永46、永52)和4份栽培大豆(中黄13、冀豆12、秦皇10、秦皇29)为材料,用不同浓度(0%,10%,20%,30%)PEG6000模拟水分胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对野生和栽培大豆幼苗根系特征和生理指标的影响.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫的增加,不同大豆材料的根系特性存在显著差异,大豆抗旱性与总根长、总根表面积、总根体积呈正相关,与平均根直径呈负相关;隶属函数综合评定结果表明4份野生大豆的抗旱性均强于栽培大豆,其中栽培大豆中黄13抗旱性最差.干旱胁迫下,野生大豆、栽培大豆的叶片相对含水量呈下降趋势,丙二醛含量均比0%PEG6000有所增加,但不同材料间叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的表现趋势不同,说明野生大豆和栽培大豆的抗旱生理指标存在一定的差异.     

野生大豆、半野生大豆和栽培大豆对苗期干旱胁迫的生理反应

以野生、半野生和栽培大豆为材料,在旱棚盆栽条件下进行苗期干旱胁迫试验.对叶绿素含量、光合速率、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、可溶性糖(WSS)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶( CAT)活性进行测定.结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,叶绿素含量、光合速率、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量及SOD活性表现为野生大豆＞半野生大豆＞栽培大豆;而丙二醛含量、相对电导率、POD活性则表现为野生大豆＜半野生大豆＜栽培大豆.干旱胁迫下不同类型材料各生理指标与正常供水条件相比都发生不同程度的变化,叶绿素含量、光合速率降幅为野生大豆＜半野生大豆＜栽培大豆;脯氨酸含量增幅为野生大豆＞半野生大豆＞栽培大豆;而丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率、SOD活性、POD活性,CAT活性增幅变化顺序为野生大豆＜半野生大豆＜栽培大豆.在干旱胁迫下,野生大豆、半野生大豆和栽培大豆的生理指标发生显著变化,3种类型大豆的变化幅度差异显著.野生大豆在干旱胁迫下生理指标的表现优于半野生大豆和栽培大豆.     

硅对大豆碳代谢及产量形成的影响

以中黄35和垦鉴豆43为材料,采用4个硅肥水平处理的完全随机试验设计,研究了大田条件下施硅处理对大豆碳代谢及其产量形成的影响.结果表明:施硅处理提高了大豆叶片的叶绿素含量,增加了叶片的光合能力,改变了叶片可溶性糖和淀粉的含量,改善了大豆产量构成因子,促进了产量提高.施有效硅150 kg· hm-2对垦鉴豆43增产效果达显著水平,增产幅度为8.1％～8.5％,施有效硅120 kg·hm-2对中黄35增产效果达显著水平,增产幅度为10.2％ ～ 12.9％.     

大豆多肽对巴西蕉幼苗抗冷性的影响

用4个浓度的大豆多肽溶液预处理巴西蕉幼苗,经模拟低温胁迫处理,测定相关生理指标,结果显示,大豆多肽预处理降低了巴西蕉幼苗叶片相对电导率和MDA含量,提高了叶片SOD、POD活性及叶绿素、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量,从而提高了巴西蕉幼苗的抗冷性,以0.5%的大豆多肽预处理效果最好.     

草甘膦对大豆叶片超微结构及生化指标的影响

喷施草甘膦后研究大豆莽草酸、叶绿素以及叶片超微结构变化,揭示草甘膦对大豆伤害的机理。喷施草甘膦后,大豆品种东农42叶绿体内产生嗜锇颗粒,片层结构变得稀薄,淀粉粒减少;由于叶绿素含量降低,东农42莽草酸积累;随后叶绿体变形裂解,细胞膜从细胞壁上脱落,细胞瓦解。相比之下,GTS40-3-2叶肉细胞的液泡、叶绿体、叶绿体片层、淀粉粒等先出现一定程度的变化,后恢复;叶肉细胞出现嗜锇颗粒,表现为先增多,后减少,大约1周后消失;莽草酸含量几乎没有变化,叶绿素先下降后恢复,恢复过程需要2周左右。     

水氮处理对燕麦功能叶衰老及产量的影响

为给燕麦高产栽培中水氮管理提供依据,在防雨棚肥水控制条件下,研究了水氮处理对燕麦不同生育期叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标及产量的影响。结果表明,水氮及其互作对燕麦叶片各生育期生理指标影响显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)。在水分胁迫条件下,适量施氮可使整个生育期保持较高的叶片SOD活性、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量及较低的MDA含量,延缓功能叶片衰老,增加燕麦产量;过量施氮会加剧燕麦的水分胁迫效应,导致叶片SOD活性、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量下降,提高MDA含量,加快叶片衰老,降低产量。在供水较充足的条件下,施氮明显提高叶片SOD活性、可溶性蛋白含量和叶绿素含量,降低MDA含量,使叶片衰老进程变缓,产量大幅增加,但当施氮量达到180kg.hm-2时,肥效下降。     

钼肥对鲜食大豆主要光合生理指标的影响

为了明确钼肥对鲜食大豆光合生理指标的影响,选用鲜食大豆品种抚鲜3号和日本青作为试验材料,分别在不同生育时期(V5、R1、R3、R5、R6),测定C1(0 kg·hm-2)、C2(0.3 kg·hm-2)、C3(1.5 kg·hm-2)、C4(3.0 kg·hm-2)四种施钼处理下上述鲜食大豆品种的叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率,考察了施钼量与光合指标的关系以及生育期内鲜食大豆光合效率的变化规律。结果表明:施钼提高了鲜食大豆叶片的叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率,延缓了鲜食大豆生育后期叶绿素衰退,对叶片胞间CO2浓度影响不明显;随着施钼量的增加,各光合生理指标在C3(1.5 kg·hm-2)处理达到最高,然后开始下降;鲜食大豆叶片在R5(始粒)期各光合生理指标达到最高,R6(鼓粒)期开始下降,两品种对不同施钼水平处理的反应表现一致。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).