UV-A辐射对大豆芽苗菜中抗坏血酸含量的影响

以黑暗培养为对照,以白光、红光、蓝光、黄光、UV-A和UV-B为处理,研究了不同光质对大豆芽苗菜生长和抗坏血酸含量的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,光照处理显著降低了大豆芽苗菜下胚轴的长度(白光除外),且显著提高了下胚轴和子叶中抗坏血酸含量。与其它光质处理相比,UV-A连续光照36 h后,下胚轴和子叶中抗坏血酸含量提高最显著。进一步着重研究了UV-A的调节机理,与对照相比,UV-A连续光照36 h后,大豆芽苗菜子叶中谷胱甘肽含量显著升高,下胚轴和子叶中DHAR、GR酶活性及其基因的相对表达量均显著提高。综上所述,光照有利于大豆芽苗菜中抗坏血酸含量的积累;UV-A可能是通过提高DHAR、GR酶活性及基因的表达量显著提高抗坏血酸的含量。     

不同生育时期大豆异黄酮合成相关酶基因表达的分析

通过Real-time PCR分析了不同生育时期7个大豆异黄酮合成相关酶基因(PAL,C4H,4CL,CHS,CHI,IFS和F3H)的相对表达情况.并利用高效液相色谱法测定了籽粒发育过程中豆荚(含籽粒)中异黄酮及其组分的含量,同时利用SAS8.2分析了F5∶11重组自交系群体(RILs)豆荚中异黄酮含量与部分基因相对表达量间的相关性.结果表明:从营养生长进入生殖生长阶段,部分基因(PAL,CHI,IFS和F3H)的相对表达量普遍有显著提高;PAL,C4H,CHS和IFS基因在叶片中的相对表达量高峰出现在R1期,大部分基因在2个品种豆荚中相对表达量差异显著的时期为R6期.在R6期,豆荚中PAL基因的相对表达量与染料木素(GT)和总异黄酮含量(TI)呈显著正相关.CHS基因的相对表达量与大豆黄素(DZ)、染料木素(GT)和总异黄酮含量(TI)呈显著正相关,但是与黄豆黄素(GC)呈显著负相关,IFS基因的相对表达量与大豆黄素(DZ)含量呈显著正相关;F3H基因的相对表达量与所有异黄酮成分均呈显著负相关.研究明确了相应基因的表达情况,对于理解异黄酮含量变异的遗传机制具有重要意义.     

大豆叶片异黄酮含量与PAL基因相对表达量的关系

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)是苯丙氨酸代谢途径的进入点酶,也是异黄酮合成的关键酶之一.为了分析大豆叶片中异黄酮含量与苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)基因表达量的关系,采用砂培试验,测定了不同生育时期大豆叶片总异黄酮及大豆黄素、黄豆黄素、染料木素的含量,同时测定了相应各生育时期大豆叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)基因的相对表达量.结果表明:大豆叶片中大豆异黄酮总含量及3种苷元组份含量与叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)基冈的相对表达量有一个协同增减的趋势;在初花期(R1)大豆叶片中的异黄酮总含量和三种苷元组份含量及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)基因相对表达量均出现一个峰值.     

大豆异黄酮合成关键酶基因对蚜虫取食的防御响应分析

以蚜虫差异抗性的大豆品种PI567598B(高抗)、绥农30(抗)、东农51(中抗)和Williams 82(感)为试验材料,分别于接种大豆蚜虫0,7,14和21 d时采集大豆叶片,利用q PCR对异黄酮合成关键酶基因苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、黄烷酮-3-3羟化酶(F3H)、大豆异黄酮合成基因1(ISF1)和大豆异黄酮合成基因2(ISF2)的表达量进行分析。结果表明:蚜虫取食前高抗品种PI567598B中PAL、F3H、ISF1和ISF2基因的相对表达量均高于感虫品种Williams 82;蚜虫取食后,抗蚜品种PI567598B和绥农30中PAL基因在蚜虫取食14 d时显著上调,在21 d时达到最大,F3H基因7 d时表达量最高,然后降低;IFS2表达量于蚜虫取食7 d后显著上调,在21 d时达到最大;中抗品种东农51中PAL、IFS2和F3H基因表达量在7 d时增加,但不显著;而感蚜品种Williams 82蚜虫取食后PAL和IFS2表达量增加但不显著,且相对表达量显著低于抗蚜品种,F3H基因表达量不增反降;抗感大豆品种蚜虫取食后IFS1基因表达均诱导不显著。研究表明,感蚜大豆品种蚜虫取食前后异黄酮合成关键酶基因表达量都比较低,而抗虫品种异黄酮合成关键酶基因表达量高,且防御响应持续时间长,符合其抗性差异。     

抑制大豆胞囊线虫的异黄酮种类研究

为明确外源异黄酮类物质对大豆胞囊线虫的毒性,选取黄豆苷元(daidzein)、黄豆苷(daidzin)、染料木素(genistein)、染料木苷(genistin)、黄豆黄苷(glycitin)和黄豆黄素(glycitein)6种大豆异黄酮,采用贝氏皿法离体测定其对大豆胞囊线虫的卵孵化抑制率和对二龄幼虫(J2)的致死率及其田间防效,以明确对线虫有效的异黄酮种类。结果表明:6种大豆异黄酮对胞囊线虫的卵孵化和J2活性均具有一定的抑制作用,其中100μg/m L染料木素效果最好,处理24h后,对J2校正死亡率可达到45.46%,对卵孵化抑制率为43.48%,且50μg/m L染料木素处理种子后的田间防效显示对胞囊抑制率亦达到49.47%。此外,染料木苷和黄豆苷元对J2和卵孵化也有较明显效果但田间防效较其他异黄酮差;黄豆黄苷和黄豆黄素对J2毒杀作用较弱但对卵孵化抑制作用较强;黄豆苷对J2和卵孵化作用效果最弱,但是其田间防效与染料木素无显著性差异。说明供试的6种异黄酮在不同浓度和条件下均对大豆胞囊线虫有抑制作用,以染料木素的综合效果最好。研究结果为解释大豆抗线虫侵染的机制及利用大豆异黄酮防治线虫病害奠定了理论基础。     

蓝光对龙眼细胞培养及类黄酮代谢的影响

采用搅拌式生物反应器放大培养龙眼悬浮细胞,探讨蓝光对龙眼细胞生长及类黄酮积累的影响。基于已建立并优化的龙眼细胞悬浮培养体系,首先研究龙眼细胞在黑暗和蓝光的培养过程中,细胞生长量、类黄酮含量、细胞活力、培养液的底物消耗量等的变化情况。结果发现:龙眼细胞培养9 d后,蓝光的细胞干重比黑暗增长了0.28 g/L,类黄酮含量增长了0.77 mg/g。细胞培养前期蓝光的培养液蔗糖消耗速度慢于黑暗培养,此后蔗糖含量均稳定在2 g/L。培养过程中,蓝光培养的还原糖含量均高于黑暗培养,蓝光的磷酸盐的消耗量基本大于黑暗培养。其次,通过qPCR技术分析光信号转录因子DlHY5、调控基因DlPAP1及类黄酮途径合成基因DlCHS的表达差异。结果表明蓝光可能通过光信号转录因子DlHY5调控基因DlPAP1的表达,进而调控龙眼类黄酮代谢途径合成基因DlCHS的表达,从而导致类黄酮的积累。     

农杆菌介导的下胚轴法转化大豆研究

以下胚轴为外植体,采用农杆菌介导方法成功将大豆的蓝光受体启动子pGmPLP1导入大豆基因组中,并且该基因在后代中得到稳定遗传表达.比较了栽培品种黑农44用子叶节法和下胚轴法转化的区别,发现用子叶节法不能获得高效转基因植株的品种可以顺利通过下胚轴法进行转化.     

大豆GmRAV基因与暗形态建成相关

实时定量PCR(RT-PCR)研究表明大豆GmRAV基因表达受黑暗强烈诱导,转基因烟草研究发现该基因在黑暗下促进植株的黄化,抑制子叶的展开和促进下胚轴的伸长,说明该基因可能参与大豆暗形态建成过程.     

淡豆豉炮制工艺中加入人参对大豆异黄酮含量的影响

通过比较在传统的淡豆豉(黑豆、黄豆)发酵工艺中加入人参后大豆异黄酮的含量变化,考察人参在淡豆豉发酵过程中对大豆异黄酮含量的影响。以大豆苷、染料木苷和染料木素为测定指标,采用高效液相色谱法进行含量测定。色谱柱为Agilent C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(40∶60∶0.5);流速0.5 mL.min-1;检测波长260 nm。结果以黄豆为原料发酵的淡豆豉,加入人参后大豆苷和染料木素的含量显著升高,染料木苷显著降低;以黑豆为原料发酵的淡豆豉,加入人参后大豆苷的含量显著降低,染料木苷和染料木素的含量显著升高。因此,淡豆豉传统发酵工艺中加入人参后,大豆异黄酮含量变化因原料不同而异。     

大豆PAL2-3基因的克隆及转化研究

大豆异黄酮是苯丙氨酸代谢途径中合成的一类次级代谢产物,在苯丙氨酸代谢途径中,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)是关键酶和限速酶。本课题组前期研究发现PAL基因的相对表达量与大豆异黄酮含量具有明显的协同增减趋势,并且在PAL基因家族成员时空表达模式分析中发现,PAL2-3(XM_003542493)是PAL基因家族中相对表达量较高的主要表达成员之一。本试验首先通过克隆大豆中PAL2-3基因;然后构建pCAMBIA3301-GmPAL2-3植物过表达载体,将构建好的pCAMBIA3301-GmPAL2-3表达载体重组质粒转化到根癌农杆菌EHA105中;采用农杆菌介导的大豆子叶节转化体系获得转化植株,并对T1代转化植株进行PPT检测,外源标记基因Bar检测以及荧光定量PCR检测,对转基因阳性植株进行大豆籽粒异黄酮含量的测定。结果表明T_1代转基因植株中PAL2-3基因的表达量是对照的5.11~11.24倍,总异黄酮含量最高的(2 587.63μg·g~(-1))是对照(1 616.90μg·g~(-1))的1.6倍。因此在大豆中过量表达PAL2-3基因可以提高大豆籽粒中异黄酮含量。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).